ULAŞ DEVLET ÜRETME ÇİFTLİĞi ARAZİSİNİN RÜZGAR EROZYONU YÖNÜNDEN PLANLANMASI

Year 1973, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, - , 13.12.2010

Hayati Çelebi

Abstract

Orta Anadolu bölgesinde yer alan araştırma konusu Ulaş D. O.
Çiftliği arazisi, bazı senelerin kritik periyot/arında-rüzgar erozyonundan
geniş çapta zarar görmektedir. Bunun başlıca sebebi, çiftlikte, arazi
ve toprak özellikleri dikkate alınmadan yapılan ziraat şekline at/edilebilir.
Çiftliğin şimdiki durumda rüzgar erozyonu yönünden planlanması
da yapılmamı,ştır. Tehlikenin belirmesi üzerine son zamanlarda
bazı parsellere toprağı korumak için çok yıllık yem bitkileri ekilmiş,
faka~ bazı parsellerde ise bunun aksine tamamen erozyonu hızlandırıcı
tedbirler alınmı,ştır. Örneğin, çiftliğin güney-batısında uzanan parsellerde
şeritler hakim rüzgar yönüne dik yapılacak yerde, bilfıkis paralel olarak
tanzim edilmiştir. Bu durum ise, o sahada rüzgar erozyonu olayının
hızlanmasına resile olmuştur. Işte bu çalışmada -önemli olması dolayısiyle-
söz konı{Su çiftlik arazisinin rüzgarerozyonu yönünden planlanması
yapılmış ve böylece her parselde erozyonu kontrol altma almak
için uygun bir rotasyon dahilinde ürün şeritleri tanzim edilerek planlama
haritasında gösterilmiştir. Bu plan ve tavsiyelere önem verildiği ve uygulandığı
takdirde, çiftlik arazisinde erozyon, dolayısiyle toprak kayıpları
önlenecek ve dengeli bir şekilde ürün elde edilmiş olacaktır.

The Planning of The Land of U/aş
State Farm In Terms of Wind Erosion
1. This investigation has been done
to find out the planning of the land of
Ulaş State Farm in terms of wind erosion.
This study has much importance
from the conservatin point of Vİew in
farın planning and soil management
which will appJy on the farın in the
futUle.
2. The farm area investigated,
which is about 18,062 acres and 4,617
ft. high from the sea level, has been
92
situated on a large area that is about
20 miles far from the province of Si yas
in the South.
3- The investigated area Iocated
in the Central Anatolia has semihumid
climate conditions. Some important
climatic characteristics are as fol1ows:
AnnuaI mean temperature ; 47.3°F
Annual mean precipitation : 17.4 İn.
Annual mean evaporation' : 42.8 İn.
Number of annual mean drafts : 5.2
.Annual ~axjmum speed ofwind: 28.2
m./sn.
~n the investİgated area, the direction
of the wind is southeasterly in
April and May.
4. In the area İnvestigated,there are
'mainly three geologic formations in
relatio!! to the second, third and fourth
geologic ages. The formations of
the second age coprise of light grey calcerous
materials, such as marls and
some green series. The formatİons of
the third age consist of the fossiliferous
layers which are formed from maJls;'
conglomerates an sandstones. The formations
of the fourth geologic age con-
, sist of new alluvium (deposite materials
as sand, gravel and clay) which forın~
a large level area in the East of Ulaş.
5. The soils of the area investigated
are generally fine in texture. Accor~
ding to the dı y- size distribution with
Rotary sieve developed by 'Ch~pil;
the amound of aggregates less than 840
microns, the aggregates greater than
840 microns, the aggregates less than
420 microns, the aggregates greater than
420 microns, the values of mechanical
stability, the indexes of stability, the
values of eqivalent diaTIleter and soil,
losses by wind have been determined.
4.7-38.5 %61.5-95. 3 %, 1.9-26. 2 %,
73.8 - 98.1 %, 82.43 - 99.02 %, 1.053
. 1.377, 0.34 - 0.46 mm., 0.241 - 5.684
pound/acre, respectively.· The amount
of water stable aggregates smailer than
20 microns is 24.77 to 87. 65 % and
particles that are smaller than 20
microns and dispersable in water are
4.44 to 26. 22 % . On the other hand,
these soils contain 2.1 i to 34.15 %
1ime and 1.65 to 3.15 %organic matter.
6. According to the records kept
in' 1965, the aJeas allocated for fields,
range and hilly lands, grass1and,
poplar grove and' horticultural land
were 64.7, 29.2, 2.0, 1.2 and 0.2 %,
respectively. Much of the fields (61.4 %)
were under irrigation.
7. Activities ofthe farnı are groupped
into (i) cultivation, (2) animal
husbandry (3) horticu1ture, (4) machinery
and (5) agricu1tural technology.
Land allocated for
Wehat (Tritium Spp) Cultivation
BaT ley (Hordeum Spp.) "
Oat (Avena Spp.) "
Com (Zea Mays Spp.)
Medicago Spp.)
Sainfoin (Onobrychi~ Spp.) "
Cıested wheatgrass (Agropyron)
Cristatum) Cultivation
Tall wheatgrass (Agropyron
elangatum) "
Crested winıeatgrass (Agropyron
intermedium) "
Burnet (Sanguisorba Spp.) "
Artificial rangv
Natural grass
.Poplar gıove (populus Spp.)
Natural range and hillyland
Fallow
Lake
Roads and brooks
. 8. According to the early records.
of the farnı, it has come to the daylight
that an important portion of the area
is affected by the serious wind erosion.
9. Only the removal phase' of the
wind erosion was confirmed in the investigated
area. Slight and medium e':
rosion sights covers 56.8 and 43.2 %
of the total area, respectively.
10. In terıns of water erosion, the
sites are exposed to slight, medium and
severe phases of the erosion consist of
26.2, 39.7 and 34.1 percent of the
whole area, respectively. "
Besides, it has been observed that
the Karaça.yır brook passing through
the farınland couses side coerosions. By
this process, fertilite field soils, starting
from subsoil horizons, are removed.
1I. As it will also be seen from the
map, the land- use programıne applied
towards the and of this work was:
Percentage Of thıe total aıea oceupied, %
18.7
0.7
1.4
0.3
1.2
10.8
6. i
0.8
0.8
0.4
2.7
1.9
0.7
29.3
20.8
93
12. Natural erodibilit)' values (FX)
utilized for determining the strip widhts
in the areas subjected to the wind er0sion,
as calculated by an empirical
formula, vary greatly betweeo 2436.05
9456.18 lb.facre. Necessary data for
the above-mentioned empirical formula
are the "F" values which vary
depending upon the soil texture, equivalent
values of the field ridge roughness
and the amount of stubble mulch
on the field surface. For this particular
area equivalent values of the field ridge
roughness and the amount of stubble
mulch on the field surface were found
to be 3.93 - 5.15 in. and 446.00-553.04
lb./acre, respectively.
13. Based on the calculated 'OFX"
values (the natural erodibility values)
for the area, the strip-widths were found
to vary between 336.8 - 778.3 feet. Since,
it would have been unpractical in field
conditions to apply various strip widths,
the mean stripwidth (523,3 ft) has been
accepted suitable for the whole area.
Taking alsa the width of the sowing
machine into consideration, the strips
have been arranged perpendicularly to
the directian of the prevailing wind,
as shown on the planning map, on of
the following rotation system have been
recommended for the strips.
Recommended, Rotation Systems;
Onabriches -wheat - fallow
Mixed forage plant - wheat - fallow
Onabriches - barley - fallaw.
In addition to these rotation systemıl,
suitability in same, areas of growing
alfalfa, com, froit trees and poplar
is alsa suggested. For anabriches
and mixed forage crops in the rotation
sytems, is to be cut each year with in
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the fo ur-year period, they will fonn a
permanent cover on the soil surface
and as a result; removal by the wind
of soil partides is to be prevented. Mter
four years in the follow system wheat
or barleyand them faiI6w will replace
the strips of anabriches and mixed
forage crops. In the planning map the
strips are marked with various codes
and drawings.
14. Either the results of this work
or the ones carried out before have
shown that the farm soils are quite
resistant to the blowing eITect of the
wind. However, a considerable part of
the fann soils are badly affected by
the wind erosion, due to the application
of unsuitable or wrong cultural practices
followed. it is even more ,alarming
that in the places where excessive
erosian damages can dearly be seen,
strip cropping systems have been prac-.
ticed. The above-mentioned cultural
practices which based on no scientific
knowledge and planning have. Reridered
erosion rather than slowing down or
preventing it. One of the many examples
of the wrong cultural practices applied
is that of arranging the strips parallel to
the direction of the prevailing wind.
On the other hand, areas to the SouthEast
of the farm was planted uniformly
with mixed forage' crops, in order to
prevent erosion, have given satisfactory
results. it is the author's opinion
that even in these areaf; a suitable ro·
tatian system containing the same crops
will be more profitable.
15. it is beleived that the wind
strips will alsa prevent the water erosion
to a certain degree in the highly
inclineted fields that water erosian
appears to be a serious problem. In
these fjelds possible runoff from h.ighlands
must be diverted by adiversion
terrace befüre runoff enterS the field
To pr~\lent the corrosion caused by the
Karaçayır Brook, a newand suitable
brook bed must be chosen, slopes of
the banks, must be given a mild inclination
(I :2) and the slopes be planted
with poplar and willow trees; furthermore,
if necessary concrete supporting
walles must be buiIt in some p1aces.
16. Areas allocated for pasture and
grassland which comprises a considerable
portion of the farm land show
a hilly appearence in general. The gulies
must be amended. Improvement
of the pasture and controlled pasture
grazing must be established. Steep slopes
must be terraced in order to return
the natural balance of the land. This
can only be established by a suitab1e
pasture amelioration.
17. Briefly, it can be conc1uded that
if the soil conservation plan outlined
here, is practiced, the soils of the Ulaş
State farm can be used without being
subjected to the erosion and as a result
fertility of the soils will be increased
or at least be maintained.

Keywords

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