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Year 2013, Volume: 44 Issue: 2, 195 - 206, 27.05.2015

Tendü Hilal Göktuğ Nalan Demircioğlu Yıldız , Metin Demir Yahya Bulut

Abstract

Impacts of recreational activities on natural reserves have reached a worrying level. As the result of this worrisome, it is suggested that use of these reserves, especially national parks, should not go beyond a certain level. Carrying capacity defining this situation is stated as the degree of acceptable recreational use density in natural areas considering long term conservation of these natural areas. The concept of recreational carrying capacity coming out in 1960s has had different aspects in the last 50 years by gaining social, physical, ecological and economic characteristics. Some visitor management models have been put forward to provide protection, use and sustainability balance in national parks. The aim of present study is to review development process of recreational carrying capacity, dimensions of recreational carrying capacity and visitor management models. In this study the benefits and challenges of capacity analyses and the factors which is effective in ensuring the success are discussed

Keywords

Recreational Carrying Capacity Management Planning Recreation Tourism

References

  • Ahn, B.Y., Lee, B.K. ve C.S. Schafer., 2002. Operationalizing Sustainability in Regional Tourism Planning: An Application of The Limits of Acceptable Change Framework. Tourism Management, Vol. 23, Pp. 1-15.
  • Akten, S., Gül, A., Akten, M., 2009. Korunan Doğal Alanların Katılımcı Yönetim Planında Ziyaretçi Etki Yönetimi Yaklaşımı Modeli, International Davraz Congress on Social and Economic Issues Shaping The World's Future: New Global Isparta
  • Akten, S., Gül, A., & Akten, M. (2012). The comparison of visitor management frameworks in protected natural areas. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi Seri A, 13(1), 57-65.
  • Arnberger, A., Brandenburg, C., 2007. Past on-site experience, crowding perceptions and use displacement of visitor groups to a peri-urban national park. Environ. Manage.;40:34-45
  • Başar, H., 2007. Dilek Yarımadası-Büyük Menderes Deltası Milli Parkının Rekreasyon Amacıyla Kullanımının Ekonomik Değerinin Saptanması: Bir Seyahat Maliyeti Yöntemi Uygulaması. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 123 pp.
  • Behn, M., Carrera, F., McGuire, J., 1998. A carrying capacity and attendance management strategy for massachusetts state parks, beaches and reservations. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management, Rm.10-485, Cambridge, MA 02139
  • Bonnes, M., Bonauito, M., & Ercolani, A. 1991. Crowding and residential satisfaction in the urban environment: A contextual approach. Environment and Behavior, 23, 531- 552.
  • Bork, C. L., 1998. An Investigation of Social Carrying Capacity at Three Open Space Preserves. The Faculty of the Department of Environmental Studies San Jose State University. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science.
  • Brush, S., 1975. The concept of carrying capacity for systems of shifting cultivation. American Anthropologist 77: 799-811.
  • Cahill, K.L., J.L. Marion, ve S.R. Lawson, 2007. Enhancing the ınterpretation of stated choice tradeoff analysis through the application of a verbal protocol assessment. Journal of Leisure Research;Second Quarter.39, 2.
  • Ceballos-Lascurain, H., 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism, and Protected Areas: The State of Nature-Based Tourism Around the World and Guidelines for its Development. Gland: IUCN.
  • Cırık, U., 2007.Milli Parklar Ve Uzun Devreli Gelişim Planları. Planlama 2007(1):45–50
  • Cifuentes M (1992) Determinacion de Capacidad de Carga Turistica en Areas Protegidas. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
  • Clarke, A.L., 2002. Assessing the carrying capacity of florida keys. Population and Environment, 23/4, 405-418.
  • Cole, D. N., 2004. Carrying Capacity and Visitor Management: Facts, Values and the Role of Science. in: Harmon, D., Kilgore, B. M. & Vietzke, G. E. (Eds.). Protecting Our Diverse Heritage: The Role of Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites, P 43-46. Hancock.
  • Driver, B. L., Brown, P. J. Stankey, G. H. ve Gregoire, T. G., 1987. The ROS planning System: Evolution, Basic Concepts, and Research Needed. Leisure Sciences 9:201-212.
  • Eagles, P.F.J. ve McCool S.F., 2002. Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas. CAB International: Wallingford UK pp:315.
  • Ferreira, S. L. A., & Harmse, A. C. (2000). Crime and tourism in South Africa: international tourists perception and risk. South African Geographical Journal, 82(2), 80-85.
  • Freimund, W. A., ve Cole, D. N., 2000. Use Density, Visitor Experience, and Limiting Recreational Use in Wilderness: Progress to Date and Research Needs. Paper Presented at the Visitor and Proceedings, June 1-3, 2000, Missoula, MT. Wilderness Experience:
  • Göktuğ, T.H.,2011. Dilek Yarımadası Büyük Menderes Deltası Rekreasyonel Milli Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, Erzurum.
  • Taşıma Kapasitesinin
  • Grieser, K.A., 2005. Visitor perceptions of crowding, coping and social carrying capacity: an exploratory study in the mohonk preserve. Master Thesis. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York.
  • Gül, A., & Akten, M. (2005). Korunan doğal alanlarda rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesi ve kavramsal yaklaşımlar. Korunan Doğal Alanlar sempozyumu, 8-10.
  • Gündüz, S., & Akpınar, N. (2002). Koruma-kullanım İlkeleri Çerçevesinde Beynam Muhafaza Ormanı’nın Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Saptanması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4), 344-351.
  • Haas, G. 2001. Visitor capacity in the National Park System. NPS Social Science Review 2:1, 1-28.
  • Hammitt, W.E., Cole, D.N. (1998). Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. 361p.
  • Hof, M., ve Lime, D., 1997. Visitor experience and resource protection framework in the national park system: rationale, Current Status, and Future Direction. Proceedings—Limits of Acceptable Change and Related Planning Processes: Progress and Future Directions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT- 371: 29-36.
  • Karaküçük, S., 1999. Rekreasyon Boş Zamanları Değerlendirme. Bağırgan Yayımevi ISBN:975-581-048-X, 413 s, Kızılay- Ankara
  • Krumpe, E. E., 2000. The Role of Science in Wilderness Planning- A State-of-Knowledge Review. Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference, Vol 4: Wilderness Visitors, Experiences, and Visitor Management; 1999 May 23–27; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-4. Ogden, UT: U.S
  • Leung, Y. F., & Marion, J. L. (2000). Recreation impacts and management in wilderness: A state-of-knowledge review. Cole, DN, McCool, SF, Borrie, WT, O’Loughlin, J.,(comps), Proceedings: Wilderness Science in a Time of Change, 5.
  • Lindberg, K., McCool, S. F., ve G.H. Stankey. 1997. Rethinking carrying capacity. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 461-464.
  • Maldonado, E. and Montagnini, F., 2005. Carrying capacity of la tigra national park, honduras. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 19 (4), 29 – 48.
  • Manning R., 1999. Crowding and carrying capacity in outdoor recreation: From Normative Standards to Standards of Quality. In E. Jackson and T. Burton (eds.), Leisure Studies: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, 323–34.
  • Manning, R. 2008. Research to support analysis and management of carrying capacity at lake umbagog national wildlife refuge new hampshıre and maıne, Proceedings of The 2008 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium Gtr-Nrs-P-42
  • Manning, R., ve Lawson, S., 2002. Carrying capacity as “Informed Judgment”: The Values of Science and The Science of Values. Environmental Management, 30, 157-168
  • Manning, R., Valliere, W., Wang, B., Lawson, S., ve Newman, P., 2003. Estimating Day Use Social Carrying Capacity in Yosemite National Park. Leisure: The Journal of the Canadian Association for Leisure Studies, 27(1-2), 77-102.
  • Marion, J. L. (1998). Recreation ecology research findings: Implications for wilderness and park managers. In Proceedings of the national outdoor ethics conference (pp. 188-196).
  • Mathieson, A, ve Wall, G., 1989. Tourism: Economic, physical and social ımpact, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex. p:206
  • McCool, S.F. ve Lime, D.W., 2001. Tourism Carrying Capacity: Tempting Fantasy or Useful Reality? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 9 (5), 372–88.
  • McKinlay-Jones, K.M., 2000. Cows, crowds and carrying capacities: Developing and Testing the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (Verp) Process at Arches National Park. Master of Arts From Prescott College in Environmental Studies. UMI Number: 1398818.
  • Müderrisoğlu, H., 2002. Açık Hava Rekreasyonunda Taşıma Kapasiteleri İncelenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, 129s. İstanbul. Kullanım İlişkilerinin
  • Hata Köprü başvurusu geçerli değil. ve Hata Köprü başvurusu geçerli değil.,1979. Projecting The Visual Carrying Capacity of Recreation Areas. Proceedeings of Our National Landscape: A Conference on Applied Techniques for Analysis and Management of The Visual Resource, Incline Village, Nevada (USA), United States. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (USA). pp 420-427.
  • Nilsen, P. ve Tayler, G. 1997. A comparative analysis of protected area planning and management frameworks. 1997. Proceedings Limits of Acceptable Change And Related Planning Processes: Progress And Future Directions; 1997 May 20-22; Missoula, MT. Gen.Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-371. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 49-57.
  • Ormiston, D., Gilbert, A., & Manning, R. E. (1998). Indicators and standards of quality for ski resort management. Journal of Travel Research, 36(3), 35-41.
  • Özkan, M. B., 2001. Kentsel Rekreasyon Alan Planlaması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 73s, Bornova- İzmir
  • Pak, M., ve Türker, M.F., 2004. Orman Kaynağından Rekreasyonel Amaçlı Yararlanmanın Ekonomik Değerinin Koşullu Değerlendirme Yöntemi Yardımıyla Tahmin Edilmesi (Kapıçam Orman İçi Dinlenme Yeri Örneği). KSÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 7(1).
  • Papageorgiou, K. and Brotherton, I., 1999. A management planning frameworkbased on ecological, perceptual and economic carrying capacity: the case study of vikos-aoos national park, greece. Journal of Envirοnmental Management 56: 271-284.
  • Pigram,J.ve Jenkins J., 1999. Outdoor Recreation Management. London; New York: Routledge, 329p
  • Sayan, M.S., Ortaçeşme, V., Karagüzel, O., Atik, M., Şahin, T., Yıldırım, E., Avcı, Ü., 2005. Termessos (Güllükdağ) Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK Proje no: TOGTAG- 3197, 63s, Antalya.
  • Sayan, S., Krymkowski, D.H., Manning, R.E., Valliere, W.A., Rovelstad, E.L.,2013. Cultural influance on crowding norms in outdoor recreation: a comperative analysis of visitors to national parks in turkey and united states. Environmental Management. 52:493-502
  • Shelby, B., ve Heberlein, T. 1984. A Conceptual Framework for Carrying Capacity Determination. Leisure Sciences. 6: 433- 451.
  • da Silva, C. P. (2002). Beach carrying capacity assessment: how important is it. Journal of Coastal Research, 36, 190-197.
  • Stankey, G.H. ve. McCool, S.F., 1984. Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, Appraisal, and Application. Leisure Sciences, 6(4), 453-473.
  • Stewart, W.P. ve D.N. Cole., 2001. Number of encounters and experience quality in grand canyon backcountry: consistently negative and weak relationships. Journal of Leisure Research 33(1):106–20.
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Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci

Year 2013, Volume: 44 Issue: 2, 195 - 206, 27.05.2015

Tendü Hilal Göktuğ Nalan Demircioğlu Yıldız , Metin Demir Yahya Bulut

Abstract

Doğal alanlarda, kaynak değerleri ve ziyaretçilerin memnuniyet düzeyleri bakımından rekreasyon faaliyetlerinin zararlı
etkileri yıllar içerisinde endişe verici durumlara ulaşmıştır. Bu kaygıların sonucu olarak, doğal peyzaj karakteriyle ters düşecek
biçimde rekreasyonel amaçlarla kullanılıp değişime uğrayan korunan alanlarda özellikle milli parklarda, kullanımların belirli
sınırları aşmaması gerektiği tezi gündeme gelmiştir. Bu düşünceyi betimleyen “taşıma kapasitesi”, bir alanın uzun süreler boyunca
korunması düşüncesi ile uyumlu olarak doğal alanlarda kabul edilebilir rekreasyonel kulanım yoğunluğunun derecesi olarak ifade
edilmiştir.
1960’lı yıllarda gündeme gelen “rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesi” düşüncesi son 50 yıl içerisinde fiziksel, sosyal, ekolojik ve
yönetim bağlamında ele alınarak konuya farklı boyutlar kazandırılmıştır. Taşıma kapasitesi çalışmalarındaki gelişmeler neticesinde,
milli parklarda koruma, kullanma ve sürdürülebilirlik dengesinin sağlanabilmesi açısından çok önemli görülen yönetim planları
dahilinde birtakım ziyaretçi yönetim modelleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesinin gelişim
sürecinin, taşıma kapasitesinin boyutlarının ve ziyaretçi yönetim modellerinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmada kapasite analizlerinin
faydaları, zorlukları ve başarıya ulaşmasında etkili olan faktörler tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesi Yönetim Planlaması Rekreasyon Turizm

References

  • Ahn, B.Y., Lee, B.K. ve C.S. Schafer., 2002. Operationalizing Sustainability in Regional Tourism Planning: An Application of The Limits of Acceptable Change Framework. Tourism Management, Vol. 23, Pp. 1-15.
  • Akten, S., Gül, A., Akten, M., 2009. Korunan Doğal Alanların Katılımcı Yönetim Planında Ziyaretçi Etki Yönetimi Yaklaşımı Modeli, International Davraz Congress on Social and Economic Issues Shaping The World's Future: New Global Isparta
  • Akten, S., Gül, A., & Akten, M. (2012). The comparison of visitor management frameworks in protected natural areas. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi Seri A, 13(1), 57-65.
  • Arnberger, A., Brandenburg, C., 2007. Past on-site experience, crowding perceptions and use displacement of visitor groups to a peri-urban national park. Environ. Manage.;40:34-45
  • Başar, H., 2007. Dilek Yarımadası-Büyük Menderes Deltası Milli Parkının Rekreasyon Amacıyla Kullanımının Ekonomik Değerinin Saptanması: Bir Seyahat Maliyeti Yöntemi Uygulaması. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 123 pp.
  • Behn, M., Carrera, F., McGuire, J., 1998. A carrying capacity and attendance management strategy for massachusetts state parks, beaches and reservations. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management, Rm.10-485, Cambridge, MA 02139
  • Bonnes, M., Bonauito, M., & Ercolani, A. 1991. Crowding and residential satisfaction in the urban environment: A contextual approach. Environment and Behavior, 23, 531- 552.
  • Bork, C. L., 1998. An Investigation of Social Carrying Capacity at Three Open Space Preserves. The Faculty of the Department of Environmental Studies San Jose State University. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science.
  • Brush, S., 1975. The concept of carrying capacity for systems of shifting cultivation. American Anthropologist 77: 799-811.
  • Cahill, K.L., J.L. Marion, ve S.R. Lawson, 2007. Enhancing the ınterpretation of stated choice tradeoff analysis through the application of a verbal protocol assessment. Journal of Leisure Research;Second Quarter.39, 2.
  • Ceballos-Lascurain, H., 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism, and Protected Areas: The State of Nature-Based Tourism Around the World and Guidelines for its Development. Gland: IUCN.
  • Cırık, U., 2007.Milli Parklar Ve Uzun Devreli Gelişim Planları. Planlama 2007(1):45–50
  • Cifuentes M (1992) Determinacion de Capacidad de Carga Turistica en Areas Protegidas. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
  • Clarke, A.L., 2002. Assessing the carrying capacity of florida keys. Population and Environment, 23/4, 405-418.
  • Cole, D. N., 2004. Carrying Capacity and Visitor Management: Facts, Values and the Role of Science. in: Harmon, D., Kilgore, B. M. & Vietzke, G. E. (Eds.). Protecting Our Diverse Heritage: The Role of Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites, P 43-46. Hancock.
  • Driver, B. L., Brown, P. J. Stankey, G. H. ve Gregoire, T. G., 1987. The ROS planning System: Evolution, Basic Concepts, and Research Needed. Leisure Sciences 9:201-212.
  • Eagles, P.F.J. ve McCool S.F., 2002. Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas. CAB International: Wallingford UK pp:315.
  • Ferreira, S. L. A., & Harmse, A. C. (2000). Crime and tourism in South Africa: international tourists perception and risk. South African Geographical Journal, 82(2), 80-85.
  • Freimund, W. A., ve Cole, D. N., 2000. Use Density, Visitor Experience, and Limiting Recreational Use in Wilderness: Progress to Date and Research Needs. Paper Presented at the Visitor and Proceedings, June 1-3, 2000, Missoula, MT. Wilderness Experience:
  • Göktuğ, T.H.,2011. Dilek Yarımadası Büyük Menderes Deltası Rekreasyonel Milli Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, Erzurum.
  • Taşıma Kapasitesinin
  • Grieser, K.A., 2005. Visitor perceptions of crowding, coping and social carrying capacity: an exploratory study in the mohonk preserve. Master Thesis. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York.
  • Gül, A., & Akten, M. (2005). Korunan doğal alanlarda rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesi ve kavramsal yaklaşımlar. Korunan Doğal Alanlar sempozyumu, 8-10.
  • Gündüz, S., & Akpınar, N. (2002). Koruma-kullanım İlkeleri Çerçevesinde Beynam Muhafaza Ormanı’nın Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Saptanması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4), 344-351.
  • Haas, G. 2001. Visitor capacity in the National Park System. NPS Social Science Review 2:1, 1-28.
  • Hammitt, W.E., Cole, D.N. (1998). Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. 361p.
  • Hof, M., ve Lime, D., 1997. Visitor experience and resource protection framework in the national park system: rationale, Current Status, and Future Direction. Proceedings—Limits of Acceptable Change and Related Planning Processes: Progress and Future Directions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT- 371: 29-36.
  • Karaküçük, S., 1999. Rekreasyon Boş Zamanları Değerlendirme. Bağırgan Yayımevi ISBN:975-581-048-X, 413 s, Kızılay- Ankara
  • Krumpe, E. E., 2000. The Role of Science in Wilderness Planning- A State-of-Knowledge Review. Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference, Vol 4: Wilderness Visitors, Experiences, and Visitor Management; 1999 May 23–27; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-4. Ogden, UT: U.S
  • Leung, Y. F., & Marion, J. L. (2000). Recreation impacts and management in wilderness: A state-of-knowledge review. Cole, DN, McCool, SF, Borrie, WT, O’Loughlin, J.,(comps), Proceedings: Wilderness Science in a Time of Change, 5.
  • Lindberg, K., McCool, S. F., ve G.H. Stankey. 1997. Rethinking carrying capacity. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 461-464.
  • Maldonado, E. and Montagnini, F., 2005. Carrying capacity of la tigra national park, honduras. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 19 (4), 29 – 48.
  • Manning R., 1999. Crowding and carrying capacity in outdoor recreation: From Normative Standards to Standards of Quality. In E. Jackson and T. Burton (eds.), Leisure Studies: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, 323–34.
  • Manning, R. 2008. Research to support analysis and management of carrying capacity at lake umbagog national wildlife refuge new hampshıre and maıne, Proceedings of The 2008 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium Gtr-Nrs-P-42
  • Manning, R., ve Lawson, S., 2002. Carrying capacity as “Informed Judgment”: The Values of Science and The Science of Values. Environmental Management, 30, 157-168
  • Manning, R., Valliere, W., Wang, B., Lawson, S., ve Newman, P., 2003. Estimating Day Use Social Carrying Capacity in Yosemite National Park. Leisure: The Journal of the Canadian Association for Leisure Studies, 27(1-2), 77-102.
  • Marion, J. L. (1998). Recreation ecology research findings: Implications for wilderness and park managers. In Proceedings of the national outdoor ethics conference (pp. 188-196).
  • Mathieson, A, ve Wall, G., 1989. Tourism: Economic, physical and social ımpact, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex. p:206
  • McCool, S.F. ve Lime, D.W., 2001. Tourism Carrying Capacity: Tempting Fantasy or Useful Reality? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 9 (5), 372–88.
  • McKinlay-Jones, K.M., 2000. Cows, crowds and carrying capacities: Developing and Testing the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (Verp) Process at Arches National Park. Master of Arts From Prescott College in Environmental Studies. UMI Number: 1398818.
  • Müderrisoğlu, H., 2002. Açık Hava Rekreasyonunda Taşıma Kapasiteleri İncelenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, 129s. İstanbul. Kullanım İlişkilerinin
  • Hata Köprü başvurusu geçerli değil. ve Hata Köprü başvurusu geçerli değil.,1979. Projecting The Visual Carrying Capacity of Recreation Areas. Proceedeings of Our National Landscape: A Conference on Applied Techniques for Analysis and Management of The Visual Resource, Incline Village, Nevada (USA), United States. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (USA). pp 420-427.
  • Nilsen, P. ve Tayler, G. 1997. A comparative analysis of protected area planning and management frameworks. 1997. Proceedings Limits of Acceptable Change And Related Planning Processes: Progress And Future Directions; 1997 May 20-22; Missoula, MT. Gen.Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-371. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 49-57.
  • Ormiston, D., Gilbert, A., & Manning, R. E. (1998). Indicators and standards of quality for ski resort management. Journal of Travel Research, 36(3), 35-41.
  • Özkan, M. B., 2001. Kentsel Rekreasyon Alan Planlaması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 73s, Bornova- İzmir
  • Pak, M., ve Türker, M.F., 2004. Orman Kaynağından Rekreasyonel Amaçlı Yararlanmanın Ekonomik Değerinin Koşullu Değerlendirme Yöntemi Yardımıyla Tahmin Edilmesi (Kapıçam Orman İçi Dinlenme Yeri Örneği). KSÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 7(1).
  • Papageorgiou, K. and Brotherton, I., 1999. A management planning frameworkbased on ecological, perceptual and economic carrying capacity: the case study of vikos-aoos national park, greece. Journal of Envirοnmental Management 56: 271-284.
  • Pigram,J.ve Jenkins J., 1999. Outdoor Recreation Management. London; New York: Routledge, 329p
  • Sayan, M.S., Ortaçeşme, V., Karagüzel, O., Atik, M., Şahin, T., Yıldırım, E., Avcı, Ü., 2005. Termessos (Güllükdağ) Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK Proje no: TOGTAG- 3197, 63s, Antalya.
  • Sayan, S., Krymkowski, D.H., Manning, R.E., Valliere, W.A., Rovelstad, E.L.,2013. Cultural influance on crowding norms in outdoor recreation: a comperative analysis of visitors to national parks in turkey and united states. Environmental Management. 52:493-502
  • Shelby, B., ve Heberlein, T. 1984. A Conceptual Framework for Carrying Capacity Determination. Leisure Sciences. 6: 433- 451.
  • da Silva, C. P. (2002). Beach carrying capacity assessment: how important is it. Journal of Coastal Research, 36, 190-197.
  • Stankey, G.H. ve. McCool, S.F., 1984. Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, Appraisal, and Application. Leisure Sciences, 6(4), 453-473.
  • Stewart, W.P. ve D.N. Cole., 2001. Number of encounters and experience quality in grand canyon backcountry: consistently negative and weak relationships. Journal of Leisure Research 33(1):106–20.
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There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language tr;en
Journal Section DERLEMELER
Authors

Tendü Hilal Göktuğ This is me

Nalan Demircioğlu Yıldız

Metin Demir This is me

Yahya Bulut This is me

Publication Date May 27, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 44 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Göktuğ, T. H., Demircioğlu Yıldız, N., Demir, M., Bulut, Y. (2015). Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(2), 195-206.
AMA Göktuğ TH, Demircioğlu Yıldız N, Demir M, Bulut Y. Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. May 2015;44(2):195-206.
Chicago Göktuğ, Tendü Hilal, Nalan Demircioğlu Yıldız, Metin Demir, and Yahya Bulut. “Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim Ve Modellenme Süreci”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 44, no. 2 (May 2015): 195-206.
EndNote Göktuğ TH, Demircioğlu Yıldız N, Demir M, Bulut Y (May 1, 2015) Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 44 2 195–206.
IEEE T. H. Göktuğ, N. Demircioğlu Yıldız, M. Demir, and Y. Bulut, “Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 195–206, 2015.
ISNAD Göktuğ, Tendü Hilal et al. “Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim Ve Modellenme Süreci”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 44/2 (May 2015), 195-206.
JAMA Göktuğ TH, Demircioğlu Yıldız N, Demir M, Bulut Y. Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2015;44:195–206.
MLA Göktuğ, Tendü Hilal et al. “Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim Ve Modellenme Süreci”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 44, no. 2, 2015, pp. 195-06.
Vancouver Göktuğ TH, Demircioğlu Yıldız N, Demir M, Bulut Y. Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2015;44(2):195-206.

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