BESİNLERDEKİ ENDOKRİN BOZUCULAR

Year 2022, , 40 - 58, 18.04.2022

Kardelen Yoldaş , Mehmet Pala Müveddet Emel Alphan

https://doi.org/10.54270/atljm.2022.15

Abstract

Hormon sistemleri olarak da adlandırılan endokrin sistem, tüm memelilerde, kuşlarda, balıklarda ve diğer birçok canlı organizmada bulunmaktadır. İç salgı bezleri, bu bezler tarafından üretilen hormonlar, hormonların hedef organları ve dokulardaki reseptörler bu sistemde yer almaktadır. Hipotalamus-hipofiz, tiroid, paratiroid bezi, böbrek üstü, gonadlar-cinsiyet bezleri ve pankreas endokrin sistemde yer alan bezlerdir. Endokrin bozucular, endokrin sisteminin hormon yapısını veya reseptörünü taklit gibi birçok etki mekanizması ile çevre ve insan sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bugüne kadar Avrupa Komisyonu 535 adet endokrin bozucu saptayarak raporunda bildirmiştir. Beslenme olmadan yaşamı sürdürmek mümkün olmadığı için besinlerdeki endokrin bozuculara her gün maruz kalınmaktadır. Konserveler, plastikler, besine uygulanan işlemler, çevresel kirlilik gibi birçok etkenlerle endokrin bozucular besinlere bulaşmaktadır. Besinlerde bulunan temel endokrin bozucular; bisfenol A, fitalatlar, fitoöstrojenler, pestisitler ve ağır metallerdir. Endokrin bozucuların çoğunun hastalık mekanizmaları henüz bildirilmemiştir. Hastalık mekanizmaları belirlenenmiş endokrin bozucuların hepsinde farklı mekanizmalar gözlenmektedir. Bu derlemede besinlerdeki endokrin bozucular, tolere edilebilir alım miktarları, besinlerin içerisindeki miktarlar ve bu endokrin bozucuların hastalık yapıcı etkilerinden bahsedilecektir.

Keywords

Endokrin Bozucu, Bisfenol A, Pestisit, Fitalat, Fitoöstrojenler, Ağır Metaller

References

• Darbre Philippa D. The history of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research, 2019, 7: 26-33.
• Kabir ER, Rahman MS, Rahman I. A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2015, 40.1: 241-258.
• ECHA. Endocrine disruptor assessment list. UpToDate. 2021 [cited 2021 Sep 28]. Available from: https://echa.europa.eu/ed-assessment
• Europe Comission. Endocrine disruptors. [cited 2021 Sep 29]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/endocrine/strategy/substances_en.htm#report3
• National Institutes of Health. Endocrine disruptors- UpToDate. July 2021 [cited 2021 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm.
• Fendoğlu BY, Koçer BG, Erkekoğlu P. Endokrin bozucu kimyasal maddelere ve etki mekanizmalarına genel bir bakış. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy 2019; 39.1: 30-43.
• La Merrill MA, Vandenberg LN, Smith MT, et al. Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020 Jan;16(1):45-57.
• Manıkkam M, Tracey R, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Skinner MK. Plastics derived endocrine disruptors (BPA, DEHP and DBP) induce epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of obesity, reproductive disease and sperm epimutations. PloS One, 2013, 8.1: e55387.
• Braun JM. Early-life exposure to EDCs: role in childhood obesity and neurodevelopment. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2017, 13.3: 161-173.
• Michalowicz J. Bisphenol A–sources, toxicity and biotransformation. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2014, 37.2: 738-758.
• International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN). Bisphenol A (BPA) - Current state of knowledge and future actions by WHO and FAO. INFOSAN Information Note No. 5/2009 - Bisphenol A; 2009 Nov 27; Geneva, Switzerland.
• EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF). Scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA Journal, 2015, 13.1: 3978.
• Zimmers SM, Browne EP, O’Keefe PW, et al. Determination of free Bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in breast milk of US women using a sensitive LC/MS/MS method. Chemosphere, 2014, 104: 237-243.
• Bisphenol A (BPA) Joint Emerging Science Working Group. 2014 Updated review of literature and data on bisphenol A (CAS RN 80-05-7). Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2014.
• Schecter A, Malik N, Haffner D, et al. Bisphenol a (BPA) in US food. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44.24: 9425-9430.
• Geens T, Apelbaum TZ, Goeyens L, Neels H, Covaci A. Intake of bisphenol A from canned beverages and foods on the Belgian market. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2010, 27.11: 1627-1637.
• Prins GS, Patisaul HB, Belcher SM, Vandenberg LN. CLARITY‐BPA academic laboratory studies identify consistent low‐dose Bisphenol A effects on multiple organ systems. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 2019, 125: 14-31.
• Melzer D, Rice NE, Lewis C, Henley WE, Galloway TS. Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with heart disease: evidence from NHANES 2003/06. PloS One, 2010, 5.1: e8673.
• Rochester, JR, Bolden AL, Kwiatkowski CF. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and hyperactivity in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environment International, 2018, 114: 343-356.
• Moram S. 10 tips to help reduce your exposure to BPA. UpToDate. 2014 [cited 2021 Sep 28]. Available from: https://saferchemicals.org/2014/07/10/10-tips-to-help-reduce-1-2/.
• Enviromental Protection Agency. America’s Children and the Environment Third Edit. 2013. Update; Aug 2017.
• Johns LE, Cooper GS, Galizia A, Meeker JD. Exposure assessment issues in epidemiology studies of phthalates. Environment International, 2015; 85: 27–39. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.005.
• Yang J, Li Y, Wang Y, Ruan J, Zhang J, Sun C. Recent advances in analysis of phthalate esters in foods. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2015, 72: 10-26.
• Serrano SE, Braun J, Trasande L, Dills R, Sathyanarayana S. Phthalates and diet: a review of the food monitoring and epidemiology data. Environmental Health, 2014, 13.1: 1-14.
• Buckley JP, Kim H, Wong E, Rebholz CM. Ultra-processed food consumption and exposure to phthalates and bisphenols in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2014. Environment International, 2019, 131: 105057.
• Wen HJ, Chen CC, Wu MT, et al. Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones and sex-hormone binding globulin before puberty–Phthalate contaminated-foodstuff episode in Taiwan. PloS One, 2017, 12.4: e0175536.
• Wang YX, Zeng Q, Sun Y, et al. Phthalate exposure in association with serum hormone levels, sperm DNA damage and spermatozoa apoptosis: A cross-sectional study in China. Environmental Research, 2016, 150: 557-565.
• Zarean M, Keikha M, Poursafa P, Khalighinejad P, Amin M, Kelishadi R. A systematic review on the adverse health effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23.24: 24642-24693.
• Fierens T, Vanermen G, Van Holderbeke M, De Henauw S, Sioen I. Effect of cooking at home on the levels of eight phthalates in foods. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012, 50.12: 4428-4435.
• Shi W, Hu X, Zhang F, et al. Occurrence of thyroid hormone activities in drinking water from eastern China: contributions of phthalate esters. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46.3: 1811-1818.
• Damalas CA, Elefherohorinos IG. Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2011, 8.5: 1402-1419.
• Şık B, Küçükçetin İÖ, Erkaymaz T, Yıldız G. Gıda güvenliği açısından endokrin sistem bozucu pestisitler. Academic Food Journal/Akademik Gıda, 2012, 10.2.
• EPA. Basic information about pesticide ingredients. UpToDate. 2021 [cited 2021 Aug 16]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/basic-information-about-pesticide-ingredients.
• WHO. (2019). The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification, 2019 edition. Geneva: WHO.
• EPA. What are Biopesticides?. - UpToDate. 2021 [cited 2021 Sep 9]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/what-are-biopesticides#advantages.
• PAN Europe. Lyssimachou A, Muilerman H. Impact Assessment of The Criteria for Endocrine Disrupting Pesticides, 2015-2016. Brussels.
• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); Carrasco CL, Medina PP. The 2019 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA Journal, 2021, 19.4: e06491.
• Tutku K, Tuna AL. İzmir ilindeki üç halk pazarından alınan meyve ve sebze örneklerindeki pestisit kalıntı miktarının araştırılması. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2019, 6.1: 32-38.
• Ersoy N, Tatlı Ö, Özcan S, ve ark. LC-MS/MS ve GC-MS’le bazı sebze türlerinde pestisit kalıntılarının tespiti. Selçuk Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 2011, 25.3: 79-85.
• Dinçay O, Civelek HS. Muğla ili Ortaca Bölgesi turunçgil ekosistemlerindeki insektisit kalıntılarının belirlenmesi. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 2017, 7.1: 31-40.
• Şık B. Domates, yeşil biber ve salatalık ürünlerinde pestisit kalıntılarının araştırılması. Soframızdaki Tehlike: Pestisit. Greenpeace, 2019.
• Barański M, Srednicka-Tober D, Volakakis N, et al. Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. British Journal Nutrition. 2014;112(5):794-811. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001366.
• Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M. Pesticides and human chronic diseases: evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2013, 268.2: 157-177.
• Mnif W, Hassine AI, Bouaziz A, Bartegi A, Thomas O, Roig B. Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2011, 8.6: 2265-2303.
• Zikankuba VL, Mwanyika G, Ntwenya JE, James, A. Pesticide regulations and their malpractice implications on food and environment safety. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2019, 5.1: 1601544.
• Karami-Mohajeri S, Abdollahi M. Toxic influence of organophosphate, carbamate, and organochlorine pesticides on cellular metabolism of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates: a systematic review. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 2011, 30.9: 1119-1140.
• Hu R, Huang X, Huang J, et al. Long-and shortterm health effects of pesticide exposure: a cohort study from China. PloS One, 2015, 10.6: e0128766.
• National Pesticide Information Center. Minimizing pesticide residues in food. UpToDate. 2021 [cited 2021 Aug 20]. Available from: http://npic.orst.edu/health/foodprac.html
• Patisaul HB, & Jefferson W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 2010, 31.4: 400-419.
• Rodríguez-García C, Sánchez-Quesada C, Toledo E, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Gaforio JJ. Naturally lignan-rich foods: A dietary tool for health promotion?. Molecules, 2019, 24.5: 917.
• Konar N, Poyrazoğlu ES, Demir K, Haspolat I, Artık N. Fitoöstrojenler: Bitkisel kaynaklı östrojenik bileşikler. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi. 2011; 1(2): 69-75.
• Rietjens IM, Louisse J, Beekmann K. The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. British journal of pharmacology, 2017, 174.11: 1263-1280.
• EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food). Scientific opinion on the risk assessment for peri-and post-menopausal women taking food supplements containing isolated isoflavones. EFSA Journal, 2015, 13.10: 4246.
• National Toxicology Program. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of genistein (Cas No. 446-72-0) in Sprague-Dawley rats (feed study). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 2008;(545):1-240.
• Koletzko S, Niggemann B, Arató A, et al. Diagnostic approach and management of cow’smilk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2012, 55.2: 221-229.
• Mccarver G, Bhatia J, Chambers C, et al. NTP‐ CERHR expert panel report on the developmental toxicity of soy infant formula. Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 2011, 92.5: 421-468.
• Divi RL, Chang HC, & Doerge DR. Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Biochemical Pharmacology, 1997, 54.10: 1087-1096.
• Šošić-Jurjević B, Lütjohann D, Renko K, et al. The isoflavones genistein and daidzein increase hepatic concentration of thyroid hormones and affect cholesterol metabolism in middle-aged male rats. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019, 190: 1-10.
• Fu Z, Xi S. The effects of heavy metals on human metabolism. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2020;30(3):167-176. doi:10.1080/15376516.2019.1701594
• Jan AT, Azam M, Siddiqui K, Ali A, Choi I, Haq QM. Heavy metals and human health: mechanistic insight into toxicity and counter defense system of antioxidants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2015, 16.12: 29592-29630.
• Rai PK, Lee SS, Zhang M, Tsang YF, Kim KH. Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International, 2019, 125: 365-385.
• Cherfi A, Achour M, Cherfi M, Otmani S, Morsli A. Health risk assessment of heavy metals through consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed urban wastewater in Algeria. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2015, 98: 245-252.
• EFSA. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA Journal, 2012, 10.1: 2551.
• Song Y, Wang Y, Mao W, et al. Dietary cadmium exposure assessment among the Chinese population. PLoS One, 2017, 12.5: e0177978.
• Buha A, Matovic V, Antonijevic B, et al. Overview of cadmium thyroid disrupting effects and mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(5):1501. Published 2018 May 17. doi:10.3390/ijms19051501.
• de Angelis C, Galdiero M, Pivonello C, et al. The environment and male reproduction: The effect of cadmium exposure on reproductive function and its implication in fertility. Reprod Toxicol. 2017;73:105-127. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.07.021.
• Lafuente A. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is target of cadmium toxicity. An update of recent studies and potential therapeutic approaches. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;59:395- 404. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.024.
• Nie X, Chen Y, Chen Y, et al. Lead and cadmium exposure, higher thyroid antibodies and thyroid dysfunction in Chinese women. Environ Pollut. 2017;230:320-328. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.052.
• Treviño S, Waalkes MP, Flores Hernández JA, León-Chavez BA, Aguilar-Alonso P, Brambila E. Chronic cadmium exposure in rats produces pancreatic impairment and insulin resistance in multiple peripheral tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2015;583:27-35. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.010
• Rehman K, Fatima F, Waheed I, Akash MSH. Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119(1):157-184. doi:10.1002/jcb.26234
• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Arcella D, Cascio C, Gómez Ruiz JÁ. Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic. EFSA Journal, 2021, 19.1: e06380.
• Zhao F, Severson P, Pacheco S, Futscher BW, Klimecki WT. Arsenic exposure induces the Warburg effect in cultured human cells. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2013, 271.1: 72-77.
• Abdul KS, Jayasinghe SS, Chandana EP, Jayasumana C, De Silva PM. Arsenic and human health effects: A review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;40(3):828-846. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.016
• Gong G, Basom J, Mattevada S, Onger F. Association of hypothyroidism with low-level arsenic exposure in rural West Texas. Environ Res. 2015;138:154-160.
• Zubair M, Ahmad M, Qureshi ZI. Review on arsenic-induced toxicity in male reproductive system and its amelioration. Andrologia. 2017;49(9):10.1111/and.12791. doi:10.1111/and.12791
• EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. Efsa Journal, 2012, 10.12: 2985.
• Henriques MC, Loureiro S, Fardilha M, Herdeiro MT. Exposure to mercury and human reproductive health: A systematic review. Reproductive Toxicology, 2019, 85: 93-103.
• FDA. Questions & Answers from the FDA/EPA advice about eating fish for women who are or might become pregnant, breastfeeding mothers, and young children. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 2021 Aug 28]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/questions-answers-fdaepa-advice-about-eating-fish-women-who-are-or-might-become-pregnant .
• EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Scientific Opinion on lead in food. EFSA Journal, 2010, 8.4: 1570.
• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Lead dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA Journal, 2012, 10.7: 2831.
• Özdemir D, Çakır B, Ersoy R. Ağır metallerin endokrin organlarda birikimi ve hormonlar üzerindeki etkileri. Journal of Dialog in Endocrinology/ Endokrinolide Diyalog Dergisi, 2012, 9.3.
• Özbolat G, Tuli A. Ağır metal toksisitesinin insan sağlığına etkileri. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 2016, 25.4: 502-521.
• Kumar S, Sharma A, Kshetrimayum C. Environmental & occupational exposure & female reproductive dysfunction. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2019, 150.6: 532.