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SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION

Year 2014, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 137 - 146, 05.05.2015
https://doi.org/10.18038/btd-a.50020

Abstract

Fuel cells which are utilized to produce electrical energy from hydrogen are accepted as an alternative of environmentally friendly and efficient energy production. Perflorosulfonic acid based membranes such as Nafion, are used frequently in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However researches on alternative polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) are continued because of decrement in proton conductivity at high temperatures and high prices of Nafion membranes. At the first stage of this study, disodium-3,3'-disulfonate-4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone (S-DCDPS) and benzimidazole bisphenol (HPBI) monomers were synthesized. Then a sulfonated poly(arylene ether benzimidazole) copolymer was synthesized via nucleophilic aromatic polycondensation reaction of synthesized monomers. 1H NMR and FTIR analysis of synthesized monomers and 1H NMR, FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the copolymer were performed. Copolymer synthesis was confirmed clearly by the results of the analysis. TGA curve showed that synthesized copolymer has a high thermal stability (~400 oC) and can be used for high temperature applications

References

  • Adanur, S., Zheng, H., (2013). Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfonated Polyimide Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 10, 04100-1- 041001-5.
  • Akbarian-Feizi, L., Mehdipour-Ataei, S., Yeganeh, H., (2010). Survey of Sulfonated Polyimide Membrane as a Good Candidate for Nafion Substitution in Fuel Cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 9385-9397.
  • Bahlakeh, G., Nikazar, M., (2012). Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis of Hydration Effects on Microstructure and Transport Dynamics in Sulfonated Poly(2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-Phenylene Oxide) Fuel Cell Membranes, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 12714- 12724.
  • Carrette, L., Friedrich, K. A., Stimming, U., (2000). Fuel Cells: Principles, Types, Fuels, and Applications, ChemPhysChem, 1, 162-193.
  • Chen, B. K., Wu, T. Y., Kuo, C. W., Peng, Y. C., Shih, I. C., Hao, L., Sun, I. W., (2013). 4,4'-Oxydianiline (ODA) Containing Sulfonated Polyimide/Protic Ionic Liquid Composite Membranes for Anhydrous Proton Conduction, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 11321-11330.
  • Chen, P., Chen, X., An, Z., Chen, K., Okamoto, K., (2011). Quinoxaline-Based Crosslinked Membranes of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone)s for Fuel Cell Applications, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 12406-12416.
  • Chuang, S. W., Hsu, S. L. C., Hsu, C. L., (2007). Synthesis and Properties of FluorineContainingPolybenzimidazole/Montmorill onite Nanocomposite Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications, Journal of Power Sources, 168, 172-177.
  • Connell, J. W., Smith, J. G., Hergenrother, P. M., (1995). “Properties And Potential Applications Of Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole)s.” High-Temperature Properties and Applications of Polymeric Materials.(Ed: Tant M.R., Connell J.W., McManus H.L.N.,) 469-473.
  • Einsla, B. R., (2005). High Temperature Polymers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Doktora Tezi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
  • Gui, L., Zhang, C., Kang, S., Tan, N., Xiao, G., Yan, D., (2010). Synthesis and Properties of Hexafluoroisopropylidene-Containing Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Thioether Phosphine Oxide)s for Proton Exchange Membranes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 2436-2445.
  • Han, M., Zhang, G., Li, M., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Chistopher M. L., Na, H., (2011). Considerations of the Morphology in The Design of Proton Exchange Membranes: Cross-Linked Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)s using a New CarboxylTerminated Benzimidazole as the CrossLinker for PEMFCs, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 2197-2206.
  • Harrison, W. L., Wang, F., Mecham, J. B., Bhanu, V. A., Hill, M., Kim, Y. S., Mcgrath, J. E., (2003). Influence of the Bisphenol Structure on the Direct Synthesis of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether) Copolymers, Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Chemistry, 41, 2264- 2276.
  • Hergenrother, P. M., Smith, J. G., Connell, J. W., (1993). Synthesis and Properties of Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole)s, Polymer, 34, 856-865.
  • Hong, Y. T., Lee, C. H., Park, H. N. S., Min, K. A., Kim, H. J., Nam, S. Y., Lee, Y. M., (2008). Improvement of Electrochemical Performances of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) via Incorporation of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole). Journal of Power Sources, 175, 724-731.
  • Jutemar, E. P., Takamuku, S., Jannasch, P., (2011). Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Ionomers Containing Di- and Tetrasulfonated Arylene Sulfone Segments. Polymer Chemistry, 2, 181-191.
  • Kim, N. H., Kuila, T., Kim, K. M., Nahm, S. H., Lee, J. H., (2012). Material Selection Windows for Hybrid Carbons/Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) Composite for Bipolar Plates of Fuel Cell. Polymer Testing, 31, 537-545.
  • Liu, X., Yin, J., Kong, Y., Chen, M., Feng, Y., Yan, K., Li, X., Su, B., Lei, Q., (2013). Electrical and Mechanical Property Study on Three-Component Polyimide Nanocomposite Films with Titanium Dioxide and Montmorillonite, Thin Solid Films, 544, 352-356.
  • Li, X., Yu, Y., Liu, Q., Meng, Y., (2013). Synthesis and Characterization of Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone)s Containing Various Cations Functioned Tetraphenyl Methane Moieties, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 11067-11073.
  • Li, Y., Xie, M., Wang, X., Chao, D., Liu, X., Wang, C., (2013). Novel Branched Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)s Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 12051-12059.
  • Ng, F., Jones, D. J., Roziere, J., Bauer, B., Schuster, M., Jeske, M., (2010). Novel Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole) Cardo Proton Conducting Membranes for PEMFC. Journal of Membrane Science, 362, 184-191.
  • Park, J. Y., Kim, T. H., Kim, H. J., Choi, J. H., Hong, Y. T., (2012). Crosslinked Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Membranes for Fuel Cell Application, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 2603-2613.
  • Qi, Y., Gao, Y., Tian, S., Hlil, A.R., Gaudet, J., Guay, D., Guay D., Hay, A. S., (2009). Synthesis and Properties of Novel Benzimidazole-Containing Sulfonated Polyethersulfones for Fuel Cell Applications, Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Chemistry, 47, 1920-1929.
  • Sakaguchi, Y., Kaji, A., Kitamura, K., Takase, S., Omote, K., Asako, Y., Kimura, K., (2012). Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Derived from Novel Fluorine-Containing Poly(Arylene Ether Ketone)s by Controlled Post-Sulfonation, Polymer, 53, 4388-4398.
  • Sakaguchi, Y., Kitamura, K., Takase, S., (2012). Isomeric Effect of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether)s Comprising Dihydroxynaphthalene on Properties for Polymer Electrolyte Membranes. Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Chemistry, 50, 4749-4755.
  • Seo, D. W., Lim, Y. D., Lee, S. H., Jeong, I. S., Kim D. I., Lee, J. H., Kim, G. W., (2012). Preparation and Characterization of Sulfonated Poly(Tetra Phenyl Ether Ketone Sulfone)s for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 6140- 6147.
  • Seol, J. H., Won, J. H., Yoon, K. S., Hong, Y. T., Lee, S. Y., (2012). SiO2 Ceramic Nanoporous Substrate-Reinforced Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 6189-6198.
  • Shen, C. H., Hsu S. L. C., Bulycheva, E., Belomoina, N., (2012). High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Poly(Arylene Ether)s with Benzimidazole Side Groups for Fuel Cells, Journal of Materials and Chemistry, 22, 19269- 19275.
  • Shen, L. P., Xiao, G. Y., Yan, D. Y., Sun, G. M., (2005). Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Thioether Ketone Ketone Sulfone)s for Proton Exchange Membranes with High Oxidative Stability, e-Polymers, 31, 1-10.
  • Ueda, M., Toyota, H., Ouchi, T., Sugiyama, J. I., Yonetake, K., Masuko, T., Teramoto, T., (1993). Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic Poly(Ether Sulfone)s Containing Pendant Sodium-Sulfonate Groups, Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Chemistry, 31, 853-858.
  • Wang, F., Hickner, M., Ji, Q., Harrison, W., Mecham, J., Zawodzinski, T. A., Mcgrath J. E., (2001). Synthesis of Highly Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Random (Statistical) Copolymers via Direct Polymerization, Macromolecular Symposia, 175, 387-395.
  • Wang, S. J., Meng, Y. Z., Hlil, A. R., Hay, A. S., (2004). Synthesis and Characterization of Phthalazinone Containing Poly(Arylene Ether)s, Poly(Arylene Thioether)s, and Poly(Arylene Sulfone)s via a Novel N-C Coupling Reaction, Macromolecules, 37, 60-65.
  • Xu, T., Wu, D., Seo, S. J., Woo, J. J., Wu, L., Moon, S. H., (2012). Proton Exchange Composite Membranes from Blends of Brominated and Sulfonated Poly(2,6- Dimethyl-1,4-Phenylene Oxide), Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 124, 3511- 3519.
  • Yu, J., Ree, M., Shin, T. J., Wang, X., Cai, W., Zhou, D., Lee, K. W., (2000). Miscibility Behavior of Polyimide (PI)/Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole) (PAEBI) Blends and its Effects on the Adhesion of PI/PAEBI/Copper Joints, Polymer, 41, 169-177.
  • Zhang, X., Hu, Z., Pu, Y., Chen, S., Ling, J., Bi, H., Chen, S., Wang, L., Okamoto, K. I., (2012). Preparation and Properties of Novel Sulfonated Poly(P-Phenylene-CoAryl Ether Ketone)s for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Applications, Journal of Power Sources, 216, 261-268.

SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION

Year 2014, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 137 - 146, 05.05.2015
https://doi.org/10.18038/btd-a.50020

Abstract

Hidrojenden elektrik enerjisi üretiminde kullanılan yakıt hücreleri, geleceğin çevre dostu ve yüksek verimli enerji üretimine alternatif olarak kabul görmektedirler. Nafion gibi perflorosülfonik asit bazlı membranlar polimer elektrolit membran yakıt hücreleri (PEMHY)’nde sıklıkla kullanılmaktadırlar. Ancak Nafion membranların yüksek sıcaklıklarda proton iletkenliklerinin düşmesi ve fiyatlarının yüksek olması nedeniyle alternatif polimer elektrolit membran (PEM)’lar üzerine araştırmalar devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, disodyum-3,3’-disülfonat-4,4’-diklorodifenilsülfon (SDCDPS) ve benzimidazol bisfenol (HPBI) monomerlerinin sentezi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra sentezlenen monomerlerden nükleofilik aromatik polikondenzasyon reaksiyonu ile poli(arilen eter benzimidazol) kopolimeri sentezlenmiştir. Sentezlenen monomerlerin 1H NMR ve FTIR, kopolimerin ise 1H NMR, FTIR ve termogravimetrik analizleri (TGA) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda kopolimerin sentezlendiği açıkça ortaya konulmuştur. TGA eğrisi sentezlenen kopolimerin ısıl kararlılığının yüksek olduğunu (~400 oC) ve yüksek sıcaklık uygulamalarında kullanılabilirliğini göstermiştir

References

  • Adanur, S., Zheng, H., (2013). Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfonated Polyimide Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 10, 04100-1- 041001-5.
  • Akbarian-Feizi, L., Mehdipour-Ataei, S., Yeganeh, H., (2010). Survey of Sulfonated Polyimide Membrane as a Good Candidate for Nafion Substitution in Fuel Cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 9385-9397.
  • Bahlakeh, G., Nikazar, M., (2012). Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis of Hydration Effects on Microstructure and Transport Dynamics in Sulfonated Poly(2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-Phenylene Oxide) Fuel Cell Membranes, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 12714- 12724.
  • Carrette, L., Friedrich, K. A., Stimming, U., (2000). Fuel Cells: Principles, Types, Fuels, and Applications, ChemPhysChem, 1, 162-193.
  • Chen, B. K., Wu, T. Y., Kuo, C. W., Peng, Y. C., Shih, I. C., Hao, L., Sun, I. W., (2013). 4,4'-Oxydianiline (ODA) Containing Sulfonated Polyimide/Protic Ionic Liquid Composite Membranes for Anhydrous Proton Conduction, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 11321-11330.
  • Chen, P., Chen, X., An, Z., Chen, K., Okamoto, K., (2011). Quinoxaline-Based Crosslinked Membranes of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone)s for Fuel Cell Applications, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 12406-12416.
  • Chuang, S. W., Hsu, S. L. C., Hsu, C. L., (2007). Synthesis and Properties of FluorineContainingPolybenzimidazole/Montmorill onite Nanocomposite Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications, Journal of Power Sources, 168, 172-177.
  • Connell, J. W., Smith, J. G., Hergenrother, P. M., (1995). “Properties And Potential Applications Of Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole)s.” High-Temperature Properties and Applications of Polymeric Materials.(Ed: Tant M.R., Connell J.W., McManus H.L.N.,) 469-473.
  • Einsla, B. R., (2005). High Temperature Polymers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Doktora Tezi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
  • Gui, L., Zhang, C., Kang, S., Tan, N., Xiao, G., Yan, D., (2010). Synthesis and Properties of Hexafluoroisopropylidene-Containing Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Thioether Phosphine Oxide)s for Proton Exchange Membranes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 2436-2445.
  • Han, M., Zhang, G., Li, M., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Chistopher M. L., Na, H., (2011). Considerations of the Morphology in The Design of Proton Exchange Membranes: Cross-Linked Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)s using a New CarboxylTerminated Benzimidazole as the CrossLinker for PEMFCs, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 2197-2206.
  • Harrison, W. L., Wang, F., Mecham, J. B., Bhanu, V. A., Hill, M., Kim, Y. S., Mcgrath, J. E., (2003). Influence of the Bisphenol Structure on the Direct Synthesis of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether) Copolymers, Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Chemistry, 41, 2264- 2276.
  • Hergenrother, P. M., Smith, J. G., Connell, J. W., (1993). Synthesis and Properties of Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole)s, Polymer, 34, 856-865.
  • Hong, Y. T., Lee, C. H., Park, H. N. S., Min, K. A., Kim, H. J., Nam, S. Y., Lee, Y. M., (2008). Improvement of Electrochemical Performances of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) via Incorporation of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole). Journal of Power Sources, 175, 724-731.
  • Jutemar, E. P., Takamuku, S., Jannasch, P., (2011). Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Ionomers Containing Di- and Tetrasulfonated Arylene Sulfone Segments. Polymer Chemistry, 2, 181-191.
  • Kim, N. H., Kuila, T., Kim, K. M., Nahm, S. H., Lee, J. H., (2012). Material Selection Windows for Hybrid Carbons/Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) Composite for Bipolar Plates of Fuel Cell. Polymer Testing, 31, 537-545.
  • Liu, X., Yin, J., Kong, Y., Chen, M., Feng, Y., Yan, K., Li, X., Su, B., Lei, Q., (2013). Electrical and Mechanical Property Study on Three-Component Polyimide Nanocomposite Films with Titanium Dioxide and Montmorillonite, Thin Solid Films, 544, 352-356.
  • Li, X., Yu, Y., Liu, Q., Meng, Y., (2013). Synthesis and Characterization of Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone)s Containing Various Cations Functioned Tetraphenyl Methane Moieties, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 11067-11073.
  • Li, Y., Xie, M., Wang, X., Chao, D., Liu, X., Wang, C., (2013). Novel Branched Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)s Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 12051-12059.
  • Ng, F., Jones, D. J., Roziere, J., Bauer, B., Schuster, M., Jeske, M., (2010). Novel Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole) Cardo Proton Conducting Membranes for PEMFC. Journal of Membrane Science, 362, 184-191.
  • Park, J. Y., Kim, T. H., Kim, H. J., Choi, J. H., Hong, Y. T., (2012). Crosslinked Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Membranes for Fuel Cell Application, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 2603-2613.
  • Qi, Y., Gao, Y., Tian, S., Hlil, A.R., Gaudet, J., Guay, D., Guay D., Hay, A. S., (2009). Synthesis and Properties of Novel Benzimidazole-Containing Sulfonated Polyethersulfones for Fuel Cell Applications, Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Chemistry, 47, 1920-1929.
  • Sakaguchi, Y., Kaji, A., Kitamura, K., Takase, S., Omote, K., Asako, Y., Kimura, K., (2012). Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Derived from Novel Fluorine-Containing Poly(Arylene Ether Ketone)s by Controlled Post-Sulfonation, Polymer, 53, 4388-4398.
  • Sakaguchi, Y., Kitamura, K., Takase, S., (2012). Isomeric Effect of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether)s Comprising Dihydroxynaphthalene on Properties for Polymer Electrolyte Membranes. Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Chemistry, 50, 4749-4755.
  • Seo, D. W., Lim, Y. D., Lee, S. H., Jeong, I. S., Kim D. I., Lee, J. H., Kim, G. W., (2012). Preparation and Characterization of Sulfonated Poly(Tetra Phenyl Ether Ketone Sulfone)s for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 6140- 6147.
  • Seol, J. H., Won, J. H., Yoon, K. S., Hong, Y. T., Lee, S. Y., (2012). SiO2 Ceramic Nanoporous Substrate-Reinforced Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 6189-6198.
  • Shen, C. H., Hsu S. L. C., Bulycheva, E., Belomoina, N., (2012). High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Poly(Arylene Ether)s with Benzimidazole Side Groups for Fuel Cells, Journal of Materials and Chemistry, 22, 19269- 19275.
  • Shen, L. P., Xiao, G. Y., Yan, D. Y., Sun, G. M., (2005). Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Thioether Ketone Ketone Sulfone)s for Proton Exchange Membranes with High Oxidative Stability, e-Polymers, 31, 1-10.
  • Ueda, M., Toyota, H., Ouchi, T., Sugiyama, J. I., Yonetake, K., Masuko, T., Teramoto, T., (1993). Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic Poly(Ether Sulfone)s Containing Pendant Sodium-Sulfonate Groups, Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Chemistry, 31, 853-858.
  • Wang, F., Hickner, M., Ji, Q., Harrison, W., Mecham, J., Zawodzinski, T. A., Mcgrath J. E., (2001). Synthesis of Highly Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Random (Statistical) Copolymers via Direct Polymerization, Macromolecular Symposia, 175, 387-395.
  • Wang, S. J., Meng, Y. Z., Hlil, A. R., Hay, A. S., (2004). Synthesis and Characterization of Phthalazinone Containing Poly(Arylene Ether)s, Poly(Arylene Thioether)s, and Poly(Arylene Sulfone)s via a Novel N-C Coupling Reaction, Macromolecules, 37, 60-65.
  • Xu, T., Wu, D., Seo, S. J., Woo, J. J., Wu, L., Moon, S. H., (2012). Proton Exchange Composite Membranes from Blends of Brominated and Sulfonated Poly(2,6- Dimethyl-1,4-Phenylene Oxide), Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 124, 3511- 3519.
  • Yu, J., Ree, M., Shin, T. J., Wang, X., Cai, W., Zhou, D., Lee, K. W., (2000). Miscibility Behavior of Polyimide (PI)/Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole) (PAEBI) Blends and its Effects on the Adhesion of PI/PAEBI/Copper Joints, Polymer, 41, 169-177.
  • Zhang, X., Hu, Z., Pu, Y., Chen, S., Ling, J., Bi, H., Chen, S., Wang, L., Okamoto, K. I., (2012). Preparation and Properties of Novel Sulfonated Poly(P-Phenylene-CoAryl Ether Ketone)s for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Applications, Journal of Power Sources, 216, 261-268.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Çağla Tosun

Özgül Gerçel

Emre Uraz This is me

Hasan Gerçel

Publication Date May 5, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tosun, Ç., Gerçel, Ö., Uraz, E., Gerçel, H. (2015). SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering, 15(2), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.18038/btd-a.50020
AMA Tosun Ç, Gerçel Ö, Uraz E, Gerçel H. SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION. AUJST-A. May 2015;15(2):137-146. doi:10.18038/btd-a.50020
Chicago Tosun, Çağla, Özgül Gerçel, Emre Uraz, and Hasan Gerçel. “SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, no. 2 (May 2015): 137-46. https://doi.org/10.18038/btd-a.50020.
EndNote Tosun Ç, Gerçel Ö, Uraz E, Gerçel H (May 1, 2015) SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 15 2 137–146.
IEEE Ç. Tosun, Ö. Gerçel, E. Uraz, and H. Gerçel, “SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION”, AUJST-A, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 137–146, 2015, doi: 10.18038/btd-a.50020.
ISNAD Tosun, Çağla et al. “SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 15/2 (May 2015), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.18038/btd-a.50020.
JAMA Tosun Ç, Gerçel Ö, Uraz E, Gerçel H. SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION. AUJST-A. 2015;15:137–146.
MLA Tosun, Çağla et al. “SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, 2015, pp. 137-46, doi:10.18038/btd-a.50020.
Vancouver Tosun Ç, Gerçel Ö, Uraz E, Gerçel H. SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER BENZIMIDAZOLE) COPOLYMER MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION. AUJST-A. 2015;15(2):137-46.