The Geographies of ageing: Progress, debates and research agenda in geographical gerontology

Abstract

Geography is one of the many disciplines actively involved in studies conducted in the developing world. The role of geographical research in social gerontology was first described when the studies conducted in early 1970's showed that elders presented themselves in a certain environment in relation to the aging process, that they experienced and used those environment and thus understanding that the aging process of the environment was affected by it, because the synthesizing and holistic tradition of geography represents an effective methodology to evaluate the complex interaction between elders and their environment. A new discipline, called geographical gerontology, positioned at an intersection between geography and gerontology, has been developing structurally in institutions of the western world and intellectually, both in the academic debates of disciplines and in key empirical research areas. This study aims to grab attention of human geographers by handling the aging population issue that has taken its place in political and academic agenda of Turkey in last decades from the geography of aging perspective and to introduce a newly emerging and rapidly developing discipline and point to its main research areas in this context.

Keywords

• Geographies of aging,Geographical gerontology,Population aging,Aging in place,Place/space

Yaşlanmanın Coğrafyaları: Coğrafi Gerontolojide İlerleme, Tartışmalar ve Araştırma Gündemi

Abstract

Coğrafya, gelişmiş dünyada yürütülen gerontolojik çalışmalarda aktif olarak yer alan çok sayıda disiplinden biridir. Coğrafi araştırmaların sosyal gerontoloji içindeki rolü, 1970'lerin başlarında, yapılan çalışmaların yaşlı insanların, yaşlanma süreciyle bağlantılı olarak belirli çevrelerde bulunduklarını, buraları deneyimlediklerini ve kullandıklarını göstermesiyle, dolayısıyla da çevrenin yaşlanma sürecini etkilediğinin anlaşılmasıyla birlikte tanımlanmıştır. Zira coğrafyanın sentezleyici ve bütüncül geleneği, yaşlılar ile çevreleri arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimi değerlendirmek için etkili bir metodoloji sunmuştur. Coğrafya ile gerontoloji arasındaki bir kesişimde konumlanan ve coğrafi gerontoloji diye isimlendirilen yeni bir disiplin, Batı dünyasında yapısal olarak kurumlarda; düşünsel olarak hem disiplinlerin akademik tartışmalarında hem de önemli ampirik araştırma alanlarında gelişmektedir. Bu çalışma, son on yıllarda Türkiye’de politik ve akademik gündemde yerini alan nüfusun yaşlanması meselesine “yaşlanmanın coğrafyası” perspektifinden bakarak beşeri coğrafyacıların dikkatini çekmeyi; bu bağlamda yeni ortaya çıkan ve hızla gelişen bir disiplini tanıtmayı ve onun başlıca araştırma konularına işaret etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Yaşlanmanın coğrafyaları,Coğrafi gerontoloji,Nüfus yaşlanması,Yerinde yaşlanma

References

1. Akgül, H. (2018). Aksu İlçesinde(Isparta) Kırsal Nüfusun Yaşlanması ve Yaşlı Nüfusun Sorunları. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış YL Tezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp adresinden edinilmiştir.
2. Anderson, B. (2009). Emotional Geography. Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael J. Watts ve Sarah Whatmore (Eds.), The Dictionary of Human Geography içinde (5. Baskı), (188-189). Wiley-Blackwell.
3. Anderson, K., Smith, S.J. (2001). Emotional Geographies. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 26 (1), 7–10. doi:10.1111/1475-5661.00002
4. Andrews, G.J., Phillips, D.R. (2005). Geographical Studies in Ageing: Progress and Connections to Social Gerontology. Gavin J. Andrews ve David R. Phillips (Eds.), Ageing and Place: Perspectives, Policy, Practice içinde (7–12). Londra: Routledge.
5. Andrews, G.J., Cutchin, M., McCracken, K., Phillips, D.R., Wiles, J. (2007). Geographical Gerontology: The Constitution of a Discipline. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 151–168. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.047
6. Andrews, G.J., Milligan, C., Phillips, D.R., Skinner, M.W. (2009). Geographical Gerontology: Mapping a Disciplinary Intersection. Geography Compass, 3(5), 1641–1659. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00270.x
7. Andrews, G.J., Evans, J., Wiles, J.L. (2013). Re-spacing and Re-placing Gerontology: Relationality and Affect. Ageing & Society, 33, 1339–1373. doi:10.1017/S0144686X12000621
8. Andrews, G.J., Skinner, M.W., Cutchin, M.P. (2018). Space and Place in Geographical Gerontology: Theoretical Traditions, Formations of Hope. Mark W. Skinner, Gavin J. Andrews, Malcolm P. Cutchin (Eds.), Geographical Gerontology: Perspectives, Concepts, Approaches içinde (11-28). New York: Routledge.

9. Arun Ö. (2013). Ageing in Turkey: “The Peter Pan Syndrome?”. Joseph Troisi, Hans-Joachim von Kondratowitz (Eds.), Ageing in the Mediterranean içinde (297-323). London: Policy Press.
10. Arun, Ö. (2018a). Türkiye’de Yaşlanmak: Bir Armağan ya da Lanet?. Özgür Arun (Ed.), Yaşlanmayı Aşmak içinde (23-52). Ankara: Phoenix.
11. Arun, Ö. (2018b). Türkiye’de Yaşlanma Çalışmaları: Dün, Bugün, Yarın. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 8(2), 41-61. doi:10.13114/MJH.2018.409
12. Aslan, D. (2015). Yaşlı dostu kentler. Yaşlı Dostu Kentler Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı içinde (25-29). Ankara: Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı, Engelli ve Yaşlı Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü.
13. Avcı, S. (2014). Türkiye’de 65 ve Üzeri Yaştaki Nüfusun Gelişimi ile Mekânsal Dağılışı. TÜCAUM VIII. Coğrafya Sempozyumu (23-24 Ekim 2014) Bildiriler Kitabı içinde, (299-308). Ankara.
14. Avcı, S. (2016). Türkiye’de Yaşlı Nüfusun Artışının Neden Olduğu Sorunlar. TÜCAUM Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu 13-14 Ekim 2016 Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (597-598). Ankara.
15. Bane, S.D., Bull, C.N. (2001). Innovative Rural Mental Health Service Delivery for Rural Elders. Journal of Applied Gerontology 20, 230–240.
16. Behar, C. (2006). Demographic Developments and “Complementarities”: Ageing, Labor and Migration. Turkish Studies, 7(1), 17-31. doi:10.1080/14683840500520543
17. Boyle, A., Wiles, J.L., Kearns, R.A. (2015). Rethinking Ageing in Place: The ‘People’ and ‘Place’ Nexus. Progress in Geography (China), 34(12), 1495–1511. doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.12.002
18. Bradley, D.E., Van Willigen, M. (2010). Migration and Psychological Well-Being among Older Adults: A Growth Curve Analysis Based on Panel Data from the Health and Retirement Study, 1996–2006. Journal of Aging and Health, 22(7), 882-913. doi:10.1177/0898264310368430
19. Buffel, T., Phillipson, C. (2018). Urban Ageing: New Agendas for Geographical Gerontology. Mark W. Skinner, Gavin J. Andrews, Malcolm P. Cutchin (Eds.), Geographical Gerontology: Perspectives, Concepts, Approaches içinde (123-135). New York: Routledge.
20. Cagney, K.A., Browning, C.R., Wen, M. (2005). Racial Disparities in Self-rated Health at Older Ages What Difference Does the Neighbourhood Make?. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(4), 181-190.
21. Canadian Institute for Health Information-CIHI (2011). Health Care in Canada, 2011: A Focus on Seniors and Aging. Ottawa: CIHI.
22. Casado-Diaz, M., Kaiser, C., Warnes, A. M. (2004). Northern European Retired Residents in Nine Southern European Areas: Characteristics Motivations and Adjustment. Ageing and Society, 24 (3), 353-381. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X04001898
23. Choi, S.J. (2009). Ageing Society Issues in Korea. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 3(1), 63-83. doi:10.1111/j.1753-1411.2008.00025.x
24. Cook, I.G., Halsall, J. (2011). Aging in Comparative Perspective: Processes and Policies. New York: Springer.
25. Cutchin, M. (2001). Deweyan Integration: Moving Beyond Place Attachment in Elderly Migration Theory. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 52(1), 29–44. doi:10.2190/AF2D-A0T4-Q14C-1RTW
26. Cutchin, M.P. (2009). Geographical Gerontology: New Contributions and Spaces for Development. The Gerontologist, 49(3), 440–444. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnp095
27. Dempsey, S., Devine, M.T., Gillespie, T., Lyons, S., Nolan, A. (2018). Coastal Blue Space and Depression in Older Adults. Health & Place, 54, 110-117. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.09.002
28. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı-DPT (2007). Türkiye’de Yaşlıların Durumu ve Yaşlanma Ulusal Eylem Planı. Ankara: DPT.
29. Diaz-Moore, K. (2018). Environment and Ageing. Mark W. Skinner, Gavin J. Andrews, Malcolm P. Cutchin (Eds.), Geographical Gerontology: Perspectives, Concepts, Approaches içinde (80-90). New York: Routledge.
30. Diez-Roux, A.V. (1998). Bringing Context Back into Epidemiology: Variables and Fallacies in Multilevel Analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 88(2), 216-222.
31. Diez-Roux, A.V. (2002). Invited Commentary: Places, People and Health. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(6), 516-519. doi:10.1093/aje/155.6.516
32. Draper, G., Turrell, G., Oldenburg, B. (2004). Health Inequalities in Australia: Mortality. Health Inequalities Monitoring Series No. 1. AIHW Cat. No. PHE 55. Canberra: Queensland University of Technology and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
33. Emiroğlu, M. (1988). Türkiye’de yaşlı nüfusun artışı ve coğrafi dağılım özellikleri. DTCF Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11, 25-49.
34. Eryurt, M.A. (2014). Türkiye’de Yaşlı Nüfus ve Yaşlılık Dönemiyle İlgili Yaşam Tercihleri. Türkiye Aile Yapısı Araştırması: Tespitler, Öneriler içinde (88-109). İstanbul: TC Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı.
35. Eschbach, K., Ostir, G.V., Patel, K.V., Markides, K.S., Goodwin, J.S. (2004). Neighbourhood Context and Mortality among Older Mexican Americans: Is There a Barrio Advantage. American Journal of Public Health, 94(10), 1807–1812. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.94.10.1807
36. Esendemir, Ş. (2015). Mekândan Doğru Yaşlılığı Okumak: Yeni Bir Mekân Gerontolojisine Doğru. Yaşlılık Atölyesi 20-21 Ekim 2015 / İstanbul, Bildiri Özetleri, (s.23).
37. Esendemir, Ş. (2016). Türkiye’de Yerinde Yaşlanma ve Mekân Gerontolojisinin Temel Parametreleri. [Aging in Place and the Basic Parameters of Geographical Gerontology in Turkey] Sosyoloji Dergisi, 36, 13–31. doi: 10.16917/iusosyoloji.284544
38. Fries, J.F. (1980). Aging, Natural Death, and the Compression of Morbidity. New England Journal of Medicine, 303(3), 130–135.
39. Fukuda, Y., Nakamura, K., Tacano, T. (2005). Municipal Health Expectancy in Japan: Decreased Healthy Longevity of Older People in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Areas. BMC Public Health, 5, 65. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-5-65
40. Geographies of Aging Projects Lab (2018). Atlas of the Aging Population of Canada. http://gaplab.github.io/GAPLab/index.html
41. Gjonça, A., Tomassini, C., Toson, B., Smallwood, S. (2005). Sex Differences in Mortality, A Comparison of the United Kingdom and Other Developed Countries. Health Statistics Quarterly, 26(6), 6–16.
42. Glaser, K., Tomassini, C. (2000). Proximity of Older Women to Their Children: A Comparison of Britain and Italy. The Gerontologist, 40(6), 729-737.
43. Glaser, K., Tomassini, C., Grundy, E. (2004). Re-visiting Convergence and Divergence: Support for Older People in Europe. European Journal of Ageing, 1(1), 64-72. doi: 10.1007/s10433-004-0006-1
44. Glover, J. Harris, K., Tennant, S. (1999). A Social Health Atlas of Australia (2.baskı), Public Health Information Development Unit, Adelaide: University of Adelaide.
45. Glover, J., Hetzel, D., Glover, L., Tennant, S., Page A. (2006). A Social Health Atlas of South Australia. (3.baskı). Adelaide: The University of Adelaide.
46. Golant, S.M. (1972). The Residential Location and Spatial Behavior of the Elderly: A Canadian Example. University of Chicago Geography Research Papers.
47. Golant, S.M. (1984a). The Geographical Literature on Aging and Old Age: An Introduction. Urban Geography, 5(3), 262–272.
48. Golant, S.M. (1984b). A Place to Grow: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age. New York: Columbia University Press.
49. Golant, S.M. (2015). Aging in the Right Place. Baltimore, MD: Health Professions Press.
50. Grenier, A. M. (2005). The Contextual and Social Locations of Older Women’s Experiences of Disability and Decline. Journal of Aging Studies, 19(2), 131–146. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2004.07.003
51. Gustafson, P. (2000). Tourism and Seasonal Retirement Migration. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4), 899-918. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00084-6
52. Gustafson, P. (2001). Retirement Migration and Transnational Lifestyles. Ageing & Society, 21(4), 371–394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X01008327
53. Gustafson, P. (2008). Transnationalism in Retirement Migration: the Case of North European Retirees in Spain. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31(3), 451-475. doi:10.1080/01419870701492000
54. Hallman, B.C., Joseph, A. (1999). Getting There: Mapping the Gendered Geography of Caregiving to Elderly Relatives. Canadian Journal on Aging, 18(4), 397-414. doi:10.1017/S0714980800010011
55. Hank, K. (2007). Proximity and Contacts between Older Parents and Their Children: A European Comparison. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(1), 157-173. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00351.x
56. Hanlon, N. (2018). Older Persons, Place and Health Care Accessibility. Mark W. Skinner, Gavin J. Andrews, Malcolm P. Cutchin (Eds.), Geographical Gerontology: Perspectives, Concepts, Approaches içinde (229-240). New York: Routledge.
57. Hardill, I. (2009). Introduction: Geographies of Aging. The Professional Geographer, 61(1), 1-3. doi: 10.1080/00330120802577509
58. Harford, J. (2009). Population Ageing and Dental Care. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 37(2), 97-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2008.00441.x.
59. Harper, S., Laws, G. (1995). Rethinking the Geography of Ageing. Progress in Human Geography, 19(2), 199-221. doi: 10.1177/030913259501900203
60. Heenan, D. (2006). The Factors Influencing Access to Health and Social Care in the Farming Communities of County Down, Northern Ireland. Ageing and Society, 26(3), 373-391. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X06004697
61. Hopkins, P., Pain, R. (2007). Geographies of Age: Thinking Relationally. Area, 39(3), 287-294. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4762.2007.00750.x
62. Ineichen, B. (1998). The Geography of Dementia: An Approach through Epidemiology. Health and Place, 4(4), 383-394.
63. Janssen, F., Kunst, A.E., Mackenbach, J.P. (2006). Association between Gross Domestic Product throughout the Life Course and Old-Age Morality across Birth Cohorts: Parallel Analyses of Seven European Countries, 1950–1999. Social Science & Medicine, 63(1), 239-254. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.040
64. Jones, M. (2009). Phase Space: Geography, Relational Thinking, and Beyond. Progress in Human Geography, 33(4), 487-506. doi: 10.1177/0309132508101599
65. Joseph, A., Hallman, B.C. (1998). Over the Hill and Far Away: Distance as a Barrier to the Provision of Assistance to Elderly Relatives. Social Science & Medicine, 46(6), 631–639. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00181-0
66. Kearns, R.A., Andrews, G.J. (2005). Placing Ageing: Positionings in The Study of Older People. In G.J. Andrews and D.R. Phillips (Eds.), Ageing and Place: Perspectives, Policy, Practice içinde (13–23). London: Routledge.
67. King, K., Newbold, B.K. (2009). Later-life Migration in Canada in 2001: A Multilevel Approach. Journal of Population Aging, 2(3-4), 161-181. doi: 10.1177/088541220201700103
68. King, R., Warnes, A.M., Williams, A.M. (1998). International Retirement Migration in Europe. International Journal of Population Geography, 4(2), 97-111. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1220(199806)4:2<91::AID-IJPG97>3.0.CO;2-S
69. Kinsella, K., Phillips, D.R. (2005). Global Aging: The Challenge of Success. Population Bulletin, 60(1), 1-40.
70. Kinsella, K., Velkoff, V.A. (2001). An Aging World: 2001. U.S. Census Bureau, Series P95/01-1, Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
71. Kobetz, E., Daniel, M., Earp, J.A. (2003). Neighbourhood Poverty and Self-Reported Health among Low-Income, Rural Women, 50 Years And Older. Health and Place, 9(3), 263–271. doi: 10.1016/S1353-8292(02)00058-8
72. Koç, İ. (2014). Türkiye’de Doğurganlık Seviyesi ve Örüntüsünün Değişimi: 1968-2011. Türkiye Aile Yapısı Araştırması: Tespitler, Öneriler içinde (170-195). İstanbul: TC Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı.
73. Koç, İ. Eryurt, M.A. Adalı, T., Çağatay, P. (2010). Türkiye’nin Demografik Dönüşümü: Doğurganlık, Aile Planlaması, Anne Çocuk Sağlığı ve Beş Yaş Altı Ölümlerdeki Değişimler: 1968-2008. Ankara: HÜNEE.
74. Kostičová, M. (2015). Introduction to Social Medicine. Michaela Kostičová (Ed.), Social Medicine içinde (10-23). Comenius University in Bratislava.
75. Kontos, P.C. (1998) Resisting Institutionalization: Constructing Old Age and Negotiating Home. Journal of Aging Studies, 12, 167-184. doi: 10.1016/S0890-4065(98)90013-5
76. Kontos, P. (2005). Multi-disciplinary Configurations in Gerontology. Gavin J. Andrews, David R. Phillips (Eds.), Ageing and Place: Perspectives, Policy, Practice içinde (24-36). London: Routledge.
77. Kurt, H. (2005). Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde Nüfusun Yaş Yapısı. S. Avcı ve H. Turoğlu (Eds.), Ulusal Coğrafya Kongresi, Prof. Dr. İsmail Yalçınlar Anısına (29-30 Eylül 2005) Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (277-287). İstanbul.
78. Lawton, M.P., Simon, B. (1968). The Ecology of Social Relationships in Housing for the Elderly. The Gerontologist, 8(2), 108–115.
79. Langford, I. H., Bentham, G. (1996). Regional Variations in Mortality Rates in England and Wales: An Analysis Using Multi-level Modeling. Social Science & Medicine, 42, 897-908.
80. Lewicka, M. (2008). Place Attachment, Place Identity, and Place Memory: Restoring the Forgotten City Past. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 209-231.
81. Lin, G., Rogerson, P.A. (1995). Elderly Parents and the Geographic Availability of Their Adult Children. Research on Aging, 17, 303-332.
82. Low, S., Altman, I. (1992). Place Attachment: A Conteptual Inquiry. Irwin Altman, Setha M. Low (Eds.), Place Attachment (1-12). New York: Plenum Press.
83. Lutz, W., Sanderson, W.C., Scherbov, S. (2008a). Global and Regional Population Ageing: How Certain are We of Its Dimensions?. Population Ageing, 1, 75–97. doi: 10.1007/s12062-009-9005-5
84. Lutz, W., Sanderson, W., Scherbov, S. (2008b). The Coming Acceleration of Global Population Ageing. Nature, 451(7), 716–719. doi:10.1038/nature06516
85. Macey, S.M., Smith, G.C., Watkins, J.F. (2003). Aging and the Aged. Gary L. Gaile, Cort J. Willmott (Eds.). Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century içinde (514-523). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
86. Macintyre,S., Ellaway, E., Cummins, S. (2002). Place Effects on Health: How Can We Conceptualise, Operationalise and Measure Them? Social Science & Medicine, 55(1), 125-139. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00214-3
87. McCracken, K., Phillips, D.R. (2005). International Demographic Transitions. Gavin J. Andrews, David R. Phillips (Eds.), Ageing and Place: Perspectives, Policy, Practice içinde (36–60). New York: Routledge.
88. Mansvelt, J. (1997). Working at Leisure: Critical Geographies of Ageing. Area, 29(4), 289-298.
89. Martin-Matthews, A., Cloutier, D.S. (2018). Household Spaces of Ageing: When Care Comes Home. Mark W. Skinner, Gavin J. Andrews, Malcolm P. Cutchin (Eds.), Geographical Gerontology: Perspectives, Concepts, Approaches içinde(162-173). New York: Routledge.
90. Michael, Y.L., Green, M.K., Farquhar, S.A. (2006). Neighborhood Design and Active Aging. Health & Place, 12(4), 734-740. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.08.002
91. Michielin, F., Mulder, C.H. (2007). Geographical Distances between Adult Children and Their Parents in the Netherlands. Demographic Research, 17, 655-678. doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2007.17.22
92. Milligan, C. (2000). Bearing the Burden: Towards a Restructured Geography of Caring. Area, 32, 49-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4762.2000.tb00114.x
93. Milligan, C. (2006). Caring for Older People in the 21st Century: Notes from a Small Island. Health & Place, 12(3), 320-331. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.12.002
94. Milligan, C., Tarrant, A. (2018). Social and Cultural Geographies of Ageing. Mark W. Skinner, Gavin J. Andrews, Malcolm P. Cutchin (Eds.), Geographical Gerontology: Perspectives, Concepts, Approaches içinde (43-55). New York: Routledge.
95. Milligan, C., Wiles, J.L. (2010). Landscapes of Care. Progress in Human Geography, 34(6), 736–754. doi:10.1177/0309132510364556
96. Moore, E., Rosenberg, M. W. (2001). Canada’s Elderly Population: The Challenges of Diversity. The Canadian Geographer, 45(1), 145–150.
97. Newbold, K.B. (2008). Interprovincial Migration and Retirement Income Transfers among Canada’s Older Population: 1996–2001. Environment and Planning A, 40(6), 1501–1516. doi: 10.1068/a39188
98. Nordstrom, C.K., Diez-Roux, A.V., Jackson, S.A., Gardin, J.M. (2004). The Association of Personal and Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Indicators with Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in an Elderly Cohort. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Social Science & Medicine, 59(10), 2139–2147. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.03.017
99. Özgür, E.M. (1999). Türkiye Nüfusunun Yaş Yapısı. Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 7, 159-174.
100. Özgür, E.M. (2010). Türkiye’nin Yaşlanma Sürecine Coğrafi Bir Bakış. 1. Ulusal Nüfusbilim Kongresi, 9-10 Ekim 2010, Ankara.
101. Özgür, E.M. (2013). Türkiye Nüfusundaki Doğurganlık Düşüşü ve Yaşlanma Eğilimi. Dernekler Dergisi, 23 (2013/2), 30-35.
102. Özgür, E.M. (2016). Bir Alt Alan Olarak Nüfus Coğrafyasının Geçmişi, Bugünü ve Geleceği. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi 25(1), 1-36.
103. Peace, S., Holland, C., Kellaher, L. (2006). Environment and Identity in Later Life. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.
104. Peng, X. (2008). Demographic Shift, Population Ageing and Economic Growth in China: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. Pacific Economic Review, 13(5), 680–697. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0106.2008.00428.x
105. Phillips, D., Siu, O.L., Yeh, A.G.O., Cheng, K.H.C. (2005). The Impacts of Dwelling Conditions on Older Persons’ Psychological Well-Being in Hong Kong: The Mediating Role of Residential Satisfaction. Social Science and Medicine, 60(12), 2785-2797. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.027
106. Pickle, L.W., Mungiole, M., Jones, G.K., White, A.A. (1996). Atlas of United States Mortality. Washington, DC: Center for Disease Control.
107. Pugh, J., Thien, D., Marres, N., et al. (2009). What Are the Consequences Of The ‘Spatial Turn’ For How We Understand Politics Today? A Proposed Research Agenda. Progress in Human Geography, 33(5), 579–586. doi: 10.1177/0309132508099795
108. Reid, A., Harding, S. (2000). Trends in Regional Deprivation and Mortality Using the Longitudinal Study. Health Statistics Quarterly, 5, 17–25.
109. Rosenberg, M.W. (2014). Health Geography I: Social Justice, Idealist Theory, Health and Health Care. Progress in Human Geography, 38(3), 466–475. doi:10.1177/0309132513498339
110. Rosenberg, M.J., Everitt, J. (2001). Planning for Aging Populations: Inside or Outside the Walls. Progress in Planning, 56(3), 119-168. doi: 10.1016/S0305-9006(01)00014-9
111. Rosenberg, M.W., Wilson, K. (2018). Population Geographies of Older People. Mark W. Skinner, Gavin J. Andrews, Malcolm P. Cutchin (Eds.), Geographical Gerontology: Perspectives, Concepts, Approaches içinde (56-67). New York: Routledge.
112. Rowles, G. (1978). Prisoners of Space? Exploring the Geographical Experience of Older People. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press.
113. Rowles, G.D. (1983). Place and personal identity in Old Age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(4), 299-313.
114. Rowles, G.D. (1986). The Geography of Ageing and the Aged: Towards an Integrated Perspective. Progress in Human Geography, 10(4), 511-539. doi: 10.1177/030913258601000403
115. Rowles, G.D. (1993). Evolving Images of Place in Aging and ‘Aging in Place’. Generations, 17(2), 65-70.
116. Rowles, G.D., Ravdal, H. (2002). Aging, Place, and Meaning in The Face of Changing Circumstances. Robert S. Weiss & Scott A. Bass (Eds.), Challenges of The Third Age: Meaning and Purpose in Later Life içinde (81-114). New York: Oxford University Press.
117. Rowles, G.D., Watkins, J.F. (1993). Elderly Migration and Development in Small Communities. Growth & Change, 24(4), 509-538.
118. Rubinstein, R. L. (1989). The Home Environments of Older People: A Description of the Psycho-Social Processes Linking Person to Place. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 44(2), 45–56.
119. Rubinstein, R.L. (1990) Personal Identity and Environmental Meaning in Later Life. Journal of Aging Studies, 4(2), 131-148.
120. Russ, T.C., Batty, G.D., Hearnshaw, G.F., Fenton, C., Starr, J.M. (2012). Geographical Variation in Dementia: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(4), 1012-1032. doi: 10.1093/ije/dys103
121. Rudzitis, G. (1984). Geographical Research and Gerontology: An Overview. The Gerontologist, 24(1), 536–542.
122. Scharf, T., Phillipson, C., Smith, A. (2005). Social Exclusion of Older People in Deprived Urban Communities of England. European Journal of Aging, 2(2), 76–87. doi:10.1007/x10433-005-0025-6
123. Shelton, N., Grundy, E. (2000). Proximity of Adult Children to Their Parents in Great Britain. International Journal of Population Geography, 6(3), 181-195. doi: 10.1002/1099-1220(200005/06)6:3<181::AID-IJPG181>3.0.CO;2-U
124. Skinner, M.W. (2008). Voluntarism and Long-term Care in the Countryside: The Paradox of a Threadbare Sector. The Canadian Geographer, 52, 188–203. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0064.2008.00208.x
125. Skinner, M.W., Joseph, A.E. (2007). The Evolving Role of Voluntarism in Ageing Rural Communities. New Zealand Geographer, 63(2), 119-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7939.2007.00096.x
126. Skinner, M.W., Rosenberg, M.W. (2005). Co-opting Voluntarism? Exploring the Implications of Long-term Care Reform for the Nonprofit Sector in Ontario. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 23(1), 101–121. doi: 10.1068/c0434
127. Skinner, M.W., Winterton, R. (2018). Rural Ageing: Contested Spaces, Dynamic Places. Mark W. Skinner, Gavin J. Andrews, Malcolm P. Cutchin (Eds.), Geographical Gerontology: Perspectives, Concepts, Approaches içinde (136-148). New York: Routledge.
128. Skinner, M. W., Cloutier, D., Andrews, G. J. (2015). Geographies of Ageing: Progress and Possibilities after Two Decades of Change. Progress in Human Geography, 39(6), 776–799. doi: 10.1177/0309132514558444
129. Skinner, M.W., Andrews, G.J., Cutchin, M.P. (2018). Introducing Geographical Gerontology. Mark W. Skinner, Gavin J. Andrews, Malcolm P. Cutchin (Eds.), Geographical Gerontology: Perspectives, Concepts, Approaches içinde (1-10). New York: Routledge.
130. Skinner, M.W., Rosenberg, M.W., Lowell, S.A., Dunn, J.R., Everitt, J.C., Hanlon, N., Rathwell, T.A. (2008). Services for Seniors in Small Town Canada: The Paradox of Community. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 40(1), 80-101.
131. Smith, G. (1998a). Geographic Separation and Patterns of Social Interaction between Residents of Senior Citizen Apartment Buildings and Their Adult Children. The Canadian Geographer, 42(2), 145–158. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1998.tb01561.x
132. Smith, G. (1998b). Residential Separation and Patterns of Interaction between Elderly Parents and Their Adult Children. Progress in Human Geography, 22(3), 368–384. doi: 10.1191/030913298673626843
133. Smith, A., Sim, J., Scharf, T., Phillipson, C. (2004). Determinants of Quality of Life amongst Older People in Deprived Neighbourhoods. Ageing & Society, 24(5), 793–814. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X04002569
134. Soja, E.W. (2009). Taking Space Personally. Barney Warf ve Santa Arias (Eds.), The Spatial Turn: Interdisciplinary Perspectives içinde (11-35). New York: Routledge.
135. Stephens, C., Breheny, M., Mansvelt, J. (2015). Volunteering as Reciprocity: Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Social Policies to Encourage Contribution in Older Age. Journal of Aging Studies, 33, 22–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2015.02.003
136. Sugihara, S., Evans, G.W. (2000). Place Attachment and Social Support at Continuing Care Retirement Communities. Environment and Behavior, 32(3), 400-409. doi: 10.1177/00139160021972586
137. Suh, G.H., Shah, A. (2001). A Review of the Epidemiological Transition in Dementia-Cross-national Comparisons of the Indices Related to Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104(1), 4-11. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00210.x
138. Sunil, T.S., Rojas, V., Bradley, D.E. (2007). United States’ International Retirement Migration: The Reasons for Retiring to the Environs of Lake Chapala, Mexico. Ageing and Society 27, 489-510. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X07005934
139. Südaş, İ. (2005). Türkiye'ye Yönelik Göçler ve Türkiye'de Yaşayan Yabancılar: Alanya Örneği. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış YL Tezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp adresinden edinilmiştir.
140. Südaş, İ. (2012). Avrupa Ülkelerinden Türkiye'nin Batı Kıyılarına Yönelik Göçler: Marmaris, Kuşadası ve Ayvalık İlçelerinde Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış DR Tezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp adresinden edinilmiştir.
141. Sylvestre, G. (1999). The Geography of Aging: A Geographical Contribution to Gerontology. Rohanda Koster (Ed.), Prairie Perspectives: Geographical Essays içinde (Vol. 2, 214–224). Saskatoon: University of Winnipeg.
142. Şenol, E. (2016). Giresun Ilinde Mevsimlik Yaşlı Göçleri. TÜCAUM Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu 13-14 Ekim 2016 Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (568-569). Ankara.
143. Şenol, E., Saraçoğlu, H. (2012). Tokat Kentinde Yaşlı Nüfusun Mekânsal Dağılışı ve Kent Içi Arazi Kullanımının Yaşlı Nüfusun Yaşam Kalitesine Etkileri. Ali Açıkel, Samettin Başol, A. Osman Solmaz ve Murat Hanilçe (Eds.), Tokat Sempozyumu (1-3 Kasım 2012) Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (97-116). Tokat.
144. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu-TÜİK (2015). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar 2014. Ankara: TÜİK.
145. United Nations-UN (2002a). World Population Ageing 1950-2050. UN Population Division, DESA, Sales No. E.02.XIII.3.
146. United Nations (2002b). Report of the Second World Assembly on Ageing, Madrid, 8-12 April 2002. United Nations Publication Sales No. E.02.IV.4.
147. United Nations (2004). Policy Responses to Population Decline and Ageing. Population Bulletin of the United Nations, Special Issue Nos. 44/45. Sales No. E.02.XIII.4.
148. United Nations-UN (2007a). World Population Ageing 2007. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPA2007/wpp2007.htm
149. United Nations-UN (2007b). Development in an Ageing World. World Economic and Social Survey 2007E/2007/50/Rev.1 ST/ESA/314. New York: UN.
150. United Nations-UN (2012). Ageing in the Twenty-First Century: A Celebration and A Challenge. New York: United Nations Population Fund-UNFPA.
151. United Nations-UN (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, DVD Edition.
152. Ünal, Ç. (2013). Türkiye Nüfus Yapısındaki Değişimler ve Demografik Fırsatlar. Coğrafyacılar Derneği Yıllık Kongresi 2013. İstanbul.
153. Ünal, Ç. (2015). Türkiye Nüfusunun Yaşlanma Endeksi ve Potansiyel Destek Oranlarının Dağılımı. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12-1(23), 235-249.
154. Van der Pers, M., Mulder, C.H., Steverink, N. (2015). Geographic Proximity of Adult Children and the Well-being of Older Persons. Research on Aging, 37(5), 524-551. doi: 10.1177/0164027514545482
155. Wahl, H.W., Wiesman, G.D. (2003). Environmental Gerontology at the Beginning of the New Millennium: Reflections on Its Historical, Empirical, and Theoretical Development. The Gerontologist, 43(5), 616–627.
156. Walter-Ginzburg, A., T. Blumstein, T., Guralnik, J.M. (2004). The Israeli Kibbutz as a Venue for Reduced Disability in Old Age: Lessons from the Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Aging Study (CALAS). Social Science & Medicine, 59(2), 389-403. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.026
157. Warf, B., Arias, S. (2009). Introduction: The Reinsertion of Space into the Social Sciences and Humanities. Barney Warf ve Santa Arias (Eds.), The Spatial Turn: Interdisciplinary Perspectives içinde (1-10). New York: Routledge.
158. Warnes, A.M. (1981). Towards a Geographical Contribution to Gerontology. Progress in Human Geography, 5(3), 317-341.
159. Warnes, A.M. (Ed.) (1982). Geographical Perspectives on the Elderly. London: John Wiley.
160. Warnes, A.M. (1990). Geographical Questions in Gerontology: Needed Directions for Research. Progress in Human Geography, 14(1), 24-56. doi: 10.1177/030913259001400103
161. Warnes, A.M. (1999). UK and Western European Late-age Morality: Trends in Cause-Specific Death Rates, 1960-1990. Health and Place, 5(1), 111-118.
162. Warnes, A.M., Williams, A. (2006). Older Migrants in Europe: A New Focus for Migration Studies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(8), 1257-1281. doi: 10.1080/13691830600927617
163. Warnes, T. (2009). International Retirement Migration. Peter Uhlenberg (Ed.) International Handbook of Population Aging, International Handbooks of Population (Vol. 1, 341-363). Dordrecht: Springer.
164. Wiles, J. (2003a). Daily Geographies of Caregivers: Mobility, Routine, Scale. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 1307–1325. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00508-7
165. Wiles, J. (2003b). Informal Caregivers’ Experiences of Formal Support in a Changing Context. Health and Social Care in the Community, 11, 189–207. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2524.2003.00419.x
166. Wiles, J. (2005). Conceptualizing Place in the Care of Older People: The Contributions of Geographical Gerontology. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 14(2), 100-108. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01281.x
167. Wiles, J.L. (2011). Reflections on Being a Recipient of Care: Vexing the Concept of Vulnerability. Social and Cultural Geography, 12(6), 573–588. doi: 10.1080/14649365.2011.601237
168. Wiles, J.L. (2018). Health Geographies of Ageing. Mark W. Skinner, Gavin J. Andrews, Malcolm P. Cutchin (Eds.), Geographical Gerontology: Perspectives, Concepts, Approaches içinde (31-42). New York: Routledge.
169. Wiles, J. L., Jayasinha, R. (2013). Care for Place: The Contributions Older People Make to Their Communities. Journal of Aging Studies, 27(2), 93–101. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2012.12.001
170. Wimo, A., Winblad, B., Aguero-Torres, H., von Strauss, E. (2003). The Magnitude of Dementia Occurrence in the World. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 17, 63-67.
171. Wisensale, S. K. (2003). Global Aging and Intergenerational Equity. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 1(1), 29-47. doi: 10.1300/J194v01n01_05
172. Wisensale, S. K. (2006). Aging Societies and Intergenerational Equity Issues. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 17(3), 79-103. doi: 10.1300/J086v17n03_05
173. Wolf, D., Ballal, S. S. (2006). Family Support for Older People in an Era of Demographic Change and Policy Constraints. Ageing and Society, 26(5), 693-706. doi:10.1017/S0144686X06005289
174. World Health Organization-WHO (2002a). Life Tables for 191 Countries: World Mortality in 2000 file:///C:/Users/Pc/Downloads/9241562048-eng-fre-spa-HR.pdf
175. World Health Organization (WHO) (2002b). Active Aging: A Policy Framework. Geneva: WHO.
176. World Health Organization-WHO (2007). Global Age-friendly Cities: A Guide. Geneva: WHO.
177. World Health Organization-WHO (2008). Atlas of Health in Europe. Copenhagen: WHO.
178. World Health Organization (2015). World Report on Ageing and Health. Geneva: WHO.
179. World Health Organization-WHO (2017). Age-friendly Environments in Europe: A Handbook of Domains for Policy Action. Copenhagen: WHO.
180. World Health Organization-WHO (2018). World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva: WHO.
181. Yakar, M. (2012). İç ve Dış Göçlerin Kırsalda Nüfusun Yaş Yapısına Etkisi: Emirdağ İlçesi Örneği. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 129-149.
182. Yakar, M. (2014). Türkiye'de Ilçelere Göre Medyan Yaş Dağılımının Mekânsal ve Istatistiksel Analizi. Turkish Studies, 9(11), 559-591. doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.7447
183. Yakar, M. (2015). "Hem yaşlı, hem yalnız": Türkiye'de Yaşlı Dul Nüfusun Gelişimi ve Mekânsal Dağılımı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, IV. Nüfusbilim Konferansı (5-6 Kasım 2015), Ankara.
184. Yakar, M. (2017). “From Old Age to Advanced Agedness”: The Spatial Distribution and Growth of Population Ageing In Turkey. International Symposium on GIS Applications in Geography and Geosciences (ISGGG), October 18-21, Çanakkale, Turkey.
185. Yakar, M. (2018). Yaşlanma ve Yaşlılığa Coğrafi Bir Yaklaşım. Nurettin Özgen (Ed.), Sosyal Coğrafya içinde (349-382). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
186. Yılmaz, M. (2016). Türkiye’nin Değişen Nüfus Yapısı: Nedenler, Değişim, Sonuçlar ve Gelecek. İstanbul: Çantay.