The Role of Urban Cultural Heritage in Place Dependence: A Case Study of Hisar Region (Bursa)
Year 2025,
Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 179 - 205, 29.04.2025
Burcu Göközkut
,
Mehmet Somuncu
Abstract
The historical environment is a key element of urban identity and plays a vital role in shaping a sense of place. Functional connections with a place, referred to as place dependence, are essential in this context. This study explores place dependence in one of Bursa's oldest settlements, the Hisar Region (Kaleiçi), focusing on local residents and emplyees. The primary aim is to emphasize the role of the historical environment in place dependence and examine the interaction between urban cultural heritage and dependence. Using a mixed-methods approach, surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted with sample groups from four neighborhoods in the study area. Findings reveal that spaces used in daily life are predominantly urban cultural heritage structures, especially those sacred places with religious functions, highlighting the concentration of functional bonds within the historical environment.
Thanks
Bu çalışma sorumlu yazarın Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Beşerî ve İktisadi Coğrafya programında, Prof. Dr. Mehmet Somuncu danışmanlığında tamamladığı “Bursa’da yer duygusu inşasında hafıza mekânı olarak kentsel kültürel miras alanları” başlıklı doktora tezinden üretilmiştir.
References
- Ahunbay, Z. (2019). Tarihi Çevre Koruma ve Restorasyon. (12. Baskı) İstanbul: Yem Yayın.
- Altman, I., Low, S. M. (1992). Place Attachment. (Ed.) New York: Plenum Press.
- Assmann, J. (2018). Kültürel Bellek: Eski Yüksek Kültürlerde Yazı, Hatırlama ve Politik Kimlik. 3. Basım. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Bilgin, N. (2013). Tarih ve Kolektif Bellek. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
- Brown, B. B., Werner, C. M. (1985). Social cohesiveness, territoriality, and holiday decorations, Environment and Behavior, (17), 539-565. doi: 10.1177/0013916585175001
- Brown, G., Raymond, C. (2007). The relationship between place attachment and landscape values: Toward mapping place attachment. Applied Geography, 27(2), 89-111. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2006.11.002
- Brown, G., Raymond, C. M., Corcoran, J. (2015). Mapping and measuring place attachment. Applied Geography, 57, 42-53. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.12.011
- Canter, D. (1977). The Psychology of Place. London: Architectural Press.
- Chan, H. L. A. (2009). Tracing a sense of place from urban heritage landscape: Case study in Yau Ma Tei. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy In Geography and Resource Management. The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
- Clermont, H. J. K., Dale, A., Reed, M.G., King, L. (2019). Sense of place as a source of tension in Canada’s West coast enegy conflicts, Coastal Management, 47(2), 189-206. doi: 10.1080/08920753.2019.1564953
Cresswell, T. (2004). Place: A Short Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Creswell, J. W. (2017). Karma Yöntem Araştırmalarına Giriş. (Çev. Edit: Mustafa Sözbilir). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Karma Yöntem Araştırmaları: Tasarımı ve Yürütülmesi. Y. Dede ve S. B. Demir (Çev. Edit.). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
- Cross, J. E. (2015). Processes of place attachment: an interactional framework. Symbolic Interaction, 38(4), 493-520. doi: 10.1002/symb.198
- DuCros, F. M. (2019). “That’s still home”: Constructing second-generation place attachment and place identity via time work. Sociological Quarterly, 1–19. doi: 10.1080/00380253.2019.1580540
- Göközkut B., Somuncu, M. (2022). Hafıza mekanının varoluşu ve yitirilişi üzerine: Tarihi Pınarbaşı Parkı’nın dünü ve bugünü, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 9(1):24-40.
- Göregenli, M., Karakuş, P., Kösten, E. Y. Ö., Umuroglu, I. (2014). Mahalleye bağlılık düzeyinin kent kimliği ile ilişkisi içinde incelenmesi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29(73), 73.
- Gürbüz, S., Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: Felsefe – Yöntem – Analiz. (5. Baskı) Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Hague, C. (2005). Planning and Place Identity. C. Hague ve P. Jenkins (ed.) Place Identity, Participation and Planning. içinde (2-14). London and Newyork: Routledge.
- Halbwachs, M. (2017). Kolektif Hafıza. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
- Hidalgo, M. C., Hernández, B. (2001). Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 273–281. doi: 10.1006/jevp.2001.0221
- Hummon, D. M. (1992). Community attachment: Local sentiment and sense of place. In (253-278), I. Altman & S. Low (Eds), Place Attachment, New York: Plenum.
- Jorgensen, B. S., Stedman, R. C. (2001). Sense of place as an attitude: Lakeshore owners attitudes toward their properties. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 233–248. doi: 10.1006/jevp.2001.0226
- Jorgensen, B. S., Stedman, R. C. (2006). A comparative analysis of predictors of sense of place dimensions: Attachment to, dependence on, and identification with lakeshore properties. Journal of Environmental Management, 79(3), 316–327. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.08.003
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- Kaplanoğlu, R. (2020). Bursa hisarı ve fethi. Bursa’da Yaşam Dergisi, (Temmuz). 48-53
- Kemper, E., Stringfield. S., Teddlie, C. (2003). Mixed methods sampling strategies in social science research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (273-296). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Knox, P., Pinch, S. (2010). Urban social geography: An introduction. (Sixth Edition). England: Pearson Education Limited.
- Korpela, K. M. (1989). Place-identity as a product of environmental self-regulation. Journal of Environmental psychology, 9(3), 241-256. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(89)80038-6
- Krupat, E. (1983). A place for place identity. Identity of Environmental Psychology, 3, 343–344. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80037-1
- Kyle, G., Chick, G. (2007). The social construction of a sense of place. Leisure Sciences, (29), 209-225. doi: 10.1080/01490400701257922
- Lalli, M. (1992). Urban-Related identity: Theory, measurement, and empirical findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12(4), 285–303. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80078-7
- Lawrence, D. L. (1992). Transcendence of place: The role of La Placeta in Valencia’s Las Fallas. I. Altman ve S. M Low (ed.) Place Attachment içinde (211-230). New York: Plenum Press.
- Lefebvre, H. (2019). Gündelik Hayatın Eleştirisi I. (5. Baskı). İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
- Lewicka, M. (2008). Place attachment, place identity, and place memory: Restoring the forgotten city past. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 209–231. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.02.001
- Lewicka, M. (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207-230. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001
- Lewicka, M. (2013). Localism and activity as two dimensions of people–place bonding: The role of cultural capital. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 43-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.07.002
- Lin, C. C., Lockwood, M. (2014). Forms and sources of place attachment: Evidence from two protected areas. Geoforum, 53, 74-81. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.02.008
- McEwen, J. W. (2014). Sense of place, place attachment, and rootedness in four west Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana Bars. Lousisana State University (LSU) Doctoral Dissertations. 1500.
- Manzo, L., Devine-Wright, P. (2013). Place attachment: Advances in theory, methods and applications. Routledge.
- Massey. D. (2001). Space, Place and Gender. (Third Edition). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Mulvaney, K. K., Merill, N. H., Mazzotta, M. J. (2020). Sense of place metrics to better understand community ımpacts of changes in water quality, (içinde) Water Quality, Kevin Summers (Ed.) https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71622 adresinden (11.10.2022) alındı. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.91480
Nanzer, B. (2004). Measuring sense of place: A scale for Michigan. Administrative Theory & Praksis, 26(3), 362-382. doi: 10.1080/10841806.2004.11029457
- Ram, Y., Björk, P., Weidenfeld, A. (2016). Authencity and place attachment of major visitor attractions. Tourism Management. 52, 110-122. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.010
- Proshansky, H. M. (1978). The city and self-identity. Environment and Behavior, 10(2), 147-169. doi: 10.1177/0013916578102002
- Prohansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place identity: Physical world socialization of the self. içinde (77-81).The People, Place and Space Reader (2014) (Ed: J. J. Gieseking, W. Mangold vd.). New York: Routledge.
Relph, R. (1976). Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Limited.
- Shaukland, G. (1995). Tarihi değeri olan kentlere neden el atmalıyız? Cogito, (8). 23-42.
- Stedman, R. C. (2003a) Sense of place and forest science: toward a program of quantitative research. Forest Science, 49(6): 1-8. doi: 10.1093/forestscience/49.6.822
- Stedman, R. C. (2003b). Is it really just a social construction?: The contribution of the physical environment to sense of place. Society and Natural Resources, 16(8), 671–685. doi: 10.1080/08941920309189
- Stokols, D., Shumaker, S. A. (1981). People in places: A transactional view of settings. In J. H. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, social behavior, and the environment (pp.441-488). Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
- Shumaker, S. A., Taylor, R. B. (1983), Toward a clarification of people-place relationships: A Model of Attachment to Place, in N. R. Feimer and E. S. Geller, Environmental Psychology: Directions and Perspectives, New York: Praeger, 219- 251.
- Tuan, Y. F. (1974). Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Tuan, Y. F. (1975). Place: An experiental perspective. Geographical Review, 65(2), 151-165. doi: 10.2307/213970
Tuan, Y. F. (1977). Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Tuan, Y. F. (1979). Space and place: humanistic perspective (Mekân ve yer: hümanist perspektif). In Philosophy in geography (pp. 387-427). Springer, Dordrecht. (Çev. Yılmaz Arı). İçinde 20. Yüzyılda Amerikan Coğrafyasının Gelişimi. Yılmaz Arı (Ed.). 2. Baskı, 2018. (235-250). Çizgi Kitabevi, Konya.
- Uğurlu, A. H., Yalman, S. (2019). Giriş. Kutsal mekânlar ve kentsel ağlar, A. H. Uğurlu ve S. Yalman (Edit.). içinde 3-16. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED).
- Vaske, J. J., Kobrin, K. C. (2001). Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 32(4), 16–21. doi: 10.1080/00958960109598658
- Wan, C., Shen, G. Q., Choi, S. (2022). Pathways of place dependence and place identity influencing recycling in the extended theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 81. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101795
- Williams, D. R., Roggenbuck, J. W. (1989). Measuring place attachment: some preliminary result. Paper Presented at the Session on Outdoor Planning and Management NRPA Symposium on Leisure Research. San Antonio, Texas. October 20-22.
- Williams, D. R., Patterson, M. E., Roggenbuck, J. W (1992). Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place, Leisure Sciences, 14: 29-46. doi: 10.1080/01490409209513155
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Yer Bağımlılığında Kentsel Kültürel Mirasın Rolü: Hisar Bölgesi (Bursa) Örneği
Year 2025,
Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 179 - 205, 29.04.2025
Burcu Göközkut
,
Mehmet Somuncu
Abstract
Tarihi çevre, bir alanı diğerlerinden ayıran kentsel kimliğin temel unsurlarından biridir ve yer duygusunun inşasında da belirleyici bir rol oynar. Yer ile kurulan işlevsel bağlar yer bağımlılık olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu çalışma, Bursa’nın en eski yerleşim alanlarından biri olan Hisar Bölgesi’nde (Kaleiçi), yerel halk ve çalışanlar üzerinden yer bağımlılığını incelemektedir. Araştırmanın temel amacı, tarihi çevrenin yer bağımlılığındaki rolünü vurgulamak ve kentsel kültürel miras ile yer bağımlılığı arasındaki etkileşimi ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma karma yöntem ile hazırlanmış ve araştırma sahasında yer alan dört mahalle içinde yerel halk ve çalışanlar örneklem gruplarıyla anket ve derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya göre kişilerin gündelik yaşamlarında kullandıkları mekanlar ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu mekanların çoğunluğunun kentsel kültürel miras yapıları ve özellikle dini işlevi olan kutsal mekanlar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre araştırma sahasında yer ile kurulan işlevsel bağların tarihi çevrede yoğunlaştığı ortaya çıkmıştır.
Ethical Statement
Çalışmada veri toplama yöntemi olarak kullanılan anket ve görüşmeler Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Alt Etik Kurulu tarafından incelenerek 18/10/2021 tarihli ve 324 sayılı kararıyla etik açıdan uygunluğu kabul edilmiştir.
References
- Ahunbay, Z. (2019). Tarihi Çevre Koruma ve Restorasyon. (12. Baskı) İstanbul: Yem Yayın.
- Altman, I., Low, S. M. (1992). Place Attachment. (Ed.) New York: Plenum Press.
- Assmann, J. (2018). Kültürel Bellek: Eski Yüksek Kültürlerde Yazı, Hatırlama ve Politik Kimlik. 3. Basım. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Bilgin, N. (2013). Tarih ve Kolektif Bellek. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
- Brown, B. B., Werner, C. M. (1985). Social cohesiveness, territoriality, and holiday decorations, Environment and Behavior, (17), 539-565. doi: 10.1177/0013916585175001
- Brown, G., Raymond, C. (2007). The relationship between place attachment and landscape values: Toward mapping place attachment. Applied Geography, 27(2), 89-111. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2006.11.002
- Brown, G., Raymond, C. M., Corcoran, J. (2015). Mapping and measuring place attachment. Applied Geography, 57, 42-53. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.12.011
- Canter, D. (1977). The Psychology of Place. London: Architectural Press.
- Chan, H. L. A. (2009). Tracing a sense of place from urban heritage landscape: Case study in Yau Ma Tei. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy In Geography and Resource Management. The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
- Clermont, H. J. K., Dale, A., Reed, M.G., King, L. (2019). Sense of place as a source of tension in Canada’s West coast enegy conflicts, Coastal Management, 47(2), 189-206. doi: 10.1080/08920753.2019.1564953
Cresswell, T. (2004). Place: A Short Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Creswell, J. W. (2017). Karma Yöntem Araştırmalarına Giriş. (Çev. Edit: Mustafa Sözbilir). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Karma Yöntem Araştırmaları: Tasarımı ve Yürütülmesi. Y. Dede ve S. B. Demir (Çev. Edit.). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
- Cross, J. E. (2015). Processes of place attachment: an interactional framework. Symbolic Interaction, 38(4), 493-520. doi: 10.1002/symb.198
- DuCros, F. M. (2019). “That’s still home”: Constructing second-generation place attachment and place identity via time work. Sociological Quarterly, 1–19. doi: 10.1080/00380253.2019.1580540
- Göközkut B., Somuncu, M. (2022). Hafıza mekanının varoluşu ve yitirilişi üzerine: Tarihi Pınarbaşı Parkı’nın dünü ve bugünü, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 9(1):24-40.
- Göregenli, M., Karakuş, P., Kösten, E. Y. Ö., Umuroglu, I. (2014). Mahalleye bağlılık düzeyinin kent kimliği ile ilişkisi içinde incelenmesi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29(73), 73.
- Gürbüz, S., Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: Felsefe – Yöntem – Analiz. (5. Baskı) Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Hague, C. (2005). Planning and Place Identity. C. Hague ve P. Jenkins (ed.) Place Identity, Participation and Planning. içinde (2-14). London and Newyork: Routledge.
- Halbwachs, M. (2017). Kolektif Hafıza. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
- Hidalgo, M. C., Hernández, B. (2001). Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 273–281. doi: 10.1006/jevp.2001.0221
- Hummon, D. M. (1992). Community attachment: Local sentiment and sense of place. In (253-278), I. Altman & S. Low (Eds), Place Attachment, New York: Plenum.
- Jorgensen, B. S., Stedman, R. C. (2001). Sense of place as an attitude: Lakeshore owners attitudes toward their properties. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 233–248. doi: 10.1006/jevp.2001.0226
- Jorgensen, B. S., Stedman, R. C. (2006). A comparative analysis of predictors of sense of place dimensions: Attachment to, dependence on, and identification with lakeshore properties. Journal of Environmental Management, 79(3), 316–327. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.08.003
- Kaplanoğlu, R. (2003). Doğal ve Anıtsal Eserleri ile Bursa. Bursa: Osmangazi Belediyesi Yayınları.
- Kaplanoğlu, R. (2020). Bursa hisarı ve fethi. Bursa’da Yaşam Dergisi, (Temmuz). 48-53
- Kemper, E., Stringfield. S., Teddlie, C. (2003). Mixed methods sampling strategies in social science research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (273-296). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Knox, P., Pinch, S. (2010). Urban social geography: An introduction. (Sixth Edition). England: Pearson Education Limited.
- Korpela, K. M. (1989). Place-identity as a product of environmental self-regulation. Journal of Environmental psychology, 9(3), 241-256. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(89)80038-6
- Krupat, E. (1983). A place for place identity. Identity of Environmental Psychology, 3, 343–344. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80037-1
- Kyle, G., Chick, G. (2007). The social construction of a sense of place. Leisure Sciences, (29), 209-225. doi: 10.1080/01490400701257922
- Lalli, M. (1992). Urban-Related identity: Theory, measurement, and empirical findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12(4), 285–303. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80078-7
- Lawrence, D. L. (1992). Transcendence of place: The role of La Placeta in Valencia’s Las Fallas. I. Altman ve S. M Low (ed.) Place Attachment içinde (211-230). New York: Plenum Press.
- Lefebvre, H. (2019). Gündelik Hayatın Eleştirisi I. (5. Baskı). İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
- Lewicka, M. (2008). Place attachment, place identity, and place memory: Restoring the forgotten city past. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 209–231. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.02.001
- Lewicka, M. (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207-230. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001
- Lewicka, M. (2013). Localism and activity as two dimensions of people–place bonding: The role of cultural capital. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 43-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.07.002
- Lin, C. C., Lockwood, M. (2014). Forms and sources of place attachment: Evidence from two protected areas. Geoforum, 53, 74-81. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.02.008
- McEwen, J. W. (2014). Sense of place, place attachment, and rootedness in four west Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana Bars. Lousisana State University (LSU) Doctoral Dissertations. 1500.
- Manzo, L., Devine-Wright, P. (2013). Place attachment: Advances in theory, methods and applications. Routledge.
- Massey. D. (2001). Space, Place and Gender. (Third Edition). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Mulvaney, K. K., Merill, N. H., Mazzotta, M. J. (2020). Sense of place metrics to better understand community ımpacts of changes in water quality, (içinde) Water Quality, Kevin Summers (Ed.) https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71622 adresinden (11.10.2022) alındı. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.91480
Nanzer, B. (2004). Measuring sense of place: A scale for Michigan. Administrative Theory & Praksis, 26(3), 362-382. doi: 10.1080/10841806.2004.11029457
- Ram, Y., Björk, P., Weidenfeld, A. (2016). Authencity and place attachment of major visitor attractions. Tourism Management. 52, 110-122. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.010
- Proshansky, H. M. (1978). The city and self-identity. Environment and Behavior, 10(2), 147-169. doi: 10.1177/0013916578102002
- Prohansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place identity: Physical world socialization of the self. içinde (77-81).The People, Place and Space Reader (2014) (Ed: J. J. Gieseking, W. Mangold vd.). New York: Routledge.
Relph, R. (1976). Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Limited.
- Shaukland, G. (1995). Tarihi değeri olan kentlere neden el atmalıyız? Cogito, (8). 23-42.
- Stedman, R. C. (2003a) Sense of place and forest science: toward a program of quantitative research. Forest Science, 49(6): 1-8. doi: 10.1093/forestscience/49.6.822
- Stedman, R. C. (2003b). Is it really just a social construction?: The contribution of the physical environment to sense of place. Society and Natural Resources, 16(8), 671–685. doi: 10.1080/08941920309189
- Stokols, D., Shumaker, S. A. (1981). People in places: A transactional view of settings. In J. H. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, social behavior, and the environment (pp.441-488). Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
- Shumaker, S. A., Taylor, R. B. (1983), Toward a clarification of people-place relationships: A Model of Attachment to Place, in N. R. Feimer and E. S. Geller, Environmental Psychology: Directions and Perspectives, New York: Praeger, 219- 251.
- Tuan, Y. F. (1974). Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Tuan, Y. F. (1975). Place: An experiental perspective. Geographical Review, 65(2), 151-165. doi: 10.2307/213970
Tuan, Y. F. (1977). Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Tuan, Y. F. (1979). Space and place: humanistic perspective (Mekân ve yer: hümanist perspektif). In Philosophy in geography (pp. 387-427). Springer, Dordrecht. (Çev. Yılmaz Arı). İçinde 20. Yüzyılda Amerikan Coğrafyasının Gelişimi. Yılmaz Arı (Ed.). 2. Baskı, 2018. (235-250). Çizgi Kitabevi, Konya.
- Uğurlu, A. H., Yalman, S. (2019). Giriş. Kutsal mekânlar ve kentsel ağlar, A. H. Uğurlu ve S. Yalman (Edit.). içinde 3-16. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED).
- Vaske, J. J., Kobrin, K. C. (2001). Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 32(4), 16–21. doi: 10.1080/00958960109598658
- Wan, C., Shen, G. Q., Choi, S. (2022). Pathways of place dependence and place identity influencing recycling in the extended theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 81. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101795
- Williams, D. R., Roggenbuck, J. W. (1989). Measuring place attachment: some preliminary result. Paper Presented at the Session on Outdoor Planning and Management NRPA Symposium on Leisure Research. San Antonio, Texas. October 20-22.
- Williams, D. R., Patterson, M. E., Roggenbuck, J. W (1992). Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place, Leisure Sciences, 14: 29-46. doi: 10.1080/01490409209513155
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