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Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul

Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 39 - 46, 01.05.2011
https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000043

Abstract

The city of Istanbul has been increasingly suffering from flashfloods and floods leading to loss of life and property for the last few decades. In this study, the causes of flashfloods and floods occurring in Istanbul were investigated from the perspective of the natural drainage system and urban development. Using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, the natural flow accumulation, flow directions based on current slope characteristics, and contemporary aspects of the city were determined. Current constructions, and the characteristics of their distribution in Istanbul, were then associated with the results of the analysis. Constructions in Istanbul have played a major role by changing the natural character of the natural flow accumulation and flow direction, blocking the runoff, reducing water loss, and increasing the flow rate. Due to this, extraordinary rainfall occurring in Istanbul and its close vicinity causes flashflood and flood disasters directed and channelled by the many forms of construction in the city. To prevent future disasters or reduce their damage, the following solutions can be suggested. That all constructions interfering with the surface flow must be reclaimed with revised planning applications. The water-carrying capacity of drainage channels must be restored to their natural levels. That additional drainage channels taking into account natural slope conditions should be built. That aggregation of a huge water body which will cause flashfloods and floods must be prevented by means of a single channel

References

  • Anonymous 2008. Urban Flood Risk Management. A Tool for Integrated Flood Management. The Associated Programme on Flood Management, 2008. APFM Technical Document No: 11. Flood Management Tools Series. http://www.apfm.info/ ( 05 March 2011).
  • Anonymous 2009. 1/100.000 Ölçekli İstanbul Çevre Düzeni Plan Raporu. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, İmar ve Şehircilik Daire Başkanlığı, Şehir Planlama Müdürlüğü, İstanbul.
  • Jenson, S. K., Domingue, O. 1988. Extracting Topographic Structure from Digital Elevation Data for Geographic Information System Analysis. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 4(11):1593-1600.
  • Gregory, J. H., Dukes, M. D., Jones, P. H., Miller, G. L. 2006. Effect of urban soil compaction on infiltration rate. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 61(3):117-124.
  • Konrad, C. P., 2002. Effects of Urban Development on Floods. US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Fact Sheet 076-03. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs07603/ ( 05 March 2011).
  • Konrad, C. P. and Booth, D. B. 2002. Hydrologic Trends Associated with Urban Development for Selected Streams in the Puget Sound Basin, Western Washington. Tacoma, Washington, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4040, Tacoma, Washington.
  • Li, J., Zeng, B., Wang, Y. and Shen, L. 2008. Physical simulation of urban rainfall infiltration. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology 18 (2): 293-295, 304.
  • Maathuis, B. H. P. and Wang, L. 2006. Digital Elevation Model Based Hydro-processing. Geocarto International 21 (1):21- 26.
  • Mahato, M. 2001. Using GIS to Evaluate the Effect of Landuse on the Health of the Upper Trinity River Watershed. http://www.geog.unt.edu/~jminhe/Teaching/GIS-Inter/TermProjects/Mahato.pdf (18 December 2010).
  • Orlandini, S. and Morett,i G. 2009. Determination of surface flow paths from gridded elevation data. Water Resource Research 45 W03417, doi:10.1029/2008WR007099.
  • Price, R. K. and Vojinovic, Z. 2008. Urban flood disaster management. Urban Water Journal 5(3):259-276.
  • Rowsell, P. E., Floyd, P., Ramsbottom, D. and Surendran, S. 2005. Estimating Injury and Loss of Life in Floods: A Deterministic Framework. Natural Hazards 36:43–64.
  • Schäuble, H., Marinoni, O. and Hinderer, M. 2006. A GIS-based method to calculate flow accumulation by considering dams and their specific operation time. Computers & Geosciences 34 (6):635-646.
  • Turoğlu, H. 2007. Flood and Flash floods analysis for Bartin River Basin (Turkey). International River Basin Management Congress, Proceedings: 0-14, 22-24 March 2007, Antalya, Turkey.
  • Turoğlu, H. 2008. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin Temel Esasları. Çantay Kitapevi, Istanbul.
  • Turoğlu, H. 2010a. 8-10 Eylül 2009 Tarihlerindeki yağışların Silivri-Selimpaşa sahil kuşağında neden olduğu sel ve taşkınlar. DSI Genel Müdürlüğü, 2. Ulusal Taşkın Sempozyumu Tebliğler Kitabı:31-43, 22-24 Mart 2010, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Turoğlu, H. 2010b. Yapılaşmanın Doğal Akım Yönü ve Akım Birikimi Üzerindeki Etkileri (The impacts of structuring on natural flow direction and flow accumulation). Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, VI. Ulusal Coğrafya Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı: 29-36, 3-5 Kasım 2010, Ankara.
  • Turoğlu, H. and Uludağ, M. 2010. Floods and Flashfloods in Edirne (TURKEY). 10th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference-SGEM 2010, Conference Proceedings Volume II: 9-14, 20-26 June 2010, Albena, Bulgaria.
  • Wheather, H. and Evans E. 2009. Land use, water management and future flood risk. Land Use Policy 26S: S251-S264.
  • Zhou, H., Wang, J., Shi, P., Zheng, J., Gao, L., Su, X. and Yuan, Y. 2011. Impacts of rapid urbanization on river network and flood hazard in Shenzhen region, China. Strategy and Implementation of Integrated Risk Management: 34-39. http://adrem.org.cn/Faculty/ ShiPJ/articals/Impacts%20of%20rapid%20urbanization%20on%20river%20network%20and%20flood%20hazard %20in%20Shenzhen%20region,%20China.pdf (20 March 2011).

Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul

Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 39 - 46, 01.05.2011
https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000043

Abstract

İstanbul, son birkaç 10 yıldan bu yana, can ve mal kayıplarına neden olan sel ve taşkınlardan giderek daha fazla zarar görmektedir. Bu çalışmada; İstanbul’da meydana gelen sel ve taşkınların sebepleri drenaj sistemi ve şehirleşme perspektifinde araştırılmıştır. Uzaktan Algılama (UZAL) ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) teknolojileri kullanılarak güncel eğim özelliklerine dayandırılan doğal akım birikimi, akım yönü ve güncel şehirsel özellikler belirlenmiştir. İstanbul’daki mevcut yapılaşmalar ve onların dağılış özellikleri analiz sonuçları ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. İstanbul’daki yapılaşmalar; doğal akım birikimi ve akım yönü özelliklerinin doğal karakterlerini değiştiren, yüzeysel akışı engelleyen, su kayıplarını azaltan, akış hızını arttıran bir faktör olarak önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu etkiler nedeniyle; İstanbul ve yakın çevresindeki sıradışı yağışlar, şehirsel yapılaşmaların denetlediği ve yönlendirdiği sel ve taşkınlara neden olmaktadır. Gelecekteki afetlerden korunmak ya da onların zararlarını azaltmak için şu çözümler önerilebilir. Su akışını engelleyici tüm yapılaşmalar revise plan uygulamaları ile ıslah edilmelidir. Drenaj kanallarının su taşıma kapasiteleri onların doğal seviyelerine gelecek şekilde yeniden düzenlenmelidir. Doğal eğim koşulları dikkate alınarak ilave drenaj kanallarının yapılması ile sellere ve taşkınlara neden olacak su kütlesinin tek kanalda toplanmasının engellenmesi gerekmektedir

References

  • Anonymous 2008. Urban Flood Risk Management. A Tool for Integrated Flood Management. The Associated Programme on Flood Management, 2008. APFM Technical Document No: 11. Flood Management Tools Series. http://www.apfm.info/ ( 05 March 2011).
  • Anonymous 2009. 1/100.000 Ölçekli İstanbul Çevre Düzeni Plan Raporu. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, İmar ve Şehircilik Daire Başkanlığı, Şehir Planlama Müdürlüğü, İstanbul.
  • Jenson, S. K., Domingue, O. 1988. Extracting Topographic Structure from Digital Elevation Data for Geographic Information System Analysis. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 4(11):1593-1600.
  • Gregory, J. H., Dukes, M. D., Jones, P. H., Miller, G. L. 2006. Effect of urban soil compaction on infiltration rate. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 61(3):117-124.
  • Konrad, C. P., 2002. Effects of Urban Development on Floods. US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Fact Sheet 076-03. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs07603/ ( 05 March 2011).
  • Konrad, C. P. and Booth, D. B. 2002. Hydrologic Trends Associated with Urban Development for Selected Streams in the Puget Sound Basin, Western Washington. Tacoma, Washington, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4040, Tacoma, Washington.
  • Li, J., Zeng, B., Wang, Y. and Shen, L. 2008. Physical simulation of urban rainfall infiltration. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology 18 (2): 293-295, 304.
  • Maathuis, B. H. P. and Wang, L. 2006. Digital Elevation Model Based Hydro-processing. Geocarto International 21 (1):21- 26.
  • Mahato, M. 2001. Using GIS to Evaluate the Effect of Landuse on the Health of the Upper Trinity River Watershed. http://www.geog.unt.edu/~jminhe/Teaching/GIS-Inter/TermProjects/Mahato.pdf (18 December 2010).
  • Orlandini, S. and Morett,i G. 2009. Determination of surface flow paths from gridded elevation data. Water Resource Research 45 W03417, doi:10.1029/2008WR007099.
  • Price, R. K. and Vojinovic, Z. 2008. Urban flood disaster management. Urban Water Journal 5(3):259-276.
  • Rowsell, P. E., Floyd, P., Ramsbottom, D. and Surendran, S. 2005. Estimating Injury and Loss of Life in Floods: A Deterministic Framework. Natural Hazards 36:43–64.
  • Schäuble, H., Marinoni, O. and Hinderer, M. 2006. A GIS-based method to calculate flow accumulation by considering dams and their specific operation time. Computers & Geosciences 34 (6):635-646.
  • Turoğlu, H. 2007. Flood and Flash floods analysis for Bartin River Basin (Turkey). International River Basin Management Congress, Proceedings: 0-14, 22-24 March 2007, Antalya, Turkey.
  • Turoğlu, H. 2008. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin Temel Esasları. Çantay Kitapevi, Istanbul.
  • Turoğlu, H. 2010a. 8-10 Eylül 2009 Tarihlerindeki yağışların Silivri-Selimpaşa sahil kuşağında neden olduğu sel ve taşkınlar. DSI Genel Müdürlüğü, 2. Ulusal Taşkın Sempozyumu Tebliğler Kitabı:31-43, 22-24 Mart 2010, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Turoğlu, H. 2010b. Yapılaşmanın Doğal Akım Yönü ve Akım Birikimi Üzerindeki Etkileri (The impacts of structuring on natural flow direction and flow accumulation). Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, VI. Ulusal Coğrafya Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı: 29-36, 3-5 Kasım 2010, Ankara.
  • Turoğlu, H. and Uludağ, M. 2010. Floods and Flashfloods in Edirne (TURKEY). 10th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference-SGEM 2010, Conference Proceedings Volume II: 9-14, 20-26 June 2010, Albena, Bulgaria.
  • Wheather, H. and Evans E. 2009. Land use, water management and future flood risk. Land Use Policy 26S: S251-S264.
  • Zhou, H., Wang, J., Shi, P., Zheng, J., Gao, L., Su, X. and Yuan, Y. 2011. Impacts of rapid urbanization on river network and flood hazard in Shenzhen region, China. Strategy and Implementation of Integrated Risk Management: 34-39. http://adrem.org.cn/Faculty/ ShiPJ/articals/Impacts%20of%20rapid%20urbanization%20on%20river%20network%20and%20flood%20hazard %20in%20Shenzhen%20region,%20China.pdf (20 March 2011).
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA23US64MT
Journal Section Article
Authors

Hüseyin Turoğlu This is me

Publication Date May 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Turoğlu, H. (2011). Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000043
AMA Turoğlu H. Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. May 2011;3(1):39-46. doi:10.1501/Csaum_0000000043
Chicago Turoğlu, Hüseyin. “Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 3, no. 1 (May 2011): 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000043.
EndNote Turoğlu H (May 1, 2011) Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 3 1 39–46.
IEEE H. Turoğlu, “Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul”, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 39–46, 2011, doi: 10.1501/Csaum_0000000043.
ISNAD Turoğlu, Hüseyin. “Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 3/1 (May 2011), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000043.
JAMA Turoğlu H. Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 2011;3:39–46.
MLA Turoğlu, Hüseyin. “Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 1, 2011, pp. 39-46, doi:10.1501/Csaum_0000000043.
Vancouver Turoğlu H. Flashfloods and Floods in Istanbul. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 2011;3(1):39-46.