Hırsızlık Kavramından “Özel” Unsurunun Kaybolması: Tarihsel Bir Açıklama

Abstract

Roma Hukuku'nun kendine özgü kamu hukuku ve özel hukuk ayrımı uyarınca, Roma Hukuku'nda hırsızlık kavramı kamusal ve özel olmak üzere ikili bir karaktere sahiptir. Adi hırsızlığın özel hukuk ilişkilerini yansıttığı ve bir delictum (özel suç) olduğu kabul edilirken nitelikli hırsızlık devletin iradesinin hakim olduğu hukuki ilişkileri yansıtmaktadır ve bir kamu suçudur. Hırsızlığın ikili yapısı, Orta Çağ'da hırsızlık kavramının gelişimini de etkilemiştir. Kanonik Hukuk ve Cermen hukuku, adi hırsızlık ile nitelikli hırsızlık arasında ayrım yapmıştır, ancak adi hırsızlık artık delictum olarak kabul edilmemeye başlamıştır. Cermen Hukuku'nda "kamu barışı" fikri üstün tutulmaktayken Kanonik Hukuk, hırsızlığın suç olarak kabul edilmesini "kefaret" fikri üzerinden meşru kılmış ve nihayetinde Orta Çağ’ın sonunda Constitutio Criminalis Carolina'nın çıkarılmasıyla, Roma Hukuku, Kanonik Hukuk ve Cermen Hukuku’nun hırsızlık kavramlarını birbiriyle kaynaştırmıştır. Sonuç olarak Cermen hukukçular, Klasik Dönem hukukçuları tarafından ortaya konan hırsızlık anlayışını yeniden yorumlamış ve hırsızlık kavramını bir kamu suçu niteliğine büründürmüştür. Bu ise daha sonrasında hırsızlığa ilişkin çağdaş Alman mevzuatının öncül örneğini teşkil etmiştir.

Keywords

• Delictum
• Adi hırsızlık
• Nitelikli hırsızlık
• Kanonik Hukuk
• Cermen Hukuku

THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE "PRIVATE" ELEMENT FROM THE CONCEPT OF THEFT: A HISTORICAL EXPLANATION

Abstract

According to the unique public and private law division standards in Roman law, the concept of theft in Roman law has a dual nature of public and private. Ordinary theft is considered to reflect private legal relations and is a delictum, while aggravated theft reflects the legal relations dominated by the will of the state and is a public crime. The duality of this theft also affected the development of the concept of theft in the Middle Ages, both Canon law and Germanic law distinguished between ordinary theft and aggravated theft, but ordinary theft was no longer regarded as delictum. Germanic law upheld the idea of “public peace”, while Canon law legitimized the criminalization of theft based on the idea of “atonement” and finally integrated the concepts of theft in Roman law, Canon law and Germanic law through the promulgation of the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina at the end of the Middle Ages. Ultimately, Germanic jurists reinterpreted the conception of theft expounded by classical jurists and transmuted the notion of theft into one invested with the character of a public crime. This thereafter constituted the prototypical paradigm of modern German theft legislation.

Keywords

• Delictum
• Ordinary theft
• Aggravated theft
• Canon law
• Germanic law

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