Çocuklar Bakımından Uzlaştırma: Farklı Yararlar Arasında Bir Denge Arayışı

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 69 Sayı: 4, 1705 - 1772, 14.04.2021

Burcu Baytemir Kontacı

https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.868261

Cited By: 4

Öz

Çocuklar bakımından uzlaştırma, günümüzde gerek dünyada gerek Türkiye’de gittikçe öne çıkan bir ceza ve ceza muhakemesi hukuku kurumudur. Bu bağlamda, anılan kurum kapsamına giren suç tiplerinin giderek çeşitlendiği ve zaman içinde daha ciddi suçların bu kapsamda ele alındığı görülmektedir. Buna bağlı olarak da, çocuklar bakımından uzlaştırmaya tâbi olan dosyaların sayısı hızla artmakta ve uzlaştırma kurumu, adalet sistemi içinde daha görünür hâle gelmektedir. Buna karşın, çocuklar bakımından uzlaştırma uygulamasından beklenen yararların sağlanabilmesi için, öncelikle bu yararların neler olduğunun açıkça tespit edilmesi ve hangi hukuki kurum ve kurallar aracılığıyla hayata geçirilebileceğinin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, çocuklar bakımından uzlaştırmadan beklenen üç farklı yarar kategorisi olduğu ve başarılı bir uzlaştırma uygulamasının da, ancak bu yararlar arasında makul bir denge kurulmasıyla mümkün olabileceği ileri sürülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada benimsenen yarar kategorileri; adalet sistemi bakımından “alternatif çözüm yöntemi”, uzlaştırmanın tarafları bakımından “onarıcı adalet” ve çocuklar bakımından da “çocuğun yüksek yararı” olarak belirlenmiş bulunmaktadır. Çalışmada, her üç yarar kategorisi ayrıntılı bir biçimde tanımlanmakta ve Türk Hukuku’ndaki mevcut durumun analizi yapılarak, sorunlu olduğu düşünülen alanlara işaret edilmekte ve somut çözüm önerilerinde bulunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk, Uzlaştırma, Alternatif çözüm yöntemi, Onarıcı adalet, Çocuğun yüksek yararı

Victim-Offender Mediation for Juveniles: In Search of a Reasonable Balance amongst Different Benefits

Öz

Victim-offender mediation for juveniles is a criminal and criminal procedure law institution, which has recently come into prominence both in the world and in Turkey. In this context, one can observe that the types of crimes within the scope of this institution are gradually diversifying and over time, more serious crimes are handled within this scope. Accordingly, the number of cases refereed to victim-offender mediation for juveniles increases rapidly and the mediation institution becomes more visible in the justice system. However, in order to achieve the expected benefits of victim-offender mediation for juveniles, it is necessary to clearly determine what these benefits are and through which legal institutions and rules can be realized. In this study, it is suggested that there are three different benefit categories expected from victim-offender mediation for juveniles and a successful mediation can be achieved only after securing a reasonable balance thereof. In this context, the benefit categories adopted in the study are “alternative solution method” for the justice system, “restorative justice” for the parties of mediation and “best interest of the child” for children. All three categories of benefits are defined in detail and the current situation in Turkish Law is analyzed accordingly. In conclusion, the areas that are considered to be problematic are pointed out and concrete solutions are offered.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Child, Victim-offender mediation, Alternative dispute resolution, Restorative justice, Best interest of the child

Kaynakça

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• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (87) 20 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Social Reactions to Juvenile Delinquency (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 17 September 1987 at the 410th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (87) 18 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States Concerning the Simplification of Criminal Justice (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 17 September 1987 at the 410th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (87) 21 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Assistance to Victims and the Prevention of Victimisation (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 17 September 1987 at the 410th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (85) 11 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Position of the Victim in the Framework of Criminal Law and Procedure (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 28 June 1985 at the 387th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (87) 20 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Social Reactions to Juvenile Delinquency (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 17 September 1987 at the 410th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (88) 6 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Social Reactions to Juvenile Delinquency Among Young People Coming From Migrant Families (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 18 April 1988 at the 416th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (99) 19 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States Concerning Mediation in Penal Matters (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 15 September 1999 at the 679th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies).
• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (92) 16 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the European Rules on Community Sanctions and Measures (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 October 1992 at the 482nd meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (92) 17 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States Concerning Consistency in Sentencing (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 October 1992 at the 482nd meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (95) 12 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Management of Criminal Justice (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 11 September 1995 at the 543rd meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• Council of Europe European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), Guidelines for a Better Implementation of the Existing Recommendation Concerning Mediation in Penal Matters, CEPEJ(2007)13, 7 December 2007.
• Council of Europe European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Working Group on Mediation (CEPEJ-GT-MED), The Impact of CEPEJ Guidelines on Civil, Family, Penal and Administrative Mediation, CEPEJ-GT-MED(2017)8, 16 May 2018.
• Council of Europe European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), Mediation Development Toolkit: Ensuring Implementation of the CEPEJ Guidelines on Mediation, CEPEJ(2018)7, 27 June 2018.
• Council of Europe European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), European Handbook for Mediation Lawmaking, CEPEJ(2019)9, 14 June 2019.
• Council of Europe, European Committee on Crime Problems (CDPC) - b. Commentary to Recommendation CM/Rec(2018)8 of the Committee of Ministers to member States concerning restorative justice in criminal matters [1326 meeting], CM(2018)115-add2.
• Council of Europe, European Convention on the Exercise of Children's Rights, 25.01.1996, ETS No. 160.
• Council of Europe, Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on Child-Friendly Justice, (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 17 November 2010 at the 1098th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
• European Union, Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA, OJ L 315, 14.11.2012, p. 57–73.
• United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), General comment No. 10 (2007): Children's Rights in Juvenile Justice, 25 April 2007, CRC/C/GC/10.
• United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), General Comment No. 14 (2013) on the Right of the Child to Have his or her Best Interests Taken as a Primary Consideration (art. 3, para. 1), 29 May 2013, CRC/C/GC/14.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council, Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in Criminal Matters, ECOSOC Res. 2000/14, U.N. Doc. E/2000/INF/2/Add.2 at 35 (2000).
• United Nations, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20.10.1989, UNTS 1577.
• United Nations, United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines), (Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly Resolution 45/112 of 14 December 1990).
• United Nations, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) (Adopted by General Assembly Resolution 40/33 of 29 November 1985).
• Mahkeme Kararları: AİHM, Çoşelav/Türkiye Davası, Başvuru No. 1413/07, 9 Ekim 2012.
• Yargıtay 13. CD, 03.03.2016, E. 2015/2032, K. 2016/3593.
• Yargıtay 17. CD, 27.11.2017, E. 2017/5072, K. 2017/14611.
• Yargıtay 19. CD, 05.11.2015, E. 2015/16, K. 2015/6675.
• Yargıtay CGK, 10.07.2018, E. 2018/4-35, K. 2018/337.
• Yargıtay CGK, 5.7.2005, E. 2005/10-84, K. 2005/90.
• İnternet Kaynakları: Avrupa Adaletin Etkinliği Komisyonu İnternet Sitesi, “Mediation”, https://www.coe.int/en/web/cepej/cepej-work/mediation, 04.01.2021.
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Adalet Bakanlığı Ceza İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 2019 Yılı Uzlaştırma İstatistiği, https://alternatifcozumler.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/SayfaDokuman/22720201054542019%20Yılı%20%20(01.01.2019%20ilâ%2031.12.2019%20Tarihleri%20Arasındaki)%20Uzlaştırma%20Verileri.pdf, 06.01.2021.