Research Article
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Nöroteknoloji ve Bilişsel Özgürlük

Year 2022, Volume: 71 Issue: 4, 1851 - 1874, 19.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.1176152

Abstract

Nöroteknoloji alanında son yıllarda yaşanan büyük gelişmeler, insan beynindeki verilere erişme, bu verileri toplama ve işleme konusunda önemli olanaklar sunmaktadır. Özellikle fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans tekniği gibi beyin görüntüleme tekniklerinin kullanımıyla, insan beynine herhangi bir müdahalede bulunmaksızın beyin aktivitelerinin görüntülenmesi ve kaydedilmesi mümkün hale gelmiştir. Günümüzde, beyin görüntüleme tekniklerinin, kişilerin düşünce ve tutumları hakkında bilgi edinmenin yanında, klinik amaçlarla kullanımı da son derece yaygındır. Bununla birlikte, nöroteknolojinin kullanımı, kişilerin davranışlarında istenmeyen değişikliklere ve mental zararlara yol açarak, temel hak ve özgürlüklerine yönelik tehdit yaratma potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Özellikle ABD’de ortaya çıkan nöro-pazarlama ve nöro-reklamcılık gibi sektörlerin, kişilerin tercihlerinin yönlendirilmesi gibi ticari amaçlarla nöroteknolojik yöntemleri kullanması buna örnek olarak gösterilebilir.
Bu çerçevede, bu çalışmada, öncelikle nöroteknoloji ve insan hakları arasındaki ilişki ortaya konulmaya çalışılmakta ve halihazırdaki hakların, nöroteknoloji alanındaki gelişmelere yanıt vermek bakımından yeterli olmayabileceğinden hareketle, son yıllarda tartışılmaya başlanan bilişsel özgürlük kavramı ile Lenca ve Andorno’nun “nöro-haklar” adı altında öne sürdüğü, “mental gizlilik hakkı”, “mental bütünlük hakkı” ve “psikolojik devamlılık hakkı” tartışılmaktadır.

References

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  • MATSUDA Izumi, OGAWA Tokihiro, TSUNEOKA Michiko, “Broadening the Use of the Concealed Information Test in the Field”, Frontiers in Psychiatry, February 2019, Volume 10, Article 24, s.1-10.
  • MCCLURE Samuel, LI Jian, TOMLIN Damon, CYPERT Kim S., MONTAGUE Latane M., MONTAGUE P. Read, ”Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks”, Neuron, Vol:44, No:2, 2004, s.379-387.
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  • SENTENTIA Wyre, “Cognitive Enhancement and Cognitive Liberty: Comments on the President’s Council on Bioethics”, DIDSBURY Howard F.(ed), “21st Century Opportunities and Challenges: An Age of Destruction or an Age of Transformation”, World Future Society, Washington, 2003, içinde, s.233-245.
  • SENTENTIA Wrye, “Neuroethical Considerations: Cognitive Liberty and Converging Technologies for Improving Human Cognition”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol:1013, No:1, 2004, s.221-228.
  • SENTENTIA Wrye, “Freedom by Design: Transhumanist Values and Cognitive Liberty”, MORE Max, VITA-MORE Natasha (ed), “The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology And Philosophy of the Human Future”, 2013, içinde, s.355-360.
  • SOMMAGGIO Paolo, MAZZOCCA Marco, GEROLA Alessio, FERRO Fulvio, “Cognitive Liberty: A First Step Towards a Human Neuro-Rights Declaration”, Biolaw Journal-Rivista di BioDiritto, No:3, 2017, s.27-45.
Year 2022, Volume: 71 Issue: 4, 1851 - 1874, 19.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.1176152

Abstract

References

  • BOSTORM Nick, “Human Genetic Enhancement: A Transhumanist Perspective”, Journal of Value Inquiry, Vol:34, No:4, 2003, s.493-506.
  • BOSTORM Nick, SANDBERG Anders, “Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges”, Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol: 15, No:3, 2009, s.311-341.
  • BOSTROM Nick, ROACHE Rebecca, “Smart Policy: Cognitive Enhancement in the Public Interest” 2009, https://nickbostrom.com/papers/smart-policy.pdf, s.1-14, E.T.:07.12.2018.
  • BUBLITZ Christoph, “My Mind is Mine!? Cognitive Liberty as a Legal Concept”, HILDT Elisabeth, FRANCHE Andreas (ed), “Cognitive Enhancement” New York, 2013, s.233-264.
  • CALVIN J. Craft, GIORDANO James, “ Integrating Brain Science and Law: Neuroscientific Evidence and Legal Perspectives on Protecting Individual Liberties”, Frontiers in Neuroscience, Volume 11, Article 621, s.1-10.
  • DECKER Michael, FLEISCHER Torsten, “Contacting the Brain-Aspects of a Technology Assessment of Neural Implants”, Biotechnology Journal, Vol:3, No:12, 2008, s.1502-1510.
  • ETHERIDGE Ari U., CHAMBERLIN John R., “Application of Sell vs. United States”, Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, Vol:34, No:2, 2006, s.248-250.
  • FRANK Michael J., SAMANTA Johan, MOUSTAFA Ahmed A., SHERMAN Scott J., “Hold Your Horses: Impulsivity, Deep Brain Stimulation and Medication in Parkinsonism”, Science, Vol:318, No:5854, 2007, s.1309-1312.
  • GOODENOUGH Oliver R., TUCKER Micaela, “Law and Cognitive Neuroscience”, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, No:6, s.61-92.
  • GÜLEÇ, Erksin, PELİN, Can: “Kuruçay Höyüğü’nde Gün Işığına Çıkarılan Bir Trepanasyon Olgusu”, DTCF Dergisi, Cilt:38, Sayı:1-2, 1998.
  • ILLES Judy, “Neuroethics in a New Era of Neuroimaging”, American Journal of Neuroradiology, Vol:24, No:9, Ekim 2003, s.1739-1741.
  • KOCH Walter, TEIPEL Stephan, MUELLER Sophia, BENNINGOFF Jens, WAGNER Maxmillian, BOKDE Arun, HAMPEL Harald, COATES Ute, REISER Maximilian, MEINDL Thomas, “Diagnostic Power of Default Mode Network Resting State fMRI in the Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease”, Neurobiology of Aging, Vol:33, No:3, Mart 2012, s.466-478.
  • LANGLABEN Daniel D, HAKUN Jonathan G, SEELING David, WANG An-Lİ, KOSHA Ruparel, WAREN B Bilker, GUR Ruben C, “Polygraphy and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Lie Detection: A Controlled Blind Comparison Using the Concealed Information Test”, J Clin Psychiatry, 2016: 77(10):1372-1380.
  • LENCA Marcello, ANDORNO Roberto, “Towards New Human Rights in the Age of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology”, Life Sciences, Society and Policy, Vol:13, No:5, 2017, s.1-27.
  • LYKKEN David T., “Why (Some) Americans Believe in the Lie Detector While Others Believe in the Guilty Knowledge Test”, Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, July-September, 1991, Vol:26, No:3, s.214-222.
  • MATSUDA Izumi, OGAWA Tokihiro, TSUNEOKA Michiko, “Broadening the Use of the Concealed Information Test in the Field”, Frontiers in Psychiatry, February 2019, Volume 10, Article 24, s.1-10.
  • MCCLURE Samuel, LI Jian, TOMLIN Damon, CYPERT Kim S., MONTAGUE Latane M., MONTAGUE P. Read, ”Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks”, Neuron, Vol:44, No:2, 2004, s.379-387.
  • MEİJER Ewout H., KOPPEN Peter J., “ Lie Detectors and the Law: The Use of Polygraph in Europe”, in DAVID Canter, RITA Zukauskıene (Eds), Pschology and Law: Bridging the Gap, London, Ashgate, 2008., s.31-50.
  • MÜLLER Oliver, ROTTER Stefan, “Neurotechnology: Current Developments and Ethical Issues”, Frontients in Systems Neuroscience, Volume 13, Article 93, December 2017, s.1-5.
  • PETOFT Arian, “Neurolaw: A Brief Introduction”, Iranian Journal of Neurology, 14 (1), 2015 s. 53-58.
  • PUGH Jonathan, KAHANE Guy, SAVULESCU Julian, “Bioconservatism, Partiality and the Human-Nature Objection to Enhancement”, The Monist, Vol:99, No:4, 2016, s.406-422.
  • SCHREIBER Darren, SIMMONS Alan N., DAWES Christopher, FLAGAN Taru, FOWLER James H., PAULUS Marin P., “Red Brain, Blue Brain: Evaluative Processes Differ in Democrats and Republicans”, Plos One, 8(2), e.52970, 2013, s.1-6.
  • SENTENTIA Wyre, “Cognitive Enhancement and Cognitive Liberty: Comments on the President’s Council on Bioethics”, DIDSBURY Howard F.(ed), “21st Century Opportunities and Challenges: An Age of Destruction or an Age of Transformation”, World Future Society, Washington, 2003, içinde, s.233-245.
  • SENTENTIA Wrye, “Neuroethical Considerations: Cognitive Liberty and Converging Technologies for Improving Human Cognition”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol:1013, No:1, 2004, s.221-228.
  • SENTENTIA Wrye, “Freedom by Design: Transhumanist Values and Cognitive Liberty”, MORE Max, VITA-MORE Natasha (ed), “The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology And Philosophy of the Human Future”, 2013, içinde, s.355-360.
  • SOMMAGGIO Paolo, MAZZOCCA Marco, GEROLA Alessio, FERRO Fulvio, “Cognitive Liberty: A First Step Towards a Human Neuro-Rights Declaration”, Biolaw Journal-Rivista di BioDiritto, No:3, 2017, s.27-45.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Zeynep Karasulu 0000-0002-0964-4182

Publication Date December 19, 2022
Submission Date September 16, 2022
Acceptance Date November 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 71 Issue: 4

Cite

Chicago Karasulu, Zeynep. “Nöroteknoloji Ve Bilişsel Özgürlük”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 71, no. 4 (December 2022): 1851-74. https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.1176152.
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