MACHINA SAPIENS

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 72 Sayı: 2, 717 - 758, 07.07.2023

Güneş Okuyucu Ergün

https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.1288894

Cited By: 2

Öz

Bazı uzmanlara göre, yapay zekanın insanlık tarihi üzerindeki etkisi, başka her şeyin etkisinden daha fazla olacaktır. Kimi düşünürlere göre yapay zekâ teknolojisi, kontrollü bir biçimde ilerlememesi halinde insan türünün sona ermesine kadar gidecek felaketlere yol açabilir. Ekonomik açıdan ise yapay zeka, şimdiden milyar dolarlık bir sanayiye dönüşmüş bulunmaktadır. Yapay zekanın uygulama alanı, mühendislik, bilim, tıp, iş dünyası, muhasebe, finans, pazarlama, sigorta, ekonomi, borsa, otomotiv, eğitim ve tarım gibi pek çok sektörü kapsamaktadır. Dolayısıyla yapay zekanın etkilerinin -olumlu, olumsuz veya her iki yönde de- son derece büyük olacağına şüphe yoktur. Bu çalışmada önce, binlerce yıl geriye giden yapay zeka fikrinden bu yana yapay zekanın tarihsel gelişimine ve teknik açıdan makine öğrenme türlerine kısaca değinilmekte; ardından, yapay zekanın en güncel ve önemli tartışma konuları arasında yer alan sezgi, rastlantısal karar verme ve özgür irade gibi özelliklerin ve dolayısıyla yaratıcılık yetisinin yapay zekaya aktarılmasının teknik olarak mümkün olup olmadığı ve mümkünse bile tercih edilebilir bir durum olup olmadığı konuları ele alınmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapay Zeka, Makine Öğrenmesi, Sezgi, Rastlantısal, İrade

Kaynakça

• Adams, Tim. “Artificial Intelligence: ‘We’re like children playing with a bomb’”, the Guardian, (12 Haziran 2016). Bkz. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/12/nick-bostrom-artificial-intelligence machine
• Afxentiou, Philippos. “The mechanical universe according to Newton: Teaching issues and suggested resolusionary approaches”, Conference: Didactics in the Sciences, (Temmuz 2022). Bkz.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362066949_The_mechanical_universe_according_to_Newton_Teaching_issues_and_suggested_resolusionary_approaches
• Arf, Cahit. “Makine Düşünebilir Mi ve Nasıl Düşünebilir?”, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Üniversite Çalışmalarını Muhite Yayma ve Halk Eğitimi Yayınları Konferanslar Serisi No: 1, (1959), s. 91-103.
• Aristoteles. Politika (Çeviren: Mete Tuncay). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 1975.
• Arnold, Andrew. “Why robots will not take over human jobs”, Forbes, (Mart 2018). Bkz. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewarnold/2018/03/27/why-robots-will-not-take-over-human jobs/?sh=16ad2eb92fde
• Aslan, Mustafa ve Uru, F. Oben. “Çevresel Dinamizmin ve Çevresel Olumsuzluğun Düzenleyici Rolü Altında Tepe Yönetim Profilinin ve Firma Yapısının Sezgiye Dayalı Stratejik Karar Almaya Etkilerinin İncelenmesi”, Business and Economics Research Journal, cilt: 12, sayı: 1, (2021), s. 173-195.
• Baldwin, Richard. The Globotics Upheavel. London: Wiedenfeld&Nicolson, 2020.
• Baylor, Amy L. “A U-Shaped model for the development of intuition by expertise”, New Ideas in Psychology, 19(3), (2001), s. 237-244.
• Benson, Etienne. “Science historian examines the 18th-century quest for artificial life”, Stanford Report, (October 24, 2001), https://news.stanford.edu/news/2001/october24/riskinprofile-1024.html
• Boden, Margaret A. AI: Its Nature and Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Bodo, Zalan ve Minier, Zsolt. “On Supervised and Semi-Supervised k-Nearest Neighbor Algorithms”, Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Informatica, cilt: LIII, sayı: 2, (2008), s. 79-92.
• Bolton, Robert. “Intuition in Aristotle”, in. L. Osbeck & B. Held (Eds.), Rational Intuition: Philosophical Roots, Scientific Investigations, (2014), s. 39-54.
• Bozkurt Yüksel, Armağan Ebru.“Robot Hukuku”, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, sayı: 29, (Ocak 2017), s. 85-112. Bradley, Seamus, Frigg, Roman, Du Hailiang ve Smith, Leonard A. “Laplace's Demon and the Adventures of His Apprentices”, Philosophy of Science, cilt: 81, sayı: 1, (Ocak 2014), s. 31-59.
• Brandenburg, Stefan ve Sachse, Katharina. “Intuition comes with experience”, Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter, (2012), s. 1-11. Bkz. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235247949_Intuition_ comes_with_experience
• Calo, M. Ryan. “Robots and Privacy”, in Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics (editörler: Lin, P., Bekey, G., Abney, K.), (2020), s. 1-30. Bkz. https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~illah/CLASSDOCS/CaloRobotsPrivacy.pdf
• Calude, Cristian S., Dinneen, Michael J., Dumitrescu, Monica ve Svozil, Karl. “Experimental evidence of quantum randomness incomputability”, Physical Review, cilt: 82, sayı: 2, (2010), s. 2-21.
• Cioffi, Raffaele, Travaglioni, Marta, Piscitelli, Giuseppina, Petrillo, Antonella ve Fabio, De Felice. “Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications in Smart Production: Progress, Trends, and Directions”, Sustainability, 12, 492, (2020), s. 1-26.
• Claxton, Guy. “Investigating human intuition: knowing without knowing why”, The Psychologist, 11, (1998), s. 217–220. Aktaran: Zander, Thea, Öllinger, Michael ve Volz, Kirsten G. “Intuition and Insight: Two Processes That Build on Each Other or Fundamentally Differ?”, Frontiers in Psychology, cilt: 7, 1395, (2016), s. 1-12.
• Coca Vila, Ivó. “Self-driving Cars in Dilemmatic Situations: An Approach Based on the Theory of Justification in Criminal Law”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, cilt: 12, (2018), s. 59–82.
• Cohen, Michael K., Hutter, Marcus ve Osborne, Michael A. “Advanced artificial agents intervene in the provision of reward”, AI Magazine, cilt: 43, sayı: 3, (2022), s. 282-293.
• Creese Sadie, “The Threat from AI”, in Baker, D. J. – Robinson, P. H. (ed.), Artificial Intelligence and the Law - Cybercrime and Criminal Liability, (2021)
• Dağıtmaç Murat ve Ekmen Şehadet. Dijital Psikolojik Devrim. İstanbul: Motto Yayınları 2019.
• Darling, Kate. “Extending Legal Protection to Social Robots: The Effects of Anthropomorphism, Empathy, and Violent Behavior Towards Robotic Objects”, We Robot Konferansı, Miami Üniversitesi, (2012), s. 5. Bkz. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2044797
• Davies, Alex, Veličković, Petar, Buesing, Lars ve diğerleri. “Advancing mathematics by guiding human intuition with AI”, Nature, 600, (2021), s. 70-74, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04086-x
• Demirarslan, Deniz. “Bizans Uygarlığında Günlük Yaşam, Mekan ve Mobilya”, Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), cilt: 6, sayı: 32, (2019), s. 22-41.
• Deplazes, Anna ve Huppenbauer, Markus. “Synthetic organisms and living machines: Positioning the products of synthetic biology at the borderline between living and non-living matter”, Systems and Synthetic Biology, 3(1-4), (2009), s. 55-63.
• Descartes, Rene. Aklın İdaresi İçin Kurallar (Çev: Mehmet Karasan). İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, 1989.
• Devecka, Martin. “Did the Greeks believe in their robots?”, The Cambridge Classical Journal, sayı: 59, (2013), s. 52–69. Bkz. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1750270513000079
• De Visser, Karin E. “Spontaneous immune responses to sporadic tumors: tumor-promoting, tumor-protective or both?”, Cancer Immunol Immunother, cilt: 57, (2008), s. 1531–1539.
• Dobrinoiu Maxim. “The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Criminal Liability”, Lex ET Scienta International Journal, cilt: 26, sayı: 1, (2019): s. 140-147.
• Edmonds, David ve Warburton, Nigel. “Daniel Dennett on Free Will Worth Wanting”, in Philosophy Bites Again, (2014), s. 125-134.
• Elallid, Badr Ben, Benamar, Nabil, Hafid, Abdelhakim Senhaji, Rachidi, Tajjeeddine ve Mrani, Nabil. “A Comprehensive Survey on the Application of Deep and Reinforcement Learning Approaches in Autonomous Driving”, Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, cilt: 34, sayı: 9, (2022), s. 7366-7390.
• Emmert-Streib, Frank, Yang, Zhen, Feng, Han, Tripathi, Shailesh ve Dehmer, Matthias. “An Introductory Review of Deep Learning for Prediction Models with Big Data”, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, cilt: 3, sayı: 4, (2020), s. 1-23.
• Emren, Tuna.“Gerçek mi Yoksa Yanılsama mı?”, Popular Science Türkiye, (Aralık 2021), s. 74-80.
• Enden, H. Van den. “Thomas Hobbes and the Debate on Free Will: His present-day significance for ethical theory”, Philosophica, cilt: 24, sayı: 2, (1979), s. 185-216.
• Eroğlu, Ayşe. “Henri Bergson’da Bilinç-Sezgi İlişkisi”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sayı: 27, (Aralık 2012), s. 81-102.
• Formosa, Paul. “Robot Autonomy vs. Human Autonomy: Social Robots, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Nature of Autonomy”, Minds and Machines, cilt: 31, (2021) s. 595-616.
• Fron, Christian ve Korn, Oliver. “A Short History of the Perception of Robots and Automata from Antiquity to Modern Times”, in. Social Robots: Technological, Societal and Ethical Aspects of Human-Robot Interaction, (2019), s. 1-12.
• Ghahramani, Zoubin. “Unsupervised Learning”, Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, (16 Eylül 2004), s. 1-32. http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/zoubin/papers/ul.pdf
• Gigerenzer, Gerd. Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious. New York: Penguin Books, 2008. Aktaran: Zander, Thea, Öllinger, Michael ve Volz, Kirsten G. “Intuition and Insight: Two Processes That Build on Each Other or Fundamentally Differ?”, Frontiers in Psychology, cilt: 7, 1395, (2016), s. 1-12.
• Gökberk, Macit. Felsefenin Evrimi. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, 1979.
• Güneş, Deniz. “Antropomorfizm ve Antropomorfik Karakter Tasarımlarının İnsanlar Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Sanat Yazıları, sayı: 40, (2019), s. 141-157.
• Hallevy, Gabriel. When Robots Kill – Artificial Intelligence under Criminal Law. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2013.
• Hamrud, Eva. “AI Is Not Actually an Existential Threat to Humanity, Scientists Say”, Science Alert, (11 Nisan 2021). Bkz. https://www.sciencealert.com/here-s-why-ai-is-not-an-existential-threat-to-humanity Heisenberg, Werner. Physics and Philosophy. London: Penguin Classics, 2000.
• Hinton, Geoffrey E., Osindero, Simon ve Teh, Yee-Whye. “A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets”, Neural computation, 18(7), (2006), s. 1527-1554.
• Hodge, Lord. “Financial technology: opportunities and challenges to law and regulation”, in Baker, D. J. – Robinson, P. H. (ed.), Artificial Intelligence and the Law - Cybercrime and Criminal Liability, (2021).
• Ishida, Yoshiteru ve Chiba, Ryunosuke. “Free Will and Turing Test with Multiple Agents: An Example of Chatbot Design”, Procedia Computer Science, cilt: 112, (2017), s. 2506–2518.
• İçden, Mehmet Kemal. Heykelde Antropomorfik Nesneler ve Biçim Araştırmaları. Sanatta Yeterlik Sanat Çalışması Raporu. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü, 2020.
• Kalligeropoulos, Dimitrios ve Vasileiadou, Soultana. “The Homeric Automata and Their Implementation”, in Paipetis S.A. (eds), Science and Technology in Homeric Epics, cilt 6, (2008), s. 77-84.
• Kanter, Ido, Aviad, Yaara, Reidler, Igor, Cohen, Elad ve Rosenbluh, Michael. “An optical ultrafast random bit generator”, Nature Photonics, cilt: 4, sayı: 1, (2009), s. 58–61. Bkz. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/MRosenbluh/publication/40537039_An_optical_ultrafast_random_bit_generator/links/0046352b079d52269e000000/An-optical-ultrafast-random-bit-generator.pdf
• Kerimoğlu Caner. “Dilin Kökeni Arayışları 4: Neandertallerin Dili Var Mıydı?”, Dil Araştırmaları, (Güz 2019/25), s. 7-53.
• Köz, İsmail. “Sezginin Bilgideki Yeri ve Önemi”, Felsefe Dünyası, sayı: 40, (2004/2), s. 41-53.
• Krausová, Alžběta Solarczyk ve Hazan, Hananel. “Creating Free Will in Artificial Intelligence”, Uluslararası Konferans: Yapay Zekânın Ötesi, (Kasım 2013), s. 96-109. Bkz. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278468286_Creating_Free_Will_in_Artificial_Intelligence
• Kretzer, Manuel ve Hovestadt, Ludger. Alive: Advancements in Adaptive Achitecture. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2014. Lewis, Charlton T. ve Short, Charles. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879. Bkz. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper
• Logiurato, Fabrizio ve Smerzi, Augusto. “Born Rule and Noncontextual Probability”, Journal of Modern Physics, cilt: 3, sayı: 11, (2012), s. 1802-1812.
• Longrich, Nick. “Nine Species of Human Once Walked Earth. Now There's Just One. Did We Kill The Rest?”, Science Alert, (22 Kasım 2019). Bkz. https://www.sciencealert.com/did-homo-sapiens-kill-off-all-the-other-humans
• McCarthy, John, Minsky, Marvin L., Rochester, Nathaniel ve Shannon, Claude E. “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence”, AI Magazine, cilt: 27, sayı: 4, (2006), s. 12-14. https://ojs.aaai.org/aimagazine/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1904
• Novak, Sara. “The Mediterranean Plains Where Neanderthals and Modern Humans Came Together”, Discover Magazine, (22 Şubat 2022). Bkz. https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-mediterranean-plains-where-neanderthals-and-modern-humans-came-together
• Ovid. Metamorphoses. London: Penguin Classics, 2014.
• Özcan, Mehmet Tevfik. “John Locke’un Birey Anlayışının Felsefi Temelleri”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, cilt: 52, (1987), s. 559-586.
• Özdemir, Mehmet Fatih. Derin Öğrenme Tabanlı Gerçek Zamanlı Kimliklendirme Sistemi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Malatya: İnönü Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aralık 2021.
• Özsunay, Ergun. Gerçek Kişilerin Hukuki Durumu. İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 1982.
• Paddock, Catharine. “Immune system kills spontaneous blood cancer cells every day”, Medical News Today, (3 Şubat 2014). Bkz. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/272092
• Penrose, Roger. The Emperor’s New Mind. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Perc, Matjaž, Özer, Mahmut ve Hojnik, Janja. “Social and Juristic Challenges of Artificial Intelligence”, Palgrave Communications, 5, 61 (2019), s. 1-7.
• Piętka, Dariusz. “The Concept of Intuition and Its Role in Plato and Aristotle”, Organon, sayı: 47, (2015), s. 23-40. Piloto, Luis S., Weinstein, Ari, Battaglia, Peter ve diğerleri. “Intuitive physics learning in a deep-learning model inspired by developmental psychology”, Nature Human Behaviour, 6, (2022), s. 1257–1267.
• Plaat Aske. Learning to Play: Reinforcement Learning and Games. Leiden: Springer, 2020.
• PWC Yapay Zeka Raporu. “PwC’s Global Artificial Intelligence Study: Exploiting the AI Revolution”. Bkz. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/data-and-analytics/publications/artificial-intelligence-study.html
• Radha, Gudapureddy ve Lopus, Manu. “The spontaneous remission of cancer: Current insights and therapeutic significance”, Translational Oncology, cilt: 14, sayı: 9, (Eylül 2021), s. 1-9.
• Rosenthal-von der Pütten, Astrid Marieke, Krämer, Nicole C., Hoffmann, Laura ve diğerleri. “An Experimental Study on Emotional Reactions Towards a Robot”, Int J of Soc Robotics, cilt: 5, (2013), s. 17–34.
• Rueben, Matthew ve Smart, William D. “Privacy in Human-Robot Interaction: Survey and Future Work”, in We Robot 2016: Robotik ile İlgili Hukuk ve Politika Konularına İlişkin Beşinci Yıllık Konferans, Miami Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, (2016), s. 1-43. Bkz. http://robots.law.miami.edu/2016/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Rueben_Smart_PrivacyInHRI_WeRobot2016.pdf
• Russell, Stuart. Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control. New York: Penguin Books, 2019.
• Russell, Stuart ve Norvig, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Hoboken: Pearson, 2021. Sarker, Iqbal H., “Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Overview on Techniques, Taxonomy, Applications and Research Directions”, SN Computer Science, sayı: 2, (2021), s. 1-20.
• Sawhney, Mohanbir. “As robots threaten more jobs, human skills will save us”, Forbes, (2018). Bkz. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mohanbirsawhney/2018/03/10/as-robots-threaten-more-jobs-human-skills-will-save-us/?sh=7b2f9dd43fce
• Schlosser, Marcus E. “The neuroscientic study of free will: A diagnosis of the controversy”, Synthese, sayı: 191, (Ocak 2014), s. 245-262.
• Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. London: Penguin Books, 2013.
• Sider, Theodore. “Free Will and Determinism”, in Conee, E. B. – Sider, T., Riddles of Existence: A Guided Tour of Metaphysics, chapter 6, (2005), s. 112-133.
• Spinoza, Baruch. The Ethics, (Çeviren: Elwes, R. H. M.) 1677, Çeviri tarihi: 1887, s. 47. Bkz. https://www.globalgreye books.com/ebooks/baruch-spinoza_ethics.pdf
• Stuermann, Walter E. “God Does Not Play Dice: Einstein and Religion”, Journal of Bible and Religion, Oxford University Press, cilt: 28, sayı: 4, (Ekim 1960), s. 399-406.
• Subramanian, Ramesh. “Emergent AI, Social Robots and the Law: Security, Privacy and Policy Issues”, Journal of International Technology and Information Management, cilt: 26, sayı: 3, (2017), s. 81-105.
• Taslaman, Caner. “Determinism, Indeterminism, Quantum Theory and Divine Action”, M.Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, cilt: 32, sayı: 1, (2007), s. 157-182.
• Topakkaya, Sümeyye. Descartes Epistemolojisinde Sezgi Kavramının Yeri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2022.
• Turner, Jacob. Robot Rules – Regulating Artificial Intelligence. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
• Uçar, Semra. “Heisenberg Belirsizlik İlkesindeki ‘Belirsizlik’”, Temaşa Felsefe Dergisi, sayı: 14, (2020), s. 72-82.
• Van Strien, Marij. “On the origins and foundations of Laplacian determinism”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, cilt: 45, (2014), s. 24-31.
• Wilford, John Noble. “When Humans Became Human”, New York Times, (26.02.2002). Bkz. https://www.nytimes.com /2002/02/26/science/when-humans-became-human.html Wilkins, Neil. Artificial Intelligence. CH Publications, 2019.
• Winick, Erin. “Every study we could find on what automation will do to jobs, in one chart”, MIT Technology Review, (25 Ocak 2018). Bkz. https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/01/25/146020/every-study-we-could-find-on-what-automation-will-do-to-jobs-in-one-chart
• Winograd, Terry. “Thinging Machines: Can There Be? Are We?”, in Sheehan, J. J., and Sosna, M. (ed.), The Boundaries of Humanity: Humans, Animals, Machines, (1991). Bkz. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft338nb20q
• Woiceshyn, Jaana. “Lessons from “Good Minds”: How CEOs Use Intuition, Analysis and Guiding Principles to Make Strategic Decisions”, Long Range Planning, cilt: 42, sayı: 3, (2009), s. 298-319.
• Xing, Lei, Giger L. Maryellen ve Min, James K. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Technical Basis and Clinical Applications. London: Academic Press, 2021.
• Yegen, Ümit. Beyin Temelli Öğrenme ve Türkçe Eğitimi. Ankara: Astana Yayınları, 2021.
• Yılmaz, Fevzi. “Robotlar Hayatımızda”, FSM İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, sayı: 12, (2018 Güz), s. 109-120.
• Yiğit Vural. Postmodern Mitoloji. (Basılmamış Ders Notu). Bkz. https://www.academia.edu/37930187/postmodern_ mitoloji
• Zander, Thea, Öllinger, Michael ve Volz, Kirsten G. “Intuition and Insight: Two Processes That Build on Each Other or Fundamentally Differ?”, Frontiers in Psychology, cilt: 7, 1395, (2016), s. 1-12.