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Estonların Geleneksel İnanışları Üzerine

Year 2024, , 903 - 922, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1518719

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Kuzey Avrupa'nın eski halklarından olan Estonların geleneksel inançları ile Türkistan ve Sibirya kökenli Türk halk inançları arasındaki kültürel ve dini benzerlikleri incelemektedir. Estonların haldjas (koruyucu ruh), kurat (şeytan figürü), lumememm (kar adamı) ve kutsal korular anlamına gelen Nemus gibi doğa üstü varlıkları ve ritüelleri daha yakından anlaşılabilmesi için Türk halk inanışlarında yer alan benzer kavramlarla karşılaştırılarak Ural-Altay kültürel mirasına atıf yapılmaktadır. Çalışma, eski Eston toplumlarının ritüel pratikleri, kutsal mekânlar ve semboller gibi temel inanç unsurlarını tanıtırken bunların Altay Türklerinin inanışları ile ortak bir kültürel mirası paylaştıklarına da işaret etmektedir. Bu benzerliklerin tarihsel ve kültürel etkileşimin bir göstergesi olduğu öne sürülmektedir. Makalede ayrıca, Hıristiyanlık öncesi dönemde şekillenen ve nesiller boyunca aktarılan Eston inançlarının doğal çevre ve yer altı ruhlarına olan saygıyı içeren karakteri detaylandırılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, doğayı kutsal kabul eden Eston dünya görüşü ile doğa ruhları ve ata ruhlarına saygı, özellikle "Yeryüzü Dini" olarak bilinen modern Maausk Hareketi ile yeniden canlandırılmıştır. Estonların doğa merkezli dünya görüşü, iki topluluk arasında köprü işlevi gören Türklerin Ural-Altay halkları üzerindeki etkisinin de bir yansıması olabileceği düşünülmekte ve bu benzerliklerin ortaya konmasıyla çalışmanın, Türkoloji, etnoloji ve Dinler Tarihi alanlarına da katkı sunması hedeflenmektedir.

References

  • Arık, Durmuş. “Türk Halk İnanışlarında Örtmece ve Gerçeği Gizleme ile İlgili Uygulamalar: Doğum ve Ölüm Örneği.” Dini Araştırmalar 13:36 (2010).
  • Ballıkaya, Ahmet. “Hansa Birliği.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mersin Üniversitesi, 2018.
  • Bereczki, András. “A Short History of Estonia,” içinde The Finno-Ugric World, ed. György Nanovfszky ve Antal Bartha, 155-162. Budapest: Teleki László Foundation, 2004.
  • Berton-Reilly, Elizabeth Ann. “It Is a Living Thing: An Estonian Tradition Bearer and Supernatural Beings Called Haldjad.” Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 65 (2016): 151-172. https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2016.65.berton-reilly.
  • Erkal, Mehmet Mustafa. “Saha (Yakut) Türklerinin Geleneksel İnançları ve Diğer Dinlerle İlişkileri.” Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2023.
  • “Haldjas,” içinde [EKSS] “Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat”. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut, 2009. https://www.eki.ee/dict/ekss/index.cgi?Q=haldjas&F=M.
  • “Haldjas,” içinde Sõnaveeb. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut, 17 Şubat 2023. https://xn--snaveeb-10a.ee/search/unif/dlall/dsall/haldjas/1.
  • Harva, Uno. Altay Panteonu: Mitler, Ritüeller, İnançlar ve Tanrılar. Çev. Ömer Suveren. İstanbul: Doğu Kütüphanesi, 2015.
  • Hiiemäe, Reet. “Earth Religion, ‘Forest People’ and Environmental Disputes: A Case Study on a Pursuit for National Unity and Sustainability in Estonia,” içinde Beyond the Spirit of Bandung, ed. Frans Dokman ve Antoinette Kankindi, 2:107-26. Philosophies of National Unity: Secular or Religious? Radboud University Press, 2023. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.9474309.8.
  • Johanson, Lars; Robbeets, Martine Irma: Transeurasian Verbal Morphology in a Comparative Perspective: Genealogy, Contact, Chance -PAGE: 8. Publisher: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag (2010):1-7
  • Kerezsi, Ágnes. “The Estonians,” içinde The Finno-Ugric World, ed. György Nanovfszky ve Antal Bartha, 329-332. Budapest: Teleki László Foundation, 2004.
  • Kiviorg, Merilin. “Religion and the Secular State in Estonia,” içinde Religion and the Secular State: National Reports Issued for the Occasion of the XVIIIth Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law = La Religion et l’État Laïque: Rapports Nationaux, editör Javier Martínez-Torrón, W. Cole Durham, ve Donlu D. Thayer. Madrid: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2015.
  • Leighton, Gregory. “Literary Themes and Landscape Sacralization in the Written Evidence for the Baltic Crusades,” içinde Ideology and Holy Landscape in the Baltic Crusades, 31-64. Arc Humanities Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv32bm1sm.7.
  • Lettus, Henricus. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. Çev. James A. Brundage. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1961.
  • Loorits, Oskar. Eesti Rahvausundi Maailmavaade. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Seltsi Kırjastus, 1932.
  • Pae, Taavi, Egle Kaur, Anto Aasa, ve Rein Ahas. “The Formation and Location Features of Estonian Cemeteries.” Journal of Baltic Studies 37:3 (2006): 277-297.
  • Paulson, Ivar. The Old Estonian Folk Religion. Çeviren Juta Kõvamees Kitching ve H. Kõvamees. Uralic and Altaic Series 108. USA: Indiana University Bloomington, 1971.
  • Pomozi, Peter. “The Estonian Language,” içinde The Finno-Ugric World, ed. György Nanovfszky ve Antal Bartha, 1183-192. Budapest: Teleki László Foundation, 2004.
  • Ränk, Gustav. Old Estonia, the People and Culture. Uralic and Altaic Series 112. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1976.
  • Reynolds, Stephen. “The Baltic Psaltery and Musical Instruments of Gods and Devils.” Journal of Baltic Studies 14:1 (1983): 5-23.
  • Ringvee, Ringo. “Survival Strategies of New Religions in a Secular Consumer Society.” Nova Religio 20:3 (2017): 57-73. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2017.20.3.57.
  • Rinne, Jenni. Searching for Authentic Living through Native Faith: The Maausk Movement in Estonia. Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations 122. Huddinge: Södertörn University, 2016.
  • Saag, Lehti, Margot Laneman, Liivi Varul, Martin Malve, Heiki Valk, Maria A. Razzak, Ivan G. Shirobokov, vd. “The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers Further East.” Current Biology: CB 29:10 (2019): 1701-1711.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026.
  • Sutrop, Urmas. “Taarapita - the Great God of the Oeselians.” Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 26 (2004). https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2004.26.sutrop.
  • T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Order of the Brothers of the Sword,” içinde Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Ekim 2011. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Order-of-the-Brothers-of-the-Sword.
  • Türk Edebiyatı İsimler Sözlüğü. “ESEDÎ/RÜSVAÎ, Ali Cem Akbulut.” Erişim 28 Mayıs 2024. https://teis.yesevi.edu.tr/madde-detay/esedi-rusvai-ali-cem-akbulut.
  • Urban, William L. The Teutonic Knights: A Military History. London: Greenhill Books, 2005.
  • Urban, William L. “Victims of the Baltic Crusade.” Journal of Baltic Studies 29:3 (1998): 195-212. U.S. Air Force. “Expeditionary Culture Field Guide Estonia.” Military. United States Army NATO, 2018. https://www.usanato.army.mil/Portals/31/documents/Country%20Culture%20Field%20Guides/estonia-2018.pdf?ver=2018-08-07-090404-003.
  • Valk, Ülo. “Folkloristic Contributions towards Religious Studies in Estonia: A Historical Outline”. Temenos - Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 50:1 (2014): 137-164. https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.46254.
  • Valk, Ülo. “The Devil’s Identity: On the Problem of His Pre-Christian Prototype in Estonian Mythology,” içinde Myth and Mentality Studies in Folklore and Popular Thought, ed. Anna-Leena Siikala, 122-129. Studia Fennica, Folkloristica 8. Helsinki: Suomen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2019.
  • Yonuks, Tınno, ve Tiyna Aykas. “Darı-podnoşeniya svyaşennım mestam v Estonii i Finlyandii: Sravnitel’nıy analiz,” içinde Missiya vıpolnima. Perspektivı izuçeniya fol’klora, ed. Mare Kıyva ve Tat’yana Volodina, 19:109-48. Tartu: Nauçnoye izdatel’stvo ELM, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7592/Sator.2018.19.04.

On Estonian Traditional Beliefs

Year 2024, , 903 - 922, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1518719

Abstract

This study examines the cultural and religious similarities between the traditional beliefs of the Estonians, an ancient people of Northern Europe, and Turkic folk beliefs originating from Turkestan and Siberia. Estonian supernatural beings and rituals such as haldjas (guardian spirit), kurat (devil figure), lumememm (snow man) and Nemus (sacred groves) are compared with similar concepts in Turkish folk beliefs in order to understand them more closely and refer to the Ural-Altaic cultural heritage. The study introduces the main belief elements of ancient Estonian societies, such as ritual practices, sacred places and symbols, and points out that they share a common cultural heritage with the beliefs of the Altai Turks. It is argued that these similarities are indicative of historical and cultural interaction. The article also elaborates on the character of Estonian beliefs, which were shaped in the pre-Christian period and passed down through generations, including respect for the natural environment and underground spirits. In this context, the Estonian worldview, which regards nature as sacred, and the respect for nature spirits and ancestral spirits, has been revitalized especially by the modern Maausk movement, known as “Earth Religion.” It is thought that the nature-centered worldview of the Estonians may also be a reflection of the influence of the Turks, who serve as a bridge between the two communities, on the Ural-Altaic peoples, and by revealing these similarities, the study aims to contribute to the fields of Turkology, ethnology and History of Religions.

References

  • Arık, Durmuş. “Türk Halk İnanışlarında Örtmece ve Gerçeği Gizleme ile İlgili Uygulamalar: Doğum ve Ölüm Örneği.” Dini Araştırmalar 13:36 (2010).
  • Ballıkaya, Ahmet. “Hansa Birliği.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mersin Üniversitesi, 2018.
  • Bereczki, András. “A Short History of Estonia,” içinde The Finno-Ugric World, ed. György Nanovfszky ve Antal Bartha, 155-162. Budapest: Teleki László Foundation, 2004.
  • Berton-Reilly, Elizabeth Ann. “It Is a Living Thing: An Estonian Tradition Bearer and Supernatural Beings Called Haldjad.” Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 65 (2016): 151-172. https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2016.65.berton-reilly.
  • Erkal, Mehmet Mustafa. “Saha (Yakut) Türklerinin Geleneksel İnançları ve Diğer Dinlerle İlişkileri.” Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2023.
  • “Haldjas,” içinde [EKSS] “Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat”. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut, 2009. https://www.eki.ee/dict/ekss/index.cgi?Q=haldjas&F=M.
  • “Haldjas,” içinde Sõnaveeb. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut, 17 Şubat 2023. https://xn--snaveeb-10a.ee/search/unif/dlall/dsall/haldjas/1.
  • Harva, Uno. Altay Panteonu: Mitler, Ritüeller, İnançlar ve Tanrılar. Çev. Ömer Suveren. İstanbul: Doğu Kütüphanesi, 2015.
  • Hiiemäe, Reet. “Earth Religion, ‘Forest People’ and Environmental Disputes: A Case Study on a Pursuit for National Unity and Sustainability in Estonia,” içinde Beyond the Spirit of Bandung, ed. Frans Dokman ve Antoinette Kankindi, 2:107-26. Philosophies of National Unity: Secular or Religious? Radboud University Press, 2023. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.9474309.8.
  • Johanson, Lars; Robbeets, Martine Irma: Transeurasian Verbal Morphology in a Comparative Perspective: Genealogy, Contact, Chance -PAGE: 8. Publisher: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag (2010):1-7
  • Kerezsi, Ágnes. “The Estonians,” içinde The Finno-Ugric World, ed. György Nanovfszky ve Antal Bartha, 329-332. Budapest: Teleki László Foundation, 2004.
  • Kiviorg, Merilin. “Religion and the Secular State in Estonia,” içinde Religion and the Secular State: National Reports Issued for the Occasion of the XVIIIth Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law = La Religion et l’État Laïque: Rapports Nationaux, editör Javier Martínez-Torrón, W. Cole Durham, ve Donlu D. Thayer. Madrid: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2015.
  • Leighton, Gregory. “Literary Themes and Landscape Sacralization in the Written Evidence for the Baltic Crusades,” içinde Ideology and Holy Landscape in the Baltic Crusades, 31-64. Arc Humanities Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv32bm1sm.7.
  • Lettus, Henricus. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. Çev. James A. Brundage. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1961.
  • Loorits, Oskar. Eesti Rahvausundi Maailmavaade. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Seltsi Kırjastus, 1932.
  • Pae, Taavi, Egle Kaur, Anto Aasa, ve Rein Ahas. “The Formation and Location Features of Estonian Cemeteries.” Journal of Baltic Studies 37:3 (2006): 277-297.
  • Paulson, Ivar. The Old Estonian Folk Religion. Çeviren Juta Kõvamees Kitching ve H. Kõvamees. Uralic and Altaic Series 108. USA: Indiana University Bloomington, 1971.
  • Pomozi, Peter. “The Estonian Language,” içinde The Finno-Ugric World, ed. György Nanovfszky ve Antal Bartha, 1183-192. Budapest: Teleki László Foundation, 2004.
  • Ränk, Gustav. Old Estonia, the People and Culture. Uralic and Altaic Series 112. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1976.
  • Reynolds, Stephen. “The Baltic Psaltery and Musical Instruments of Gods and Devils.” Journal of Baltic Studies 14:1 (1983): 5-23.
  • Ringvee, Ringo. “Survival Strategies of New Religions in a Secular Consumer Society.” Nova Religio 20:3 (2017): 57-73. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2017.20.3.57.
  • Rinne, Jenni. Searching for Authentic Living through Native Faith: The Maausk Movement in Estonia. Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations 122. Huddinge: Södertörn University, 2016.
  • Saag, Lehti, Margot Laneman, Liivi Varul, Martin Malve, Heiki Valk, Maria A. Razzak, Ivan G. Shirobokov, vd. “The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers Further East.” Current Biology: CB 29:10 (2019): 1701-1711.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026.
  • Sutrop, Urmas. “Taarapita - the Great God of the Oeselians.” Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 26 (2004). https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2004.26.sutrop.
  • T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Order of the Brothers of the Sword,” içinde Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Ekim 2011. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Order-of-the-Brothers-of-the-Sword.
  • Türk Edebiyatı İsimler Sözlüğü. “ESEDÎ/RÜSVAÎ, Ali Cem Akbulut.” Erişim 28 Mayıs 2024. https://teis.yesevi.edu.tr/madde-detay/esedi-rusvai-ali-cem-akbulut.
  • Urban, William L. The Teutonic Knights: A Military History. London: Greenhill Books, 2005.
  • Urban, William L. “Victims of the Baltic Crusade.” Journal of Baltic Studies 29:3 (1998): 195-212. U.S. Air Force. “Expeditionary Culture Field Guide Estonia.” Military. United States Army NATO, 2018. https://www.usanato.army.mil/Portals/31/documents/Country%20Culture%20Field%20Guides/estonia-2018.pdf?ver=2018-08-07-090404-003.
  • Valk, Ülo. “Folkloristic Contributions towards Religious Studies in Estonia: A Historical Outline”. Temenos - Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 50:1 (2014): 137-164. https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.46254.
  • Valk, Ülo. “The Devil’s Identity: On the Problem of His Pre-Christian Prototype in Estonian Mythology,” içinde Myth and Mentality Studies in Folklore and Popular Thought, ed. Anna-Leena Siikala, 122-129. Studia Fennica, Folkloristica 8. Helsinki: Suomen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2019.
  • Yonuks, Tınno, ve Tiyna Aykas. “Darı-podnoşeniya svyaşennım mestam v Estonii i Finlyandii: Sravnitel’nıy analiz,” içinde Missiya vıpolnima. Perspektivı izuçeniya fol’klora, ed. Mare Kıyva ve Tat’yana Volodina, 19:109-48. Tartu: Nauçnoye izdatel’stvo ELM, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7592/Sator.2018.19.04.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Mustafa Erkal 0000-0003-1636-2463

Publication Date November 30, 2024
Submission Date July 18, 2024
Acceptance Date November 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

Chicago Erkal, Mehmet Mustafa. “Estonların Geleneksel İnanışları Üzerine”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 65, no. 2 (November 2024): 903-22. https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1518719.

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