Aşkın Gerçeklikler: İlahi Birlik Arayışında Mokşa ve Fenāʾ Üzerine Bir İnceleme Öz

Year 2025, Volume: 66 Issue: 2, 925 - 948, 30.11.2025

Mehmet Masatoğlu , Bayram Polat

https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1745532

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Şankaraçarya’nın yorumladığı Advaita Vedānta öğretisindeki mokşa (Kurtuluş) ile Mevlānā Celāleddīn-i Rūmī’nin açıkladığı sufi geleneğindeki fenāʾ (Benliğin Yok Oluşu) kavramlarını karşılaştırmalı olarak inceler. Araştırma, mokşa’yı, bireyin cehâletten (avidyā) kurtularak gerçek benliğin (ātman) evrensel mutlak gerçeklik Brahman ile özdeşliğinin nihai idrakine ulaşması olarak ele alır. Bu, bir tür aydınlanma ve bilgeliğe dayalı bir süreçtir. Fenāʾ ise, bireysel benliğin (ego) ilahi varlık karşısında tamamen silinmesi, adeta “yok olma” hâlidir. Bu durumda kişi ilahi özle birleşse de, Tanrı’nın özü (zât) ayrı kalır; esas olan benliğin fenāʾsıdır. Her iki kavram da bireysel kimliğin aşılmasını ve ilahi olanla derin bir bağ kurulmasını hedefler. Ancak bunu farklı yollarla tanımlar: Mokşa daha çok metafizik bir hakikatin bilgisi ve idraki üzerinden, fenāʾ ise yoğun aşk ve mistik tecrübe yoluyla ilerler. Çalışma, bu iki farklı dini geleneğin - Vedānta ve Sufizm - ilahi bağlantı arayışındaki paralel ve kesişen yollarını vurgulayarak, her ikisinin de bireysel benliğin ötesine geçerek yüce bir manevi farkındalığa ulaşma ortak amacını ortaya koyar. Felsefi tartışmalar, kutsal metin yorumları ve Rūmī gibi mutasavvıfların şiirlerinden yararlanılarak hazırlanan bu inceleme, derin manevi yolculuklara dair kapsamlı bir anlayış sunarak din çalışmaları ve karşılaştırmalı mistisizm alanlarına önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

Vedānta Mistisizmi , Sufizm , Mokşa , Fenāʾ , Şankaraçarya , Mevlānā Celāleddīn-i Rūmī.

Transcendental Realities: A Study of Mokṣa and Fanāʾ in the Search for Divine Unity

Abstract

This study presents a comparative investigation of the notions of mokṣa (Liberation) in Advaita Vedānta, as interpreted by Śaṅkarācārya, and fanāʾ (Annihilation of the Self) in Sufism, as explained by Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī. The research portrays mokṣa as the ultimate realization of the individual self’s (ātman) identity with the universal absolute reality, Brahman. This state is achieved through enlightenment and the dispelling of ignorance (avidyā), representing a profound awakening to metaphysical truth. In contrast, fanāʾ is depicted as the complete dissolution of the individual ego (nafs) in the presence of the Divine. It signifies a state of “non-existence” or annihilation, attained via intense love and mystical experience, where the seeker is effaced while the Divine Essence (Dhāt) remains distinct. Both concepts aim for transcending the individual self and establishing a profound connection with the Divine. However, they define this goal differently: Mokṣa emphasizes knowledge and realization of an underlying metaphysical unity, whereas Fanāʾ stresses the experiential path of love and surrender. The study highlights the distinct yet intersecting trajectories of these two traditions – Vedānta and Sufism – in their quest for divine union. It underscores their shared objective of moving beyond the limited individual self to attain a higher spiritual consciousness. Drawing on philosophical discourse, scriptural interpretations, and the mystical poetry of figures like Rūmī, this analysis offers a comprehensive understanding of profound spiritual journeys. It thereby contributes vital insights to the fields of religious studies and comparative mysticism.

Keywords

Mysticism Vedānta , Sufism , Mokṣa , Fanāʾ , Śaṅkarācārya , Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī.

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