Western Approaches to the Dating the Qurnic Revelation

Abstract

This work focuses on the Western approaches to dating the revelation. These attempts can be classified into two groups. Though Gustav Weil, J. Medows Rodwell, Theodor Nöldeke and Régis Blachère almost have the same orders of the surahs as that of Islamic tradition, Sir William Muir, Hartwig Hirschfeld, Richard Bell and W. Montgomery Watt have different and critical orders. This article will attempt to evaluate methods and sources of these Western approaches and discuss their role in the study of dating the Qurnic revelation

Keywords

• Tafsr, the Qurn, Dating the Qurnic Revelation, Western Approaches, Orientalist

Kur’ân Âyetlerinin Tarihlendirilmesine Batılı Yaklaşımlar

Abstract

Bu çalışmada âyet ve sûrelerin kronolojisi (tertibi) konusunda Batılı yaklaşımlar incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Bu yaklaşımları iki grupta tasnif etmek mümkündür. Gustav Weil, J. Medows Rodwell, Theodor Nöldeke ve Régis Blachère İslâm geleneğiyle uyumlu bir tertibe sahipken; Sir William Muir, Hartwig Hirschfeld, Richard Bell ve W. Montgomery Watt İslâm geleneğinden farklı ve eleştirel bir tertip uygulamışlardır. Bu tertiplerin metotları ve kaynaklarının ele alındığı bu makalede, oryantalistlerin Kur’ân ayetlerini tarihlendirme çalışmalarındaki yeri de tartışılmaktadır

Keywords

• Tefsir, Kur’ân, Âyetlerin Tarihlendirilmesi, Batılı Yaklaşımlar, Oryantalist

References

1. Ahsan, M. Manazır, “Bell, Richard,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi slam Ansiklopedisi, c. 5, ss. 423- 424.
2. Albayrak, İsmail, “Kur’ân-ı Kerim Âyetlerinin Tertibi Hakkındaki Oryantalist Söyleme Genel Bir Bakış,” Marife, 2:3 (2002), ss. 155-164.
3. Andrew Rippin, “Western Scholarship and the Qur’n,” The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’n, Andrew Rippin (ed.), Madlen: Blackwell Publishing, 2006 içinde, ss. 235- 251.
4. Bell, Richard, The Qurn: Translated, with a Critical Re-arrangement of the Surahs, 2 cilt, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1937-1939.
5. Blachère, Régis, Le Coran I, Paris: Librairie Orientale et Americaine, 1949.
6. ---------, Le Coran II, Paris: Librairie Orientale et Americaine, 1950.
7. Böwering, Gerhard, “Recent Research on the Construction of the Qurn,” The Qurn in its Historical Context, Gabriel Said Reynolds (ed.), Abingdon, Oxon: Routlegde, 2008, ss. 70-87.
8. Crone, P.; M. Cook, Hagarism, Cambridge: Cambridge Universiy Press, 1977.

9. Davutoğlu, Ahmet, “Batıdaki İslâm Çalışmaları Üzerine,” Marife, 2:3 (2002), ss. 39-52.
10. Donner, Fred M., “The Historical Context,” The Cambridge Companion to the Qurn, J. D. McAuliffe (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006 içinde, ss. 23-39.
11. -------, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing, Princeton, New Jersey: The Darwin Press, 1998.
12. Emanuel, Victor Rousseau, “Hirschfeld, Hartwig,” The Jewish Encyclopedia, c. 6, s. 420.
13. Er-Rabdâvî, Mahmûd, “Tarih Boyunca Kur’ân Tercümelerinin Amaçları ve Çeşitleri,” terc. Zafer Kızıklı, Din Bilimleri Akademik Ara t rma Dergisi, 8:3 (2008), ss. 279-290.
14. Gökkır, Bilal, Western Attitudes to the Origins of the Qur’an, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Manchester, Manchester 2002.
15. Görgün, Hilal, “Nöldeke, Theodor,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi slam Ansiklopedisi, c. 33, ss. 217- 218.
16. Gözeler, Esra, Kur’ân Âyetlerinin Tarihlendirilmesi Sorunu ve Kur’ân’a Kronolojik-Olgusal Bir Yaklaşım (1 Rebu’l-evvel–4 Rebu’l-evvel Arası),Yayımlanmamış Doktora Te- zi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara 2009.
17. Halliday, Fred, “Orientalism and Its Critics,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 20:2 (1993), ss. 145-163.
18. Herbert Berg, “Context: Muammad,” The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’n, Andrew Rippin (ed.), Madlen: Blackwell Publishing, 2006 içinde, ss. 187-204.
19. Hirschfeld, Hartwig, New Researches into the Composition and Exegesis of the Qoran, London: Royal Aisatic Society, 1902.
20. Humphreys, R. Stephen, Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Universiy Press, 1991.
21. Jacobs, Joseph, “Nöldeke, Theodor”, The Jewish Encyclopedia, c. 9, ss. 325-326.
22. Martin, Richard C., “Understanding the Qur’an in Text and Context,” History of Religions, 21:4 (1982), ss. 361-384.
23. Marx, E. O. Alber, “Weil, Gustav,” The Jewish Encyclopedia, c. 12, s. 491.
24. McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, “Preface,” Encyclopedia of the Qurn, c. 1, ss. i-ix.
25. Muir, Sir William, The Corân. Its Composition and Teaching and the Testimony it bears to the Holy Scriptures, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1896.
26. ----, The Life of Mahomet, London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1861.
27. Nagel, Tilman, “Tarihî Araştırma Konusu Olarak Kur’ân,” terc. Ali Dere, slâmî Ara t rma- lar, 9:1-4 (1996), “Kur’ân’ın Anlaşılmasında Yöntem Sorunu,” Kur’ân Özel Say s , Ömer Özsoy (ed.), (1996), ss. 54-61.
28. Nöldeke, Theodor, “The Koran,” The Origins of the Koran, Ibn Warraq (ed.), New York: Prometheus Books, 1998.
29. ---------, Geschichte des Qorans, yay. haz. Friedrich Schwally, Hildesheim-Zürich-New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2000.
30. Nuhoğlu, Hidâyet: “Blachere, Regis,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi slam Ansiklopedisi, c. 6, ss. 244-245.
31. Rippin, Andrew, “Reading the Qur’n with Richard Bell,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 112:4 (1992), ss. 639-647.
32. Robinson, Neal, Discovering the Qur’an-A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, London 1996.
33. Rodwell, John Medows, The Koran, London: Everyman’s Library, 1963.
34. Versteegh, C.H.M., Arabic Grammer&Qurnic Exegesis in Early Islam, Leiden-New York- Köln: E.J. Brill, 1993.
35. Wansbrough, John, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation, Qxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
36. --------------, The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
37. Watt, W. Montgomery, “The Dating of the Qurn: a Review of Richard Bell’s Theories,” Early Islam: Collected Articles, Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 1990.
38. ----, Bell’s Introduction to the Qurn, Edinburgh 1970.
39. ----, Companion to the Qurn, Oxford 1994.
40. ----, Hz. Muhammed’in Mekkesi, terc. Mehmet Akif Ersin, Ankara: Bilgi Vakfı Yay., 1995.
41. Weil, Gustav, “Der Qoran”, Historisch-Kritische Einleitung in den Koran, Bielefeld,1844.
42. ----, Mohammed der Prophet, Stuttgart 1843.
43. Whelan, Etselle, “Forgotten Witness: Evidence for the Early Codification of the QurƗn,” JAOS, 118:1 (1998), ss. 1-14.
44. Woodhead, Christine, “Muir, Sir William,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakf slam Ansiklopedisi, c.31, s. 94.
45. Yaşar, Hüseyin, “Aydınlanma Döneminde Batı’da Kur’ân Algısı,” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi lahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 25 (2007), ss. 95-125.