Research Article
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Religion in Adam Ferguson's Philosophy

Year 2023, Volume: 64 Issue: 2, 499 - 522, 30.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1274270

Abstract

Francis Hutcheson’s (d. 1746) idea of Christian Stoicism exerted a strong influence on Scottish moral philosophy and religion throughout the eighteenth century. Adam Ferguson (1723-1816) was one of the most enthusiastic advocates and full adherents of Hutcheson's Christian-Stoic principles. He was a respected philosopher among his contemporaries, eighteenth-century philosophers and the literate public, a philosopher who has remained in the background today. Ferguson's ideas had an undeniable influence on the next generation of intellectuals. The theological thinking of Ferguson has not been examined in detail in the article. The reason for this is that Ferguson has outlined his thoughts on these issues in general terms. It is an indisputable fact that it is “Divine Providence” and its nature that are at the base of his views and have influenced his thinking on many issues. In this study, after revealing what Ferguson's thoughts on religion are in general, details on other theological issues will be addressed his views on other theological issues such as God, His attributes, proofs of God's existence, the problem of evil, and the immortality of the soul.

References

  • Ali Çelebi, Kınalızâde. Ahlâki Alâî. haz. Mustafa Koç. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2017.
  • Allan, David. Virtue, Learning and the Scottish Enlightenment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993.
  • Bakır, Kemal. “Francis Hutcheson Ve Ahlâk Duyusu Teorisi.” Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum, 2012.
  • Broadie, Alexander. A History of Scottish Philosophy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.
  • Fagg, Jane B. “Biographical Introduction.” The Correspondence of Adam Ferguson, ed. Vincenzo Merolle, içinde xx- cxxxvi. London: William Pickering, vol. I, 1995.
  • Ferguson, Adam. Principles of Moral and Political Sciences. vol. II. Edinburgh, n.p. 1792.
  • Ferguson, Adam. Institutes of Moral Philosophy. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press (reprint A. Kincaid & J. Bell, Edinburgh, 1769), 1994.
  • Ferguson, Adam. An Essay on the History of Civil Society. ed. Fania Oz-Salzberger, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  • Ferguson, Adam. Selected Philosophical Writings. ed. Eugene Heath. United Kingdom: Imprint Academic, 2007.
  • Graham, Gordon. “Religion, Evolution and Scottish Philosophy.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 19:1 (2021): 75-89.
  • Graham, Michael F. The Blasphemies of Thomas Aikenhead: Boundaries of Belief on the Eve of the Enlightenment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008.
  • Hanley, Ryan Patrick. “Social Science And Human Flourishing: The Scottish Enlightenment and Today.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 7:1 (2009): 29–46.
  • Heath, Eugene and Vincenzo Merolle. “Introduction.” Adam Ferguson: Philosophy, Politics and Society. ed. Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle içinde 1-8. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2009.
  • Heath, Eugene. “In the Garden of God: Religion And Vigour in The Frame of Ferguson’s Thought.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 13:1 (2015): 55-74.
  • Hill, Lisa. The Passionate Society The Social, Political and Moral Thought of Adam Ferguson. Netherlands: Springer, 2006.
  • Kettler, David. Adam Ferguson: His Social and Political Thought. New York: Routladge, 2017.
  • Köktaş, Mümin. “İskoç Aydınlanması: Bir Sivil Toplum Perspektifi.” Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2010.
  • Kugler, Michael. “Adam Ferguson and Enlightened Provincial Ideology in Scotland.” Adam Ferguson: Philosophy, Politics And Society. ed. Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle, içinde 125-142. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2009.
  • Oz-Salzberger, Fania. “The political theory of the Scottish Enlightenment.” The Cambridge Companion to The Scottısh Enlıghtenment. ed. Alexander Broadie, içinde 157-177. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Reçber, Mehmet Sait. “Plantinga ve Tanrı İnancının Temelselliği.” Felsefe Dünyası 1:39 (2004): 20-41.
  • Romagosa, Alfredo. “George Turnbull, Adam Ferguson, and the Socıal Value of Knowledge.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 19:2 (2021): 125–143.
  • S. Chen, Jeng-Guo. “Providence and Progress: The Religious Dimension in Ferguson’s Discussion of Civil Society.” Adam Ferguson: History, Progress and Human Nature. ed. Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle, içinde 171-186. London: Pickerıng & Chatto, 2008.
  • Sher, Richard B. Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh (Edinburgh Classic Editions). [2 ed.], Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.
  • Smith, Craig. “The Scottish Enlightenment, Unintended Consequences and the Science of Man.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 7:1 (2009): 9–28.
  • Smith, Craig. “Adam Ferguson And The Danger Of Books.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy, 4:2 (2006): 93-109. Stewart, M. A. “Religion and Rational Theology.” The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment. ed. Alexander Broadie, içinde 31-59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • et-Teftāzānī, Saʿdudīn. El – Makâsıd/Kelam İlminin Maksatları. Çev. İrfan Eyibil. ed. Ahmet Kaylı. İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2019.
  • Taşkın, Ali. İskoç Aydınlanması. Ankara: Liberte Yayınları, 2019.

Adam Ferguson’un Felsefesinde Din

Year 2023, Volume: 64 Issue: 2, 499 - 522, 30.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1274270

Abstract

Francis Hutcheson’ın (ö. 1746) Hıristiyan Stoacılığı düşüncesi, on sekizinci yüzyıl boyunca İskoç ahlaki felsefesi ve dini üzerinde güçlü bir etki yapmıştır. Hutcheson'a ait Hıristiyan-Stoacı ilkelerin en coşkulu savunucusu ve bu ilkeleri tam olarak benimseyenlerden biri de Adam Ferguson’dur (1723-1816). Ferguson, çağdaşları olan on sekizinci yüzyıl felsefecileri ve okuryazar halk arasında saygın bir konum kazanmış olmasına rağmen günümüzde geri planda kalmış bir filozoftur. Ferguson'un fikirleri sonraki nesil entelektüeller arasında göz ardı edilemeyecek bir etkiye sahip olmuştur. Makalede Ferguson’un sahip olduğu teolojik düşünce ince ayrıntılarına kadar incelenmeyecektir. Bunun sebebi Ferguson’un bu konularda fikir belirtirken düşüncelerini genel hatları ile ortaya koymuş olmasıdır. Onun görüşlerinin temelinde olan ve birçok konudaki düşüncesini etkilemiş olan şeyin “İlahi Takdir” ve onun doğası olduğu tartışma götürmez bir gerçektir. Bu çalışmada Ferguson’un din ile ilgili düşüncelerinin genel olarak neler olduğu ortaya koyulduktan sonra Tanrı, sıfatları, Tanrı’nın varlığının delilleri, kötülük problemi, ruhun ölümsüzlüğü gibi diğer teolojik meselelerdeki detaylar ele alınacaktır.

References

  • Ali Çelebi, Kınalızâde. Ahlâki Alâî. haz. Mustafa Koç. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2017.
  • Allan, David. Virtue, Learning and the Scottish Enlightenment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993.
  • Bakır, Kemal. “Francis Hutcheson Ve Ahlâk Duyusu Teorisi.” Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum, 2012.
  • Broadie, Alexander. A History of Scottish Philosophy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.
  • Fagg, Jane B. “Biographical Introduction.” The Correspondence of Adam Ferguson, ed. Vincenzo Merolle, içinde xx- cxxxvi. London: William Pickering, vol. I, 1995.
  • Ferguson, Adam. Principles of Moral and Political Sciences. vol. II. Edinburgh, n.p. 1792.
  • Ferguson, Adam. Institutes of Moral Philosophy. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press (reprint A. Kincaid & J. Bell, Edinburgh, 1769), 1994.
  • Ferguson, Adam. An Essay on the History of Civil Society. ed. Fania Oz-Salzberger, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  • Ferguson, Adam. Selected Philosophical Writings. ed. Eugene Heath. United Kingdom: Imprint Academic, 2007.
  • Graham, Gordon. “Religion, Evolution and Scottish Philosophy.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 19:1 (2021): 75-89.
  • Graham, Michael F. The Blasphemies of Thomas Aikenhead: Boundaries of Belief on the Eve of the Enlightenment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008.
  • Hanley, Ryan Patrick. “Social Science And Human Flourishing: The Scottish Enlightenment and Today.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 7:1 (2009): 29–46.
  • Heath, Eugene and Vincenzo Merolle. “Introduction.” Adam Ferguson: Philosophy, Politics and Society. ed. Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle içinde 1-8. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2009.
  • Heath, Eugene. “In the Garden of God: Religion And Vigour in The Frame of Ferguson’s Thought.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 13:1 (2015): 55-74.
  • Hill, Lisa. The Passionate Society The Social, Political and Moral Thought of Adam Ferguson. Netherlands: Springer, 2006.
  • Kettler, David. Adam Ferguson: His Social and Political Thought. New York: Routladge, 2017.
  • Köktaş, Mümin. “İskoç Aydınlanması: Bir Sivil Toplum Perspektifi.” Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2010.
  • Kugler, Michael. “Adam Ferguson and Enlightened Provincial Ideology in Scotland.” Adam Ferguson: Philosophy, Politics And Society. ed. Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle, içinde 125-142. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2009.
  • Oz-Salzberger, Fania. “The political theory of the Scottish Enlightenment.” The Cambridge Companion to The Scottısh Enlıghtenment. ed. Alexander Broadie, içinde 157-177. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Reçber, Mehmet Sait. “Plantinga ve Tanrı İnancının Temelselliği.” Felsefe Dünyası 1:39 (2004): 20-41.
  • Romagosa, Alfredo. “George Turnbull, Adam Ferguson, and the Socıal Value of Knowledge.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 19:2 (2021): 125–143.
  • S. Chen, Jeng-Guo. “Providence and Progress: The Religious Dimension in Ferguson’s Discussion of Civil Society.” Adam Ferguson: History, Progress and Human Nature. ed. Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle, içinde 171-186. London: Pickerıng & Chatto, 2008.
  • Sher, Richard B. Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh (Edinburgh Classic Editions). [2 ed.], Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.
  • Smith, Craig. “The Scottish Enlightenment, Unintended Consequences and the Science of Man.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy 7:1 (2009): 9–28.
  • Smith, Craig. “Adam Ferguson And The Danger Of Books.” The Journal of Scottish Philosophy, 4:2 (2006): 93-109. Stewart, M. A. “Religion and Rational Theology.” The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment. ed. Alexander Broadie, içinde 31-59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • et-Teftāzānī, Saʿdudīn. El – Makâsıd/Kelam İlminin Maksatları. Çev. İrfan Eyibil. ed. Ahmet Kaylı. İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2019.
  • Taşkın, Ali. İskoç Aydınlanması. Ankara: Liberte Yayınları, 2019.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy, Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tuncay Akgün 0000-0001-9684-4766

Publication Date November 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 64 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Akgün, Tuncay. “Adam Ferguson’un Felsefesinde Din”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 64, no. 2 (November 2023): 499-522. https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1274270.