Ida’nın Dinî Bağlılık Tercihinin Dindarlık Kuramları Açısından İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 64 Issue: 2, 523 - 556, 30.11.2023

Fatma Kenevir

https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1353163

Abstract

Dindarlık olgusunu anlamaya ve açıklamaya yönelik yaklaşımların başında gelen ‘yoksunluk’, ‘rasyonel tercih’, ‘sosyalizasyon’, ‘etnik köken ve din’ ile ‘varoluşsal güvenlik’ gibi teoriler dindarlığı genellikle tek bir unsurla açıklama eğilimindedir. Bireysel farklılıklar göz önüne alındığında ise farklı bireylerin dinî tecrübeleri de farklı olabilmektedir. Din, karmaşık ve çok yönlü bir olgu olduğundan dindarlık ile ilgili tek bir kuramsal yaklaşımın dinî bağlılığın tüm biçimlerini açıklaması zordur. Farklı din algılarını yansıtabilme imkanı bakımından dini bağlılığın filmler aracılığıyla incelenmesi, konuyla ilgili yaklaşımları daha derinlemesine anlamamıza katkı sağlayabilir. Bu bağlamda yönetmenliği Paweł Pawlikowski tarafından yapılan Ida (2013) filmi 1962 Polonya’sında Yahudi soykırımı sonrası döneme mercek tutar. Film, politik ve tarihi katmanlara sahip olmakla birlikte bu çalışmada dindarlık teorileri özelinde ele alınmıştır. Nitel desende planlan bu film incelemesinde, dindarlık kuramları bağlamında dinî kimlik analizi yapılmıştır. Filmin ana karakteri olan Anna’nın (Ida) hikayesine kendilik arayışı ve dinî kimliğinin keşfi bağlamında odaklanılmıştır. Onun deneyimleyerek karar verme sürecinde ise dinî sosyalleşme, rasyonel tercih ve anlam ve aidiyet arayışı etkili olmuş ve Anna dini bağlılığı seçerek manastıra geri dönmeye karar vermiştir.

Keywords

ıda, Pawel Pawlikowski, Varoluşçuluk, Sosyal Öğrenme, Yoksunluk

Examination of Ida’s Choice of Religious Devotion in Terms of Religiosity Theories

Abstract

Approaches to understanding and explaining the phenomenon of religiosity include 'deprivation theory', 'rational choice theory', 'socialization theory', 'ethnicity and religion' and 'existential insecurity theory'. These theories frequently attempt to explain religiosity using a single factor. Because of human diversity, various individuals may have unique religious experiences. Considering that religion is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon, no single theoretical approach to religiosity can adequately explain all forms of religious commitment. In the context of movies reflecting individuals' perceptions of life, examining the perception of religiosity through film can contribute to a deeper understanding of the approaches to the subject. Pawel Pawlikowski's Ida (2013) is a movie about Poland in 1962, following the Holocaust. Although the film has political and historical layers, in this study, it was analyzed specifically in terms of theories of religiosity. In this direction, social-religious identity analysis was carried out within the framework of film analysis in qualitative design. The article is focused on the story of Anna (Ida) the main character of the film, in the context of her search for self and the discovery of her religious identity. Religious socialization, rational choice and existential pangs seem to have influenced her experiential decision-making process, and ultimately Anna decided to return to the convent.

Keywords

Ida, Paweł Pawlikowski, Existentialism, Social Learning, Deprivation, Rational Choice.

References

• Abeel, Erica. “Film Review: Cold War,” http://ericaabeel.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Film-Review_-Cold-War-_-Film-Journal-International.pdf (07.06.2023)
• Adams, Tim. “Paweł Pawlikowski: ‘My parents’ story was the matrix of all my stories’,” https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/feb/09/pawel-pawlikowski-poland-cold-war-ida (05.06.2023)
• Aldridge, Alan. “Negotiating Status: Social Scientists and Anglican Clergy.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22:1 (1993): 97–112.
• Aksu, Leyla. “Paweł Pawlikowski Filmlerinde Caz ve Varoluş” (07.06.2023) https://www.akbanksanat.com/blog/pawe-pawlikowski-filmlerinde-caz-ve-varolus
• Aslan, Halide. “Tanzimat Döneminde Dinî Değişim Halleri: İhtida-Gizli Din-Tanassur ve Osmanlı.” Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi 6:12 (2012): 55-82.
• Batson, C. Daniel; Schoenrade, Patricia; Ventis, W. Larry. Din ve Birey: Sosyal Psikolojik Bir Yaklaşım. Çev. Abdulvahap Taştan ve Ali Kuşat. 1. Baskı. Kayseri: Kimlik Yayınları, 2017.
• Batuk, Cengiz. “Din ve Müzik: Dinler Tarihi Bağlamında Din-Müzik ilişkisine Genel Bir Bakış Denemesi.” On Dokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 35 (2013):45-70.
• Baumann, Zygmunt. Cemaatler: Güvenli Olmayan Bir Dünyada Güvenlik Arayışı. Çev. Nurdan Soysal, İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2016.
• Cloninger, C. Robert. “Religious and spiritual issues in personality disorders,” in Religious and spiritual issues in psychiatric diagnosis: A research agenda for DSM-V (Eds.) John R. Peteet, Francis G. Lu, William E. Narrow. VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2011.
• Concannon, Philip. “Back in the Habit: Pawel Pawlikowski on Ida”. http://www.theskinny.co.uk/film/interviews/back-in-the-habit-pawelpawlikowski-on-ida (04.06.2023).
• Crosby, Faye. “A Model of Egoistical Relative Deprivation”. Psychological Review. 83:2 (1976): 85-113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.83.2.85.
• Czupryn, Anita. “Paweł Pawlikowski- kim jest twórca filmu "Ida"?” Google transleted: https://i.pl/pawel-pawlikowski-kim-jest-tworca-filmu-ida/ar/3767907 (03.08.2023).
• Demmrich, Sarah. “Music as a Trigger of Religious Experience: What Role Does Culture Play? Psychology of Music 48:1 (2018): 35-49.
• Diener, Ed; Tay, Louis; Myers, David G. “The Religion Paradox: If Religion Makes People Happy, Why Are So Many Dropping Out?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 101:6, (2011):1278-1290.
• Diken, Bülent ve Laustsen, Carsten B. Filmlerle Sosyoloji. Çev. Sona Ertekin, 2. Basım, İstanbul: Metis Yay., 2011. Frach, Sylwia. “The Landscape as a Silent Witness of a Fragile Memory In Paweł Pawlikowski’s 2013 Film Ida” Politeja 3:78 (2022):97-110 .
• Furseth, Inger ve Repstad, Pal. Din Sosyolojisine Giriş: Klasik ve Çağdaş Kuramlar. Çev. İhsan Çapcıoğlu ve Halil Aydınalp. Ankara: Birleşik Yayınları, 2006.
• Gordon, David and Spicker, Paul. The International Glossary on Poverty. Cape Town: IPSR Books, London: Zed Books, 1999.
• Gök, Gökhan. “Ida (2013): Kabullenme Üzerine” https://www.cinerituel.com/ida-2013-ya-sonra-kabullenme-uzerine/ (05.08.2023).
• Günay, Ünver. Din Sosyolojisi. 4. Baskı, İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2001.
• Hall, Stuart. “Who Needs ‘Identity’?” In Questions of Cultural Identity, Ed. Stuart Hall and Paul Du Gay, London: Sage Publications. 1996.
• Hamilton, Malcolm. “Rasyonel Seçim Kuramı: Bir Eleştiri.” Din Sosyolojisi: Kuram ve Yöntem, Ed. Peter B. Clarke. Çev. M. Ali Kirman, içinde 197-222. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2012.
• Hollar, Sherman. “Pawel Pawlikowski” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pawel-Pawlikowski (05.08.2023).
• Hunsberger Bruce E. “Apostasy: A Social Learning Perspective” Review of Religious Research. 25:1 (1983): 21-38.
• Hunsberger, Bruce E. "A re-examination of the Antecedents of Apostasy". Review of Religious Research. 21 (1980): 158-170.
• Jagielski, Sebastian. “Ida, Loss and Shame” Journal: Kwartalnik Filmowy, Instytut Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. (2018): 6-24.
• Neusner, Jacob “Jew and Judaist, Ethnic and Religious: How They Mix in America” In Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction edited by Craig R. Prentiss, 85-100. USA: New York University Press, 2003.
• Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide (Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
• Mataragnon, Rita H. “Modernization and Religion: Must They Move in Opposite Directions?”. Philippine Studies. 33:2 (1985): 164-175.
• Miller, Delbert C. and Salkind, Neil J. Scales Assessing Social Status. In Handbook of Research Design and Social Measurement. Ed. Thousand Oaks. 6th. CA: Sage Publications, 2002.
• Morin, Edgar. The Cinema or the Imaginary Man, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005.
• Mroz, Matilda. “Framing Loss and Figuring Grief in Pawel Pawlikowski’s Ida”. Screening the Past. 41 (2016):1-13. Kalaycı, Mehmet ve Tan, Muzaffer. "Bir 16. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Aliminin Peşinde: Zeyrekzāde Emrullāh Meḥmed Efendi ve Otobiyografik Anlatıları". Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 62 (2021): 1-90.
• Kayıklık, Hasan. “Allport’a Göre, Dinî Yaşayışa Gelişimsel Bir Açılım”. Dinî Araştırmalar. 5:13 (2003)121-138.
• Kenevir, Fatma. “Kadın Mahkûmlarda Suç ve Din Anlayışı” (Yayımlanmammış Doktora Tezi) Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi (2015).
• Kichelewski, Audrey. “Poland's Postwar Trauma and Identity in Pawel Pawlikowski's Films: Reflections on Ida and Cold War.” Central European History 53 (2020): 652 - 656.
• Longo, Gregory S. ve Kim-Spoon, Jungmeen. “What Drives Apostates and Converters? The Social and Familial”. Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 6:4 (2014): 284-291.
• Rayan, Sobhi. “Gazzâlî’nin Şüphe Metodu, Al-Ghazali’s Method of Doubt” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1:34 (2015):225-237.
• Riesebrodt, Martin. “Religion in the Modern World: Between Secularization and Resurgence”, EUI MWP LS, (2014) https://hdl.handle.net/1814/29698
• Sadowska, Malgorzata (03.08.2023). “Paweł Pawlikowski, reżyser "Idy" o Polsce, polskości i Kościele” (Google transleted) https://web.archive.org/web/20150222143224/http://kultura.newsweek.pl/ida-film-pawla-pawlikowskiego-sylwetak-rezysera-newsweek-pl,artykuly,272387,1,2.html
• Sarmış, Mustafa. Filmlerle Din Sosyolojisi: Hollywood Sineması, Sekülerleşme ve Hipergerçek Yaşam. Ankara: Eski Yeni Yayınları, 2020.
• Schafer, Thomas. Smukalla, Mario. Oelker, Sarah-Ann. “How Music Changes Our Lives: A Qualitative Study of the Long-term Effects of Intense Musical Experiences”. Psychology of Music. 42:4 (2014): 525-544.
• Skaff, Sheila. Studying Ida. E-book:Auteur Publishing, 2018. ISBN: 987-1-911325-63-5
• Stark, Rodney and Bainbridge, William Sims, The Future of Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press, Ltd., 1985.
• Stark, Rodney and Finke, Roger. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. Berkeley: University of California Pres., 2000.
• Stolz, Jörg. “Explaining Religiosity: Towards a Unified Theoretical Model”. The British Journal of Sociology 60:2 (2009): 345-376.
• Swinburne, Richard. Faith and Reason, Second edition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
• Szaniawski, Jeremi. “Benefits of the Doubt: Pawlikowski’s Ida and the taste(s) of ambiguity” (2015). https://www.academia.edu/11032531/Benefits_of_the_Doubt_Pawlikowski_s_Ida_and_the_taste_s_of_ambiguity
• Şensöz, Ali Deniz. “Pawel Pawlikowski ile Ida Üzerine”. https://altyazi.net/soylesiler/pawlikowski-soylesisi/ (12.11.2022).
• Toker, İhsan. Türkiye’de Din, Değişim ve Laiklik, Eski Yeni 10 (2008):5-13.
• Tomova, Livia. Andrews Jack L. Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne. “The Importance of Belonging and the Avoidance of Social Risk Taking in Adolescence”. Developmental Review 61 (2021): 100981.
• Vely, Yannick. (12.06.2022) https://www.parismatch.com/Culture/Cinema/Pawel-Pawlikowski-nous-raconte-Cold-War-1583186
• Vredenburgh, Steven. “Finding God in Pawlikowski’s Ida”. Religions 7:72 (2016):1-17.
• Watkins, Gregory J., 'Introduction: Teaching Religion and Film', Teaching Religion and Film, An American Academy of Religion Book (New York, 2008; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Jan. 2009).
• Winter, Jessica. “Paweł Pawlikowski: Dreaming All My Life”. In Exile Cinema: Filmmakers at Work Beyond Hollywood. Ed. M. Atkinson, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. 63-72.
• Wright. Melanie J. Religion and Film: An Introduction. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007.
• Wrong, Dennis H. “The Oversocialized Conception of Man in Modern Sociology” American Sociological Review 26: 2 (1961):183-193.
• Yenen, İbrahim. Türk Sinemasında Din Adamı Tiplemelerine Tarihsel Bir Yaklaşım Denemesi. TRT Akademi 3:5 (2018): 284-302.
• Yıldız, Mualla ve Kenevir, Fatma. “A Study on Trust in God in Juvenile Delinquents”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 62:1 (2021):169-195.
• Zalesiński, Jaroslaw. (04.08.2023) “Oscar 2015 dla "Idy" Pawła Pawlikowskiego. Kunszt i historyczne klisze https://dziennikbaltycki.pl/oscar-2015-dla-idy-pawla-pawlikowskiego-kunszt-i-historyczne-klisze-rozmowa/ar/3763353
• Zawadzki, Paul. “Nationalism, Democracy and Religion” In Revisiting Nationalism Ed. A. Dieckhoff and C. Jaffrelot. 2006.
• (04.06.2023) İda İnceleme-Gri Gökyüzünün Altındaki Lanetli, Kasvetli, Bıkkın ve Kederli Film, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04gVQasxLIk
• (04.07.2023) “Ida (2013): Ya Sonra?,” https://filmhafizasi.com/ida-2013-ya-sonra/