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Year 2025, Volume: 66 Issue: 2, 905 - 924, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1630898

Abstract

References

  • Amini, Majid. “Theological Revisionism: From God to Maximal God.” Cogito: Multidisciplinary Research Journal 8:2 (2016): 49-55.
  • Bailey, Andrew M. “Review: Maximal God: A New Defence of Perfect Being Theism by Yujin Nagasawa”. Faith and Philosophy 36:2 (2019): 275-279.
  • Beki, Münteha. Tanrı ve Mükemmellik. Ankara: İlahiyat Yayınları, 2022.
  • Bohn, Einar Duenger. “Anselmian Theism and Indefinitely Extensible Perfection.” The Philosophical Quarterly 62:249 (2012): 671-683.
  • Erkan, Fatma Somuncuoğlu. “Çoklu Evren Panteizmi ve Kötülük Problemi: Yujin Nagasawa Örneği.” TSBS Bildiriler Dergisi 4 (2024): 35-48.
  • Hasker, William. “Review: Maximal God: A New Defence of Perfect Being Theism by Yujin Nagasawa.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 86:3 (2019): 243-246.
  • Hill, Daniel J. Divinity and Maximal Greatness. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Jeffrey, Anne, Asha Lancaster-Thomas, Matyáš Moravec. “Fluctating Maximal God.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 88:3 (2020): 231-247.
  • Lancaster-Thomas, Asha. “Fluctuating Maximal God, the Problem of Inconsistent Evil, and Spacetime Changes.” Religious Studies 59 (2023): 96-108
  • Mackie, J. L. “Evil and Omnipotence.” Mind 64:254 (1955): 200-212.
  • Mann, William E. “The Divine Attributes.” American Philosophical Quarterly 12:2 (1975): 152-159.
  • Martin, Michael. “A Disproof of the God of the Common Man.” The Impossibility of God, ed. Michael Martin – Ricki Monnier, içinde 232-241. New York: Promtheus Book, 2003.
  • McCloskey, H. J. God and Evil. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974.
  • McGrath, P. J. “Evil and the Existence of a Finite God.” Analysis 46:1 (1986): 63-64.
  • Morris, Thomas V. “Perfect Being Theology.” Noûs 21:1 (1987): 19-30.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “A New Defence of Anselmian Theism.” The Philosophical Quarterly 58:233 (2008): 577-596.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “Anselmian Thesim.” Philosophy Compass 6:8 (2011): 564-571.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “The MaximalGod and the Problem of Evil.” Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities, ed. Jeanine Diller – Asa Kasher, içinde 233-244. New York: Springer, 2013.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “Models of Anselmian Theism.” Faith and Philosophy 30:1 (2013): 3-25.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “Modal Panentheism.” Alternative Concepts of God: Essays on the Metaphysics of the Divine, ed. Andrei A. Buckareff – Yujin Nagasawa, içinde 91-105. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. Maximal God: A New Defence of Perfect Being Theism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. The Problem of Evil for Ateists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024.
  • Oppy, Graham. “Perfection, Near-Perfection, Maximality, and Anselmian Theism.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 69:2 (2011): 119-138.
  • Patterson, William. “The Problem of the Distribution of Evil and a Fluctuating Maximal God.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 96 (2024): 157-165.
  • Rogers, Katherin A. Perfect Being Theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000.
  • Speaks, Jeff. “Permissible Tinkering with the Concept of God”. Topoi 36 (2017): 587-597.
  • Todd, Patrick. “The Greatest Possible Being needn’t be anything Impossible.” Religious Studies 51:4 (2015): 531-542.
  • Yanık, Musa. “Kötülük Problemi ve Ateizm: Yujin Nagasawa’da Sistematik Kötülük Problemi.” Felsefe Dünyası 73 (2021): 356-378.

Tanrı, Maksimallik ve Kötülük Problemi

Year 2025, Volume: 66 Issue: 2, 905 - 924, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1630898

Abstract

Kötülük problemi, Tanrı’nın varlığı ile kötülüğün varlığının birlikte doğru olmasının rasyonel bir temelde açıklanamayacağı iddiasına dayanır. Ancak söz konusu problem, herhangi bir Tanrı anlayışından ziyade, belirli bir Tanrı tasavvurunun benimsenmesi durumunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Klasik teistik paradigmanın merkezinde yer alan her şeyi bilen, her şeye gücü yeten ve mutlak iyi Tanrı kavramsallaştırmasının temelini, önemli ölçüde Anselm’in “kendisinden daha büyüğü düşünülemeyen varlık” formülasyonunun oluşturduğu söylenebilir. Bu tanımlama çerçevesinde Tanrı’nın, tüm mükemmel niteliklere mutlak anlamda sahip olduğu varsayılmaktadır. Yujin Nagasawa, bu tür bir mükemmellik anlayışının benimsenmesi durumunda mantıksal kötülük probleminin kaçınılmaz hale geldiğini savunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda geliştirdiği “maksimal Tanrı” anlayışıyla, klasik/Anselmci teizme yöneltilen eleştirilere alternatif bir yanıt sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Nagasawa’nın maksimal-Tanrı anlayışı Anselmci teizm bağlamında ele alınmış ve önerdiği modelin mantıksal kötülük problemine ne derece tatmin edici bir çözüm sunabileceği eleştirel bir yaklaşımla değerlendirilmiştir.

References

  • Amini, Majid. “Theological Revisionism: From God to Maximal God.” Cogito: Multidisciplinary Research Journal 8:2 (2016): 49-55.
  • Bailey, Andrew M. “Review: Maximal God: A New Defence of Perfect Being Theism by Yujin Nagasawa”. Faith and Philosophy 36:2 (2019): 275-279.
  • Beki, Münteha. Tanrı ve Mükemmellik. Ankara: İlahiyat Yayınları, 2022.
  • Bohn, Einar Duenger. “Anselmian Theism and Indefinitely Extensible Perfection.” The Philosophical Quarterly 62:249 (2012): 671-683.
  • Erkan, Fatma Somuncuoğlu. “Çoklu Evren Panteizmi ve Kötülük Problemi: Yujin Nagasawa Örneği.” TSBS Bildiriler Dergisi 4 (2024): 35-48.
  • Hasker, William. “Review: Maximal God: A New Defence of Perfect Being Theism by Yujin Nagasawa.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 86:3 (2019): 243-246.
  • Hill, Daniel J. Divinity and Maximal Greatness. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Jeffrey, Anne, Asha Lancaster-Thomas, Matyáš Moravec. “Fluctating Maximal God.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 88:3 (2020): 231-247.
  • Lancaster-Thomas, Asha. “Fluctuating Maximal God, the Problem of Inconsistent Evil, and Spacetime Changes.” Religious Studies 59 (2023): 96-108
  • Mackie, J. L. “Evil and Omnipotence.” Mind 64:254 (1955): 200-212.
  • Mann, William E. “The Divine Attributes.” American Philosophical Quarterly 12:2 (1975): 152-159.
  • Martin, Michael. “A Disproof of the God of the Common Man.” The Impossibility of God, ed. Michael Martin – Ricki Monnier, içinde 232-241. New York: Promtheus Book, 2003.
  • McCloskey, H. J. God and Evil. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974.
  • McGrath, P. J. “Evil and the Existence of a Finite God.” Analysis 46:1 (1986): 63-64.
  • Morris, Thomas V. “Perfect Being Theology.” Noûs 21:1 (1987): 19-30.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “A New Defence of Anselmian Theism.” The Philosophical Quarterly 58:233 (2008): 577-596.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “Anselmian Thesim.” Philosophy Compass 6:8 (2011): 564-571.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “The MaximalGod and the Problem of Evil.” Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities, ed. Jeanine Diller – Asa Kasher, içinde 233-244. New York: Springer, 2013.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “Models of Anselmian Theism.” Faith and Philosophy 30:1 (2013): 3-25.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “Modal Panentheism.” Alternative Concepts of God: Essays on the Metaphysics of the Divine, ed. Andrei A. Buckareff – Yujin Nagasawa, içinde 91-105. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. Maximal God: A New Defence of Perfect Being Theism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. The Problem of Evil for Ateists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024.
  • Oppy, Graham. “Perfection, Near-Perfection, Maximality, and Anselmian Theism.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 69:2 (2011): 119-138.
  • Patterson, William. “The Problem of the Distribution of Evil and a Fluctuating Maximal God.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 96 (2024): 157-165.
  • Rogers, Katherin A. Perfect Being Theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000.
  • Speaks, Jeff. “Permissible Tinkering with the Concept of God”. Topoi 36 (2017): 587-597.
  • Todd, Patrick. “The Greatest Possible Being needn’t be anything Impossible.” Religious Studies 51:4 (2015): 531-542.
  • Yanık, Musa. “Kötülük Problemi ve Ateizm: Yujin Nagasawa’da Sistematik Kötülük Problemi.” Felsefe Dünyası 73 (2021): 356-378.

God, Maximality and the Problem of Evil

Year 2025, Volume: 66 Issue: 2, 905 - 924, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1630898

Abstract

The problem of evil is based on the assertion that the coexistence of God and evil cannot be coherently justified within a rational framework. However, this problem arises not from any conception of God, but rather from the endorsement of a particular conception. The conceptualization of an omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent God, which lies at the center of the classical theistic paradigm, is significantly based on Anselm's formulation of "that than which nothing greater can be conceived." Within this framework, it is assumed that God possesses all great-making properties to the omni degree. Yujin Nagasawa argues that adoption of the omni-perfect-God renders the logical problem of evil becomes inevitable. In this regard, he aims to provide an alternative response to the criticisms directed at classical/Anselmian theism through his "maximal-God" model. This study examines Nagasawa's approach within the context of Anselmian theism and critically evaluates whether his proposed maximal-God model can offer a satisfactory solution to the logical problem of evil.

References

  • Amini, Majid. “Theological Revisionism: From God to Maximal God.” Cogito: Multidisciplinary Research Journal 8:2 (2016): 49-55.
  • Bailey, Andrew M. “Review: Maximal God: A New Defence of Perfect Being Theism by Yujin Nagasawa”. Faith and Philosophy 36:2 (2019): 275-279.
  • Beki, Münteha. Tanrı ve Mükemmellik. Ankara: İlahiyat Yayınları, 2022.
  • Bohn, Einar Duenger. “Anselmian Theism and Indefinitely Extensible Perfection.” The Philosophical Quarterly 62:249 (2012): 671-683.
  • Erkan, Fatma Somuncuoğlu. “Çoklu Evren Panteizmi ve Kötülük Problemi: Yujin Nagasawa Örneği.” TSBS Bildiriler Dergisi 4 (2024): 35-48.
  • Hasker, William. “Review: Maximal God: A New Defence of Perfect Being Theism by Yujin Nagasawa.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 86:3 (2019): 243-246.
  • Hill, Daniel J. Divinity and Maximal Greatness. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Jeffrey, Anne, Asha Lancaster-Thomas, Matyáš Moravec. “Fluctating Maximal God.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 88:3 (2020): 231-247.
  • Lancaster-Thomas, Asha. “Fluctuating Maximal God, the Problem of Inconsistent Evil, and Spacetime Changes.” Religious Studies 59 (2023): 96-108
  • Mackie, J. L. “Evil and Omnipotence.” Mind 64:254 (1955): 200-212.
  • Mann, William E. “The Divine Attributes.” American Philosophical Quarterly 12:2 (1975): 152-159.
  • Martin, Michael. “A Disproof of the God of the Common Man.” The Impossibility of God, ed. Michael Martin – Ricki Monnier, içinde 232-241. New York: Promtheus Book, 2003.
  • McCloskey, H. J. God and Evil. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974.
  • McGrath, P. J. “Evil and the Existence of a Finite God.” Analysis 46:1 (1986): 63-64.
  • Morris, Thomas V. “Perfect Being Theology.” Noûs 21:1 (1987): 19-30.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “A New Defence of Anselmian Theism.” The Philosophical Quarterly 58:233 (2008): 577-596.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “Anselmian Thesim.” Philosophy Compass 6:8 (2011): 564-571.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “The MaximalGod and the Problem of Evil.” Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities, ed. Jeanine Diller – Asa Kasher, içinde 233-244. New York: Springer, 2013.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “Models of Anselmian Theism.” Faith and Philosophy 30:1 (2013): 3-25.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. “Modal Panentheism.” Alternative Concepts of God: Essays on the Metaphysics of the Divine, ed. Andrei A. Buckareff – Yujin Nagasawa, içinde 91-105. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. Maximal God: A New Defence of Perfect Being Theism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Nagasawa, Yujin. The Problem of Evil for Ateists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024.
  • Oppy, Graham. “Perfection, Near-Perfection, Maximality, and Anselmian Theism.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 69:2 (2011): 119-138.
  • Patterson, William. “The Problem of the Distribution of Evil and a Fluctuating Maximal God.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 96 (2024): 157-165.
  • Rogers, Katherin A. Perfect Being Theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000.
  • Speaks, Jeff. “Permissible Tinkering with the Concept of God”. Topoi 36 (2017): 587-597.
  • Todd, Patrick. “The Greatest Possible Being needn’t be anything Impossible.” Religious Studies 51:4 (2015): 531-542.
  • Yanık, Musa. “Kötülük Problemi ve Ateizm: Yujin Nagasawa’da Sistematik Kötülük Problemi.” Felsefe Dünyası 73 (2021): 356-378.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy of Religion
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Münteha Beki 0000-0001-6906-3366

Publication Date November 30, 2025
Submission Date January 31, 2025
Acceptance Date November 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 66 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Beki, Münteha. “Tanrı, Maksimallik Ve Kötülük Problemi”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 66, no. 2 (November 2025): 905-24. https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1630898.