Macaristan'da Göçün Komplo Teorileri Aracılığıyla Güvenlikleştirilmesi

Year 2024, , 76 - 85, 26.11.2024

Umut Yukaruç

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1476663

Abstract

Bu çalışma Macaristan'da göçün güvenlikleştirilmesini ve bunun komplo teorileri ve popülist retorikle bağlantısını incelemektedir. Kopenhag Okulu'nun güvenlikleştirme kavramı, güvenlik sorunlarının söylem yoluyla inşa edildiğini ve belirli konuların olağanüstü önlemleri haklı çıkaracak şekilde varoluşsal tehditlere dönüştürüldüğünü öne sürmektedir. Macaristan'da Başbakan Viktor Orbán hükümeti, göçü, Macar kimliği, kültürü ve değerlerine yönelik önemli bir tehdit olarak çerçevelemiştir. Bu çerçeveleme sıklıkla, Avrupa'nın demografik ve kültürel yapısını değiştirmeye yönelik kasıtlı bir plan olduğunu iddia eden Büyük Yer Değiştirme ve Eurabia gibi komplo teorilerine dayanmaktadır. Çalışma, Orbán hükümetinin uyguladığı politikaları analiz ederek, göçün ciddi bir tehlike olarak tasvir edildiği, sınır tel örgüleri, göçmen karşıtı yasalar ve liberal ideallerle ilişkili kurumların hedef alınması gibi katı tepkileri meşrulaştıran bir model ortaya koymaktadır. Bu güvenlikleştirme süreçleri, "biz" ve "onlar" arasında bir ikilik yaratarak bölünmeyi ve korkuyu besleyen popülist ideolojilerle örtüşmektedir. Bu süreçleri anlamak için makalede güvenlikleştirme, komplo teorileri ve popülist siyaset tarzı arasındaki etkileşim tanımlanmakta ve Eurabia ve Büyük Yer Değiştirme komplo teorileri ile Orbán'ın konuşmaları incelenmektedir.

Keywords

Viktor Orbán, Popülizm, Komplo Teorileri, Güvenlikleştirme, Yasadışı Göç

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma için gerekli değil

Supporting Institution

Yok

Thanks

Yok

The Securitization of Migration in Hungary through Conspiracy Theories

Abstract

This study examines the securitization of migration in Hungary and its connection to conspiracy theories and populist rhetoric. The Copenhagen School's concept of securitization suggests that security issues are constructed through discourse, where certain topics are elevated to existential threats, justifying extraordinary measures. In Hungary, the government of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has framed migration as a significant threat to Hungarian identity, culture, and values. This framing frequently relies on conspiracy theories, such as the Great Replacement and Eurabia, which claim that there is a deliberate plan to alter the demographic and cultural makeup of Europe. The study analyses Orbán's speeches and the policies his government has implemented, demonstrating a pattern where migration is portrayed as a severe danger, legitimizing strict responses such as border fences, anti-migrant legislation, and the targeting of institutions associated with liberal ideals. These securitization processes resonate with populist ideologies that create a dichotomy between "us" and "them," fostering division and fear. To understand these processes the article defines securitization, the interplay between conspiracy theories and populist style of politics and examines the Eurabia and Great Replacement conspiracy theories and the speeches of Orbán.

Keywords

Viktor Orbán, Populism, Conspiracy Theories, Securitization, Illegal Migration

References

• About Hungary. (2017, Sep 29). Here's the Questionnaire That Allows the People to Have Their Say on the Soros Plan, https://abouthungary.hu/news-in-brief/national-consultation-on-the-soros-plan.
• Al Jazeera. (2018). What is Generation Identity?, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/10/what-is-generation-identity.
• Bayer, L. (2017, March 29). Hungary threatens Soros-financed university. Politico, https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-threatens-george-soros-financed-university-independent-institution-crackdown/.
• Beauchamp, Z. (2022, May 19). The European country where “replacement theory” reigns supreme. Vox, https://www.vox.com/2022/5/19/23123050/hungary-cpac-2022-replacement-theory.
• Beirich, H. and Via, W. (2020). Generation Identity. International White Nationalist Movement Spreading on Twitter and YouTube. Global Project Against Hate and Extremism, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Religion/Islamophobia-AntiMuslim/Civil%20Society%20or%20Individuals/GlobalProjectAgainstHateExtremism-2.pdf.
• Bilgin, P. (2010). Güvenlik Çalışmalarında Yeni Açılımlar: Yeni Güvenlik Çalışmaları. Stratejik Araştırmalar, 8(14), 69-96.
• Bíró-Nagy, A. (2022). Orbán’s Political Jackpot: Migration and the Hungarian Electorate. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(2), 405-424, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1853905.
• Bocskor, Á. (2018). Anti-Immigration Discourses in Hungary During The ‘Crisis’ Year: The Orbán Government’s ‘National Consultation’campaign Of 2015. Sociology, 52(3), 551-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518762081.
• Boffey, D. (2018, Feb 18). Orbán claims Hungary is last bastion against 'Islamisation' of Europe. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/18/Orbán-claims-hungary-is-last-bastion-against-islamisation-of-europe.
• Brauch, H. G. (2008). Güvenliğin yeniden kavramsallaştırılması: Barış, güvenlik, kalkınma ve çevre kavramsal dörtlüsü. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 5(18), 1-47.
• Brown, A. (2019, Aug 16). The Myth of Eurabia: How A Far-Right Conspiracy Theory Went Mainstream, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/16/the-myth-of-eurabia-how-a-far-right-conspiracy-theory-went-mainstream.
• Bullens, L. (2021, Nov 8). How France's ‘great replacement’ theory conquered the global far right. France 24, https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211108-how-the-french-great-replacement-theory-conquered-the-far-right.
• Buzan, B., Waever, O., & De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
• Camus, R. (2012). The great replacement. Retrieved from https://media.128ducks.com/file_store/d92a5993707de0bea0b3102d4413a84ae61ab68851f0a7193 9a0878a93ed789e.pdf.
• CBC Radio. (2020, Feb 27). How the Hungarian border fence remains a political symbol, https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/how-the-hungarian-border-fence-remains-a-political-symbol-1.5476964.
• Damhuis, K. (2019, Jul 24). “The biggest problem in the Netherlands”: Understanding the Party for Freedom’s Politicization of Islam. Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-biggest-problem-in-the-netherlands-understanding-the-party-for-freedoms-politicization-of-islam/.
• de Gruyter, C. (2024, March 27). Orbán Takes His Soros Smear Campaign on the Road, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/03/27/Orbán-soros-campaign-europe-parliament-elections/.
• De Vreese, C. H., Esser, F., Aalberg, T., Reinemann, C., & Stanyer, J. (2018). Populism as an Expression of Political Communication Content and Style: A New Perspective. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(4), 423-438.
• Dunai, M. (2018, June 21). Hungary approves 'STOP Soros' law, defying EU, rights groups. Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1JG1V0/#:~:text=BUDAPEST%20(Reuters)%20%2D%20Hungary's%20parliament,Union%20and%20human%20rights%20groups.
• Faiola, A. (2016, May 19). Austria’s right-wing populism reflects anti-Muslim platform of Donald Trump. The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/austrias-right-wing-populism-reflects-anti-migrant-anti-muslim-platform-of-donald-trump/2016/05/19/73368bbe-1c26-11e6-82c2-a7dcb313287d_story.html.
• Fenster, M. (2008). Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Ganley, E. (2022, Feb 17). Far-right French candidate makes taboo term his mantra. Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/immigration-france-paris-campaigns-religion-339dc978e924e78da71cdf4c4ca86714.
• Halhallı, B. (2023, Jan 25). Avrupa Aşırı Sağı ve Büyük İkame Teorisi (Great Replacement). EUROPolitika, https://www.europolitika.com/avrupa-asiri-sagi-ve-buyuk-ikame-teorisi-great-replacement/.
• Hawkins, K. A. (2010). Venezuela's Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
• Hernández Aguilar, L. M. (2024). Memeing a conspiracy theory: On the biopolitical compression of the great replacement conspiracy theories. Ethnography, 25(1), 76-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/14661381221146983.
• Karyotis, G., & Patrikios, S. (2010). Religion, securitization and anti-immigration attitudes: The case of Greece. Journal of Peace Research, 47(1), 43-57.
• Kovács, Z. (2018). The Hungarians unanimously reject the Soros Plan. Kormany.hu, https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/en/government-spokesperson/news/the-hungarians-unanimously-reject-the-soros-plan.
• Küçükgöçmen, A. and Solaker, G. (2018, Nov 26). Soros foundation to close in Turkey after attack by Erdogan. Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1NV1KL/.
• Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. Verso.
• Langer, A. (2021). The Eternal George Soros: The Rise of an Antisemitic and Islamophobic Conspiracy Theory. In Andreas Önnerfors and Andre Krouwel (Eds.). Europe: Continent of Conspiracies: Conspiracy Theories in and about Europe, (pp. 163-184). Routledge.
• Levy, H. (2010). The FIDESZ wins the 2/3 majority in the Hungarian Parliament, Fondation Robert Schuman, https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/monitor/1011.
• Moffitt, B. (2016). The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford University Press.
• Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
• Müller, J. W. (2016). What is Populism?. Penguin UK.
• Nardelli, A. & D’Urso, J. (2020, March 26). Italy’s Far-Right And Nationalist Leaders Are Pushing Debunked Conspiracy Theories About The Coronavirus To Millions Of Followers. BuzzFeed News, https://www.buzzfeed.com/albertonardelli/coronavirus-matteo-salvini-giorgia-meloni-conspiracy.
• Orbán, V. (2016, Mar 15). Speech by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on 15 March. Miniszterelnök, https://2015-2022.miniszterelnok.hu/speech-by-prime-minister-viktor-Orban-on-15-march/.
• Orbán, V. (2017a). Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Speech On The 61st Anniversary of the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight. Embassy of Hungary in Bern, https://bern.mfa.gov.hu/eng/news/Orban-viktor-miniszterelnoek-uennepi-beszede-az-1956-evi-forradalom-es-szabadsagharc-61-evfordulojan.
• Orbán, V. (2017b). Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on Kossuth Radio’s “180 Minutes” programme. Kormány, https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/prime-minister-viktor-Orban-on-kossuth-radio-s-180-minutes-programme-20170617.
• Orbán, V. (2018a, Mar 21). Orbán Viktor’s Ceremonial Speech on the 170th Anniversary of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. About Hungary, https://abouthungary.hu/speeches-and-remarks/Orban-viktors-ceremonial-speech-on-the-170th-anniversary-of-the-hungarian-revolution-of-1848.
• Orbán, V. (2018b, Mar 25). Interview with Viktor Orbán on the Hungarian radio programme “Sunday News”. Kormány, https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/interview-with-viktor-Orban-on-the-hungarian-radio-programme-sunday-news.
• Orbán, V. (2019, Sep 5). Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s speech at the 3rd Budapest Demographic Summit. About Hungary, https://abouthungary.hu/speeches-and-remarks/prime-minister-viktor-Orbans-speech-at-the-3rd-budapest-demographic-summit.
• Orbán, V. (2023, May 4). Speech by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán at the Opening of the CPAC Hungary Conference. About Hungary, https://abouthungary.hu/speeches-and-remarks/speech-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-at-the-opening-of-the-cpac-hungary-conference.
• Orbán, V. (2024, Apr 17). PM Orbán: The Soros Plan is Aimed at Organizing Migration. About Hungary, https://abouthungary.hu/news-in-brief/pm-Orban-the-soros-plan-is-aimed-at-organizing-migration.
• Özer, S., Güneş Gülal, A. G., & Polat, Y. K. (2023). The Rule of Law in the Grip of Populist Authoritarianism: Hungary And Poland. Politics & Policy, 51(5), 936-959, https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12554.
• Pintilescu, C. & Magyari, A. K. (2021). Soros Conspiracy Theories and the Rise of Populism in Post-Socialist Hungary and Romania. In Anastasiya Astapova et al. (Eds.) Conspiracy Theories in Eastern Europe: Tropes and Trends, (pp. 207-231). Routledge.
• Plenta, P. (2020). Conspiracy Theories as a Political Instrument: Utilization of Anti-Soros Narratives in Central Europe, Contemporary Politics, 26(5), 512-530, https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1781332.
• Political Capital Institute. (2020). Voices of Central and Eastern Europe: Hungarian Country Report, https://www.globsec.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/Voices-of-Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Country-report-Hungary.pdf.
• Sherwood, H. (2019, Feb 13). Hungary tells UK Jewish group to 'mind its own business' over antisemitism. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/13/hungary-tells-uk-jewish-group-to-mind-its-own-business-over-antisemitism.
• Spike, J. (2023, Nov 23). An anti-European Union billboard campaign in Hungary turns up tensions with the Orbán government. Associated Press News, https://apnews.com/article/hungary-anti-eu-campaign-Orbán-tensions-4e5c5d0cbc7628916e3821977cee147a.
• Taggart, P. (2018). Populism and ‘Unpolitics’ in Fitzi, G., Mackert, J., & Turner, B. (Eds.). Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Vol 1: Concepts and Theory (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315108070.
• Visnovitz, P., & Jenne, E. K. (2021). Populist Argumentation in Foreign Policy: The Case of Hungary Under Viktor Orbán, 2010–2020. Comparative European Politics, 19, 683-702. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-021-00256-3.
• Walker, S. (2018). Hungary to criminalise migrant helpers with ‘Stop Soros’ legislation. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/29/hungary-criminalises-migrant-helpers-stop-george-soros-legislation.
• Waterbury, M. A. (2020). Populist Nationalism and the Challenges of Divided Nationhood: The Politics of Migration, Mobility, and Demography in Post-2010 Hungary. East European Politics and Societies, 34(4), 962-983.
• Watson, S. D. (2012). ‘Framing’ the Copenhagen School: Integrating the literature on threat construction. Millennium, 40(2), 279-301.
• Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. Sage.
• Woods, D. (2014). The Many Faces of Populism: Diverse but not Disparate, in Dwayne Woods and Barbara Wejnert (Eds.). The Many Faces of Populism: Current Perspectives: Volume 22, pp. 1-25, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
• Yablokov, I. (2014). Pussy Riot as Agent Provocateur: Conspiracy Theories and The Media Construction of Nation Putin's Russia. Nationalities Papers, 42(4), https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.923390.
• Ye’or, B. (2005). Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
• Yukaruç, U. (2022). Aşırı-sağ terör, Komplo Teorileri ve Yeni Medya Üzerine İnceleme. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 527-546, https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1082092.