Grand Strateji Olarak Kuşak ve Yol İnsiyatifinde Arktik: Kutup İpekyolu’nun Çin-Rusya Enerji İş Birliğindeki Rolü

Year 2019, Volume: 19 , 145 - 173, 25.10.2019

Anıl Çağlar Erkan , Ayça Eminoğlu

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.632967

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Arktik son zamanlarda devletlerin dış politika stratejilerinde kendisine
daha fazla yer edinmeye başlamıştır. Kendisini “Yakın Arktik Ülkesi” olarak
tanımlayan Çin, dış politika stratejilerinde söz konusu coğrafyaya daha fazla
önem vermeye başlayan aktörlerdendir. Çin tarafından yayımlanan Beyaz Kitap,
Arktik stratejilerinin resmi dayanaklarından iken Pekin’in bölgeye atfettiği
önemin en önemli göstergesi ise Arktik politikalarının grand strateji olarak
ifade edilen Kuşak-Yol İnisiyatifi’nin tamamlayıcısı olarak ilan etmesidir.
Bölge dinamikleri ışığında Çin’in Arktik stratejilerinde işbirliği kilit rol
oynamaktadır. İşbirliği noktasında gerek sahip olduğu nitelikler gerekse son
dönemde yaşanan gelişmeler dolayısıyla Rusya, Çin için en mantıklı seçenektir.
İki taraf için kazan-kazan niteliğindeki enerji de en önemli işbirliği alanı
olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Keywords

Grand Strateji, Çin, Rusya, Enerji, Kutup İpek Yolu, Kuşak ve Yol İnisiyatifi, Arktik

As a Grand Strategy Arctic on The Belt and Road Initiative: The Role of Polar Silk Road in Sino-Russian Energy Cooperation

Abstract

Arctic has begun to gain more place in the foreign policy strategies of the
states. China which defines itself as a “Near Arctic State” is one of the
actors who started to give more importance to this geography in their foreign
policy strategies. While the White Paper which is published by China, is an
official resource of the Arctic strategies, the most important evidence of the
importance that Beijing attaches to the region is the declaration of Arctic
policies as a complement to The Belt and Road Initiative so-called “grand
strategy”. In the light of regional dynamics, cooperation plays a key role in
China's Arctic strategies. Russia is the most logical option for China because
of both the qualifications it has and the recent developments at the point of
cooperation. For both sides, win-win energy is the most important area of cooperation.

Keywords

Grand Strategy, China, Russia, Energy, Polar Silk Road, The Belt and Road Initiative, Arctic

References

• Akın, G. (2013) “Yüzyılımızın Temel Sorunlarından Biri; Buzulların Erimesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Antropoloji Dergisi, (25): 9-27.
• Alexeeva, O. ve Lasserre, F. (2018) “An Analysis on Sino-Russian Cooperation in the Arctic in the BRI Era”, Advances in Polar Sciences, 29(4): 269-282. DOI: 10.13679/j.advps.2018.4.000xx.
• Axworthy, T. S. (2019) “The Polar Silk Road”, China Today, https://www.interactioncouncil.org/media-centre/polar-silk-road, : 14-16, (erişim tarihi: 02.06.2019).
• Bennett, M. (2017) “China Plans Arctic Belt and Road Initiaves”, The Maritime Executives, https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/china-plans-arctic-belt-and-road-initiatives, (erişim tarihi: 10.07.2019).
• Blunden, M. (2009) “The New Problem Of Arctic Stability”, Survival, 51(55): 121-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330903309899.
• British Petroleum. (2018) BP Statistical Review of World Energy Report, British Petroleum.
• Büyüksağnak, Y. B. (2017) “Kuzey Buz Denizi’ndeki Gelişmelerin Çin Deniz Taşımacılığına Etkisi”, II. International Academic Research Congress (INES) Tam Metin Kitabı, 18-21 Ekim 2017 Alanya-Antalya, 1690-1697.
• Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Devlet Konseyi, (2015) “Full Text: Action Plan on the Belt and Road Initiative”, http://english.gov.cn/archive/publications/2015/03/30/content_281475080249035.htm (erişim tarihi: 30.05.2019).
• Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Devlet Konseyi, (2018) “White Paper: Full Text China’s Artic Policy”, http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.htm (erişim tarihi: 31.05.2019).
• Danner, L. K. (2018) China’s Grand Strategy: Condictory Foreign Policy?, Pelgrave Macmillan: Cham.
• Deniz Haber. (2013) “Kuzey Deniz Yolu: Buzsuz ve Korsansız”, https://www.denizhaber.net/kuzey-deniz-yolu-buzsuz-ve-korsansiz-haber-50662.htm (erişim tarihi: 31.05.2019.
• Desjardins, J. (2016) “Four Maps Showing China’s Rising Dominance in Trade”, Visual Capitalist, https://www.visualcapitalist.com/four-maps-showing-chinas-rising-dominance-trade/ (erişim tarihi: 10.07.2019).
• Durdular, A. (2016) “Çin’in Kuşak-Yol Projesi ve Türkiye-Çin İlişkilerine Etkisi”, Avrasya Etüdleri, (49/2016-1): 77-97.
• Filimonova, N. ve Krivokhizh, S. (2018) “China’s Stakes in the Russian Arctic”, https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/chinas-stakes-in-the-russian-arctic/ (erişim tarihi: 09.06.2019).
• Gümrükçü, H. (2015) “Kutup Çağının Genel Hatları”, H. Gümrükçü, N. Shulgina Şanlı, S. Demirkılınç, A. İnan, T. İlbuğa (Ed), Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı: Çatışmalar, İşbirlikleri ve Ulusal Çıkarlar, Siyasal Kitapevi, Ankara, 4-26.
• Güner, B. (2018) “OBOR Girişimi’nin Coğrafyası”, Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, (37): 112-123. DOI: 10.14781/mcd.386165.
• Güneş, (2018) “Tonga da Çin’in Kuşak-Yol Projesine Katıldı”, https://www.gunes.com/dunya/tonga-da-cinin-kusak-yol-projesine-katildi-929644 (erişim tarihi: 10.07.2019).
• Kohli, H. (2017) “Looking at China’s Belt and Road Initiative From The Central Asian Perspective”, Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 9(1–3): 3–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910117747760.
• Hasanoğlu, İ. (2015) “Kutup Çağının Genel Hatları”, H. Gümrükçü, N. Shulgina Şanlı, S. Demirkılınç, A. İnan, T. İlbuğa (Ed), Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı: Çatışmalar, İşbirlikleri ve Ulusal Çıkarlar, Siyasal Kitapevi, Ankara, 165-186
• Heininen, L., Alexander, S. ve Yarovoy, G. (2014) Russian Strategies In The Arctic: Avoiding A New Cold War, (Valdai Discussion Club Report).
• Hsiung, C. W. ve Roseth, T. (2019) “The Arctic Dimension in Sino-Russian Relations”, J. I. Bakkevold ve B. Lo (Ed.), Sino-Russian Relations in the 21st Centruy, Palgrave Macmillian, Cham, 167-187.
• Hu, W. R. (2017) “China’s One Belt One Road Strategy: Opportunity or Challange for India”, China Report, 53(2): 107-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445517696619.
• Ingenfald, E. (2010) “Just in Case Policy in the Arctic”, Arctic, 63, (2): 257-259. DOI: 10.14430/arctic989.
• International Energy Agency. (2017) “World Energy Outlook 2017: China”, https://www.iea.org/weo/china/i (erişim tarihi: 15.06.2019).
• International Sustainable Resilience Center (ISRC), (2018) “Public Pivate Partnership and The Belt and Road Initiative”, https://ippprc.org/belt-and-road-initiative (erişim tarihi: 10.07.2019).
• Kardaş, T. (2014) “Güvenlik”, Ş. Kardaş ve A. Balcı (Ed.), Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul, 325-337.
• Kassab, H. S. (2018), Grand Strategies of Weak States and Great Powers, Palgrave Macmillian, Cham.
• Kohil, H. (2018) “Looking at China’s Belt and Road Initiative From the Central Asian Perspective”, Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 9(1-3): 3-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910117747760.
• Liang, H. ve Zhang, Y. (2019) The Theoretical System of Belt and Road Initiative, People’s Publishing House ve Springer Nature Singapore, Pekin.
• Lim, K. S. (2019) China’s Arctic Policy and the Polar Silk Road Vision, (Arctic Yearbook 2018), https://arcticyearbook.com/images/yearbook/2018/Scholarly_Papers/24_AY2018_Kong.pdf (erişim tarihi: 31.05.2019).
• LNG World News, (2018) “Yamal LNG Ramps Up to Full Capacity”, https://www.lngworldnews.com/yamal-lng-ramps-up-to-full-capacity/(erişim tarihi: 09.06.2019).
• Dunford, M. ve Liu, W. (2019) “Chinese Perspectives on the Belt and Road Initiative”, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 12(1): 145-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsy032.
• Murray, W. (2011) “Thoughts on Grand Strategy”, W. Murray, R. H. Simmreich ve J. Lacey (Ed.), The Shaping of Grand Strategy: Policy, Diplomacy and War, Cambridge University Press: New York, 1-34.
• Neftegas. (2010) “Russian Novatek Will Finish the Construction of Its Yamal LNG Plant by 2018”, https://neftegaz.ru/en/news/oil/413871-russian-novatek-will-finish-the-construction-of-its-yamal-lng-plant-by-2018/ (erişim tarihi: 14.06.2019).
• Oxford Analytica. (2018) “Polar Silk Road Map”, https://dailybrief.oxan.com/g/oxweb/GI238580/2018-09-18-polar-silk-road-map_1000.png (erişim tarihi: 10.07.2019)
• Özdaşlı, E. (2015) “Çin’in Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi ve Küresel Etkileri”, Turkish Studies, 10/14: 579-596. DOI: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.8879.
• Pinchuk, D. (2013) “Rosneft to Double Oil Flows to China in $270 Billion Deal”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rosneft-china/rosneft-to-double-oil-flows-to-china-in-270-billion-deal-idUSBRE95K08820130621(erişim tarihi: 09.06 2019).
• Ploberger, C. (2017) “One Belt, One Road: China’s New Grand Strategy”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Study, 15(3): 289-305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2017.1346922.
• Research and Markets. (2019) “Research Reports on Natural Gas Import in China 2019-2023”, https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4769665/research-report-on-natural-gas-import-in-china?utm_source=GNDIY&utm_medium=PressRelease&utm_code=3txkt9&utm_campaign=1243136+-+The+Natural+Gas+Import+Market+in+China+to+2023%3a+Demand+is+Expected+to+Keep+Rising&utm_exec=joca220prd (erişim tarihi: 15.06.2019).
• Roseth, T. (2014) “Russia’s China’s Policy in the Arctic”, Strategic Analysis, 38(6): 841-859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2014.952942.
• Sağlam, M. (2018) “Çin Kutup İpek Yolu’nu Mu Bekliyor?”, https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/yazarlar/2018/01/31/cin-kutup-ipek-yolunu-mu-bekliyor/ (erişim tarihi: 03.06.2019).
• Sancak, K. (2019) “Deniz Hukukuna İlişkin Temel Egemenlik Alanları Bağlamında Arktik’teki İhtilaflı Alanlar ve Hukuki Durum”, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 23(17): 17-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.455557.
• Schmidt, B. C. (2016) “Ulusal Güvenliğin Önceliği”, S. Smith, A. Hadfield ve T. Dunne (Ed.), (Çev. N. Uslu), Dış Politika Teoriler, Aktörler, Örnek Olaylar, Röle Akademik Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 188-203.
• Scrafton, M. (2018) “Grand Strategy: All Along the Polar Silk Road”, https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/grand-strategy-along-polar-silk-road/ (erişim tarihi: 20.05.2019).
• Sergunin, A. ve Konyshev, V. (2014) “Russia in Search of Its Arctic Strategy: Between Hard and Soft Power”, The Polar Journal, 4, (1): 69-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2014.913930.
• Sevilla, H. A. J. (2017) “China’s New Silk Route Strategy and Association of the Southeast Asian Nations”, Indian Journal of Assian Affairs, 30(1-2): 85-91.
• Sheng, A. (2017) “OBOR and EuroAsia’s New Great Game”, China Report, 53(2): 232-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445517696642.
• Sorensen, C. T. N., ve Klimenko, E. (2017) “Emerging Chinese-Russian Cooperation in the Arctic”, SIPRI Policy Paper 46.
• Sputniknews. (2018) “Novatek: Arktik’teki Yamal LNG Projesindeki Üçüncü Ünite Devreye Girdi”, https://tr.sputniknews.com/rusya/201812121036598367-novatek-arktik-yamal-lng-projesi-uc-unite-hizmete-girdi/ (erişim tarihi: 09.06.2019).
• Sun, Y. (2018) “The Nothern Sea Route: The Myth of Sino-Russian Coorperation”, https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/Stimson%20-%20The%20Northern%20Sea%20Route%20-%20The%20Myth%20of%20Sino-Russian%20Cooperation.pdf (erişim tarihi: 15.06.2019).
• Şöhret, M. (2011) “Çin’in Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisi”, http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/848/-cin’in-ulusal-guvenlik-stratejisi/#.XPwtDC3BKF0 (erişim tarihi: 09.06.2019).
• Tekir, O. ve Demir, N. (2019) “Çin’in Yeni İpek Yolu Girişimi ve Küresel Ekonomik ve Siyasal Sistemi Dengeleyebilme Olasılığı”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 26(1): 263-276.
• TOTAL. (2019) “Yamal LNG: The Gas That Came in From The Cold”, https://www.total.com/en/energy-expertise/projects/oil-gas/lng/yamal-lng-cold-environment-gas (erişim tarihi: 09.06.2019).
• Uluslararası Politika Akademisi. (2017) “Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi Nedir?”, http://politikaakademisi.org/2017/12/23/yeni-ipek-yolu-projesi-nedir/ (erişim tarihi: 30.05.2019).
• Westly, E. (2007) “Arctic Land Grabs Could Cause Eco-Disaster”, http://discovermagazine.com/2007/aug/arctic-land-grabs-could-cause-eco-disaster (erişim tarihi: 31.05.2019).
• Yiğenoğlu, K. (2018) “Çin’in Tek Kuşak Tek Yol Projesi ve Asya Altyapı Yatırım Bankası”, Yönetim, Ekonomi, Edebiyat, İslami ve Politik Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1): 10-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24013/jomelips.387168.
• Young, O. (2012) “Arctic Politics in an Era of Global Change”, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 9(1): 165-178.
• Yulong, L., Linghao, K. ve Jia, L. (2016) “Yamal LNG Project and Made in China Equipment Going Globally”, China Oil and Gas, (3): 13-17.