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Minorities Confront Ethno-Religious Nationalism in an Ethnic Democracy: the Case of Georgia

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 39 - 48, 22.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1326754

Abstract

This article examines the development of ethno-religious nationalism in Georgia under the presidencies of Gamsakhurdia, Shevardnadze, and Saakashvili, with a focus on Muslim minorities. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Georgia faced numerous challenges, including ethnic conflicts, civil war, and economic unrest, which hindered the state- and nation-building efforts of the political elite. The ideological vacuum was filled by the Georgian Orthodox Church, which, in addition to its historical role in uniting Georgians, further strengthened the role of religion, resulting in the deep interweaving of ethnic and religious identities. Consequently, being ethnically Georgian and belonging to the Georgian Orthodox Church became prerequisites for being considered a “proper Georgian,” overshadowing the civil understanding required by Western liberal democracies. Based on interviews conducted in Georgia in 2016 and 2017, the study argues that Georgia operated as an ethnic democracy, posing a significant obstacle to civic integration and inclusive nation-building. Furthermore, Islam, as a minority religion associated with past “invaders” and neighboring countries, faced security-driven policies, leading to discrimination against Muslim minorities such as Adjarians, Meskhetian/Ahıska Turks, Azeris/Borchalı Turks, and Kists, who do not align with the Georgian Orthodox Church.

References

  • 10 December Report on the Situation of the Protection of the Human Rights and Freedoms in Georgia (2016). The Public Defender of Georgia. Retrieved from: http://www.ombudsman.ge/uploads/other/4/4088.pdf (Accessed: 04.04.2017)
  • Asker, A. & Öğütçü Ö.N. (2016). Borçalı Türkleri: İslam, Mezhep ve Din Temelli Sorunlar. In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 219-244). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Aydıngün, A. (2013). The ethnification and nationalisation of religion in the post-Soviet Georgian nation-state building process: a source of discrimination and minority rights violations? The International Journal of Human Rights, 17(7-8), 810-828. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2013.859136
  • Aydıngün, A. (2016). Etnik Demokrasinde Müslüman Azınlık Olmak: Yeni Başlangıçlar Mümkün mü? In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 405-424). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Aydıngün, A. (2016). Gürcistan’da Din, Kimlik ve Müslüman Din Azınlıklar. Etnik Demokrasinde Müslüman Azınlık Olmak: Yeni Başlangıçlar Mümkün mü? In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp.1-22). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Üner A. (2016). Pankisi Vadisi’nde Kistler: Selefilik, Gelenekçilik, Kimlik ve Siyaset In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 347-370). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Brubaker, R. (1995). National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External National Homelands in The New Europe, Daedalus. 124 (2), 107-132.
  • Carothers, T. (2002). The end of the transition paradigm. Journal of democracy, 13(1), 5-21.
  • Caucasus House (2016). Islam in Georgia: Policy and Integration. Research Report, Tbilisi. Retrieved from: http://regional-dialogue.com/en/islam-in-georgia-policy-and-integration/ (Accessed: 04.05.2017).
  • Chitanava, E. (2015). The Georgian Orthodox Church: National identity and political influence. In Hug, A. (Ed.) Traditional religion and political power: Examining the role of the church in Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova, (pp. 40-52). The Foreign Policy Centre (FPC). Retrieved from: https://fpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1707.pdf (Accessed: 04.05.2017).
  • Collier, D. & Levitsky S. (1997). Democracy with adjectives: Conceptual innovation in comparative research. World politics, 49 (03), 430-451. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0009
  • Diamond, L.J. (2002). Thinking about hybrid regimes. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 21-35.
  • Diatchkova, S. (2005). Ethnic democracy in Latvia. In Smooha, S. & Priit J. (Eds.) The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe. Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, European Centre for Minority Issues, (pp. 81-114). Open Society Institute, Budapest Hungary.
  • Freni, S. (2011). Georgia as an Ethnic Democracy: a Study on the Azerbaijani and Armenian Minorities under Mikheil Saakashvili, Tbilisi. Retrieved from: http://minnet.tomdelf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Georgia_as_an_Ethnic_Democracy-libre.pdf (Accessed: 04.04.2017).
  • Gotua, G. (2013). Politicians views on the issue of Meskhetian repatriation. Report of research. დეპორტირებული მესხები - წარსული და თანამედროვეობა. (pp.349-360). Tbilisi.
  • Gürsoy, H.E. & Biletska, Y. (2016). Azinlik Haklarina Kuramsal Bir Bakiş. In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 49-82). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Gürsoy, H.E. & Tulun, M. O. (2016). Post-Sovyet Gürcistan’da Azınlık Hakları: Ulusal ve Uluslararası Mevzuatö Devlet Politikası ve Resmi Görüş, In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 83-122). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Gürsoy, H.E., Katliarou, Y. (2016) Post-Sovyet Acara’da Müslüman Acaralılar: Sosyo-Ekonomik Durum ve Siyasi Katılım In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 193-218). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Järve, P. (2005). Re-Independent Estonia. In Smooha, S. & Priit J. (Eds.) The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe. Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, European Centre for Minority Issues, (pp. 60-79). Open Society Institute, Budapest Hungary.
  • Keskin, S. & Anaç, Ö. (2016). Ahıska Türklerinin 1944 Sürgünü’nden Günümüze Gürcistan’a Geri Dönüş Mücadelesi ve 2007 Kadar Dönenlerin Durumu. In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 275-294). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Matsaberidze, D. (2014). The Role of Civic Nationalism in Transformation of the Internal Ethnic Politics of Post-Soviet Georgia. ECMI Working Paper, no. 83.
  • National Concept for Tolerance and Civic Integration. (2009). Retrieved from: http://smr.gov.ge/Uploads/National_C_e557820e.pdf (Accessed: 04.05.2017).
  • Nodia, G. (Ed.). (2002). Ethnic-confessional groups and problems of civic integration in Georgia: Azeri, Javakheti Armenian and Muslim Meskhetian communities. Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi.
  • Public Opinion Survey Residents of Georgia March – April 2016 (2016). Center for Insight in Survey Research. Retrieved from: http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/georgia_2016.pdf (Accessed: 04.04.201).
  • Sabanadze, N. (2005). Georgia’s Ethnic Democracy: Source of Instability. In Smooha, S. & Priit J. (Eds.) The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe. Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, European Centre for Minority Issues, (pp. 115-138). Open Society Institute, Budapest Hungary.
  • Smith, G. (1996). The ethnic democracy thesis and the citizenship question in Estonia and Latvia. Nationalities Papers, 24(2), 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905999608408438
  • Smooha, S. (2001). “The model of ethnic democracy.” ECMI Working Paper, 13, Retrieved from: http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_13.pdf (Accessed: 04.04.2017).
  • Smooha, S. (2002). The Model of Ethnic Democracy: Israel as a Jewish and Democratic State. Nations and Nationalism, 8(4), 475-503. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8219.00062
  • Smooha, S. (2005). The Non-Emergence of a Viable Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe, In Smooha, S. & Priit J. (Eds.) The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe. Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, European Centre for Minority Issues, (pp. 241-258). Open Society Institute, Budapest Hungary.
  • State Agency on Religious Issues, http://religion.geo.gov.ge/eng/mission (Accessed: 04.04.2017).
  • The Report on The Situation of Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms in Georgia. (2016). The Public Defender of Georgia. Retrieved from: http://www.ombudsman.ge/uploads/other/4/4442.pdf (Accessed: 04.04.2017)
  • Wakizaka, K. (2019). Living as ‘North Caucasians’ in Georgia: Identity and integration in Georgia among the Ossetian and the Chechen-Kist communities. Ph.D Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara
  • Wakizaka, K. (2021a). Diaspora Kimliğinin Yönü Üzerindeki Anlaşmazlık Olarak Gürcistan’daki Çeçen-Kistlerde Tasavvuf-Selefilik Tartışması. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 28-51.
  • Wakizaka, K. (2021b). Gürcistan’daki Çeçen-Kistlerde Diaspora Kimliği ve Anayurt ile İlişkileri, In Aydın E., & Sansar M. F. (Eds.), Tarih ve Siyaset Bilimi Araştırmaları II, (pp. 197 -211) Akademisyen Yayınevi
  • Wheatley, J. (2009). Managing ethnic diversity in Georgia: one step forward, two steps back. Central Asian Survey, 28(2), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634930903034880
  • Yılmaz, A. & Öğütçü Ö.N. (2016). Borçalı Türkleri: Sosyo-Ekonomik Durum, Siyasi Katılım ve Entegrasyon. In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 245-274). Ankara: AVİM.

Azınlıkların Etnik Bir Demokraside Etno-Dini Milliyetçilikle Yüzleşmesi: Gürcistan Örneği

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 39 - 48, 22.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1326754

Abstract

Bu makale Gamsakhurdia, Şevardnadze ve Saakaşvili’nin cumhurbaşkanlıkları döneminde Gürcistan’da etnik-dini milliyetçiliğin gelişimini Müslüman azınlıklara odaklanarak incelemektedir. Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasından sonra Gürcistan, siyasi elitin devlet ve ulus inşa çabalarını engelleyen etnik çatışmalar, iç savaş ve ekonomik huzursuzluk gibi çok sayıda zorlukla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. İdeolojik boşluk Gürcü Ortodoks Kilisesi tarafından doldurulmuş ve Gürcüleri birleştirmedeki tarihi rolüne ek olarak dinin rolünü daha da güçlendirerek etnik ve dini kimliklerin derin bir şekilde iç içe geçmesine neden olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, etnik açıdan Gürcü olmak ve Gürcü Ortodoks Kilisesi’ne mensup olmak, Batılı liberal demokrasilerin gerektirdiği sivil anlayışı gölgede bırakarak “gerçek bir Gürcü” olarak kabul edilmenin ön koşulları haline gelmiştir. Gürcistan’da 2016 ve 2017 yıllarında yapılan mülakatlara dayanan bu çalışma, Gürcistan’ın etnik bir demokrasi olarak işlediğini, bunun da sivil entegrasyon ve kapsayıcı ulus inşası önünde önemli bir engel teşkil ettiğini savunmaktadır. Dahası, geçmişteki “işgalciler” ve komşu ülkelerle ilişkilendirilen bir azınlık dini olarak İslam, güvenlik odaklı politikalarla karşı karşıya kalmış ve bu da Gürcistan Ortodoks Kilisesi’ne bağlı olmayan Acaralılar, Ahıska Türkleri, Azeriler/Borçalı Türkleri ve Kistler gibi Müslüman azınlıklara karşı ayrımcılığa yol açmıştır.

References

  • 10 December Report on the Situation of the Protection of the Human Rights and Freedoms in Georgia (2016). The Public Defender of Georgia. Retrieved from: http://www.ombudsman.ge/uploads/other/4/4088.pdf (Accessed: 04.04.2017)
  • Asker, A. & Öğütçü Ö.N. (2016). Borçalı Türkleri: İslam, Mezhep ve Din Temelli Sorunlar. In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 219-244). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Aydıngün, A. (2013). The ethnification and nationalisation of religion in the post-Soviet Georgian nation-state building process: a source of discrimination and minority rights violations? The International Journal of Human Rights, 17(7-8), 810-828. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2013.859136
  • Aydıngün, A. (2016). Etnik Demokrasinde Müslüman Azınlık Olmak: Yeni Başlangıçlar Mümkün mü? In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 405-424). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Aydıngün, A. (2016). Gürcistan’da Din, Kimlik ve Müslüman Din Azınlıklar. Etnik Demokrasinde Müslüman Azınlık Olmak: Yeni Başlangıçlar Mümkün mü? In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp.1-22). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Üner A. (2016). Pankisi Vadisi’nde Kistler: Selefilik, Gelenekçilik, Kimlik ve Siyaset In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 347-370). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Brubaker, R. (1995). National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External National Homelands in The New Europe, Daedalus. 124 (2), 107-132.
  • Carothers, T. (2002). The end of the transition paradigm. Journal of democracy, 13(1), 5-21.
  • Caucasus House (2016). Islam in Georgia: Policy and Integration. Research Report, Tbilisi. Retrieved from: http://regional-dialogue.com/en/islam-in-georgia-policy-and-integration/ (Accessed: 04.05.2017).
  • Chitanava, E. (2015). The Georgian Orthodox Church: National identity and political influence. In Hug, A. (Ed.) Traditional religion and political power: Examining the role of the church in Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova, (pp. 40-52). The Foreign Policy Centre (FPC). Retrieved from: https://fpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1707.pdf (Accessed: 04.05.2017).
  • Collier, D. & Levitsky S. (1997). Democracy with adjectives: Conceptual innovation in comparative research. World politics, 49 (03), 430-451. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0009
  • Diamond, L.J. (2002). Thinking about hybrid regimes. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 21-35.
  • Diatchkova, S. (2005). Ethnic democracy in Latvia. In Smooha, S. & Priit J. (Eds.) The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe. Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, European Centre for Minority Issues, (pp. 81-114). Open Society Institute, Budapest Hungary.
  • Freni, S. (2011). Georgia as an Ethnic Democracy: a Study on the Azerbaijani and Armenian Minorities under Mikheil Saakashvili, Tbilisi. Retrieved from: http://minnet.tomdelf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Georgia_as_an_Ethnic_Democracy-libre.pdf (Accessed: 04.04.2017).
  • Gotua, G. (2013). Politicians views on the issue of Meskhetian repatriation. Report of research. დეპორტირებული მესხები - წარსული და თანამედროვეობა. (pp.349-360). Tbilisi.
  • Gürsoy, H.E. & Biletska, Y. (2016). Azinlik Haklarina Kuramsal Bir Bakiş. In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 49-82). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Gürsoy, H.E. & Tulun, M. O. (2016). Post-Sovyet Gürcistan’da Azınlık Hakları: Ulusal ve Uluslararası Mevzuatö Devlet Politikası ve Resmi Görüş, In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 83-122). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Gürsoy, H.E., Katliarou, Y. (2016) Post-Sovyet Acara’da Müslüman Acaralılar: Sosyo-Ekonomik Durum ve Siyasi Katılım In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 193-218). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Järve, P. (2005). Re-Independent Estonia. In Smooha, S. & Priit J. (Eds.) The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe. Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, European Centre for Minority Issues, (pp. 60-79). Open Society Institute, Budapest Hungary.
  • Keskin, S. & Anaç, Ö. (2016). Ahıska Türklerinin 1944 Sürgünü’nden Günümüze Gürcistan’a Geri Dönüş Mücadelesi ve 2007 Kadar Dönenlerin Durumu. In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 275-294). Ankara: AVİM.
  • Matsaberidze, D. (2014). The Role of Civic Nationalism in Transformation of the Internal Ethnic Politics of Post-Soviet Georgia. ECMI Working Paper, no. 83.
  • National Concept for Tolerance and Civic Integration. (2009). Retrieved from: http://smr.gov.ge/Uploads/National_C_e557820e.pdf (Accessed: 04.05.2017).
  • Nodia, G. (Ed.). (2002). Ethnic-confessional groups and problems of civic integration in Georgia: Azeri, Javakheti Armenian and Muslim Meskhetian communities. Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi.
  • Public Opinion Survey Residents of Georgia March – April 2016 (2016). Center for Insight in Survey Research. Retrieved from: http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/georgia_2016.pdf (Accessed: 04.04.201).
  • Sabanadze, N. (2005). Georgia’s Ethnic Democracy: Source of Instability. In Smooha, S. & Priit J. (Eds.) The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe. Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, European Centre for Minority Issues, (pp. 115-138). Open Society Institute, Budapest Hungary.
  • Smith, G. (1996). The ethnic democracy thesis and the citizenship question in Estonia and Latvia. Nationalities Papers, 24(2), 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905999608408438
  • Smooha, S. (2001). “The model of ethnic democracy.” ECMI Working Paper, 13, Retrieved from: http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_13.pdf (Accessed: 04.04.2017).
  • Smooha, S. (2002). The Model of Ethnic Democracy: Israel as a Jewish and Democratic State. Nations and Nationalism, 8(4), 475-503. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8219.00062
  • Smooha, S. (2005). The Non-Emergence of a Viable Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe, In Smooha, S. & Priit J. (Eds.) The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe. Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, European Centre for Minority Issues, (pp. 241-258). Open Society Institute, Budapest Hungary.
  • State Agency on Religious Issues, http://religion.geo.gov.ge/eng/mission (Accessed: 04.04.2017).
  • The Report on The Situation of Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms in Georgia. (2016). The Public Defender of Georgia. Retrieved from: http://www.ombudsman.ge/uploads/other/4/4442.pdf (Accessed: 04.04.2017)
  • Wakizaka, K. (2019). Living as ‘North Caucasians’ in Georgia: Identity and integration in Georgia among the Ossetian and the Chechen-Kist communities. Ph.D Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara
  • Wakizaka, K. (2021a). Diaspora Kimliğinin Yönü Üzerindeki Anlaşmazlık Olarak Gürcistan’daki Çeçen-Kistlerde Tasavvuf-Selefilik Tartışması. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 28-51.
  • Wakizaka, K. (2021b). Gürcistan’daki Çeçen-Kistlerde Diaspora Kimliği ve Anayurt ile İlişkileri, In Aydın E., & Sansar M. F. (Eds.), Tarih ve Siyaset Bilimi Araştırmaları II, (pp. 197 -211) Akademisyen Yayınevi
  • Wheatley, J. (2009). Managing ethnic diversity in Georgia: one step forward, two steps back. Central Asian Survey, 28(2), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634930903034880
  • Yılmaz, A. & Öğütçü Ö.N. (2016). Borçalı Türkleri: Sosyo-Ekonomik Durum, Siyasi Katılım ve Entegrasyon. In Aydıngün, A., Asker, A. & Şir, A.Y. (Eds.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Toplıluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset, (pp. 245-274). Ankara: AVİM.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other), European Studies, Regional Studies, Politics in International Relations
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yuliya Biletska 0000-0001-7496-1881

Early Pub Date May 22, 2024
Publication Date May 22, 2024
Submission Date July 13, 2023
Acceptance Date March 25, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Biletska, Y. (2024). Minorities Confront Ethno-Religious Nationalism in an Ethnic Democracy: the Case of Georgia. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 24(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1326754
AMA Biletska Y. Minorities Confront Ethno-Religious Nationalism in an Ethnic Democracy: the Case of Georgia. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. May 2024;24(1):39-48. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.1326754
Chicago Biletska, Yuliya. “Minorities Confront Ethno-Religious Nationalism in an Ethnic Democracy: The Case of Georgia”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 24, no. 1 (May 2024): 39-48. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1326754.
EndNote Biletska Y (May 1, 2024) Minorities Confront Ethno-Religious Nationalism in an Ethnic Democracy: the Case of Georgia. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 24 1 39–48.
IEEE Y. Biletska, “Minorities Confront Ethno-Religious Nationalism in an Ethnic Democracy: the Case of Georgia”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 39–48, 2024, doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.1326754.
ISNAD Biletska, Yuliya. “Minorities Confront Ethno-Religious Nationalism in an Ethnic Democracy: The Case of Georgia”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 24/1 (May 2024), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1326754.
JAMA Biletska Y. Minorities Confront Ethno-Religious Nationalism in an Ethnic Democracy: the Case of Georgia. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2024;24:39–48.
MLA Biletska, Yuliya. “Minorities Confront Ethno-Religious Nationalism in an Ethnic Democracy: The Case of Georgia”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 1, 2024, pp. 39-48, doi:10.25294/auiibfd.1326754.
Vancouver Biletska Y. Minorities Confront Ethno-Religious Nationalism in an Ethnic Democracy: the Case of Georgia. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2024;24(1):39-48.
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