Mezarlık Ekosistemlerinin Kentsel Isı Adaları Üzerindeki Etkileri

Abstract

Dini inanışlar gereği özel ilgi gösterilerek korunan mezarlıklar, sahip oldukları ekolojik özellikleri sebebiyle özellikle kentlerde ekosistemlerin düzenleyici servislerine katkı sağlarlar. Küresel iklim değişikliği kapsamında, bulundukları bölgenin mikro-iklimsel özelliklerini destekleyerek hava ve yüzey sıcaklıklarının dengelenmesine olanak sağlarlar. Kırsal alanlara göre daha yoğun sıcaklıkların hissedildiği kentlerde, mezarlıkların bu sıcaklık değerleri üzerindeki etkisinin sayısal değerlerle ortaya konulması çalışmanın motivasyonunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Antalya’daki bazı kentsel mezarlıkların arazi yüzey sıcaklığı üzerindeki azaltıcı etkisi uzaktan algılama ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri ile somut olarak belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, güncel ve açık erişimde olan Landsat 8 uydu görüntüleri kullanılmıştır. Görüntülere atmosferik düzeltme ön işlemleri uygulandıktan sonra ilgili mezarlıkların bitki indexi NDVI ile belirlenmiştir. Ardından arazi yüzey sıcaklığını belirlemek üzere 6 aşamalı arazi yüzey sıcaklığı (LST) algoritması uygulanmıştır. Oluşturulan NDVI ve LST görüntüleri üzerinden ArcGIS kullanılarak enine ve boyuna kesitler alınmış, bu kesit çizgisi üzerindeki her bir pixelin NDVI ve LST değerleri otomatik olarak belirlenerek karşılaştırılmış ve fark grafikleri oluşturulmuştur, doğruluk analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, yoğun bitki örtüsüne sahip mezarlıkların arazi yüzey sıcaklıkları ile yakın çevresi arasında yaklaşık 3.42°C fark olduğunu, daha düşük bitki yoğunluklu mezarlıklarda ise bu farkın azaldığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca çalışmada, Andızlı Mezarlığının çevresini soğutma etkisi 0.44°C, Uncalı Mezarlığının 0.33°C ve Kurşunlu mezarlığının ise 0.30°C olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

• Kentsel ısı adası
• Arazi yüzey sıcaklığı
• Vejetasyon indeksi
• Mezarlık ekosistemi
• Uzaktan algılama

EFFECTS OF CEMETERY ECOSYSTEMS ON URBAN HEAT ISLANDS

Abstract

Cemeteries, which are protected with special attention due to religious beliefs, contribute to the regulatory services of ecosystems, especially in cities, due to their ecological characteristics. Cemeteries, within the scope of global climate change, enable the balancing of air and surface temperatures by supporting the micro-climatic characteristics of the region they are located in. In cities where temperatures are more intense than in rural areas, the motivation of the study is to reveal the effect of cemeteries on these temperature values with numerical data. In this study, the reducing effect of some urban cemeteries in Antalya on land surface temperature was tried to be determined concretely by remote sensing and geographic information systems. For this purpose, up-to-date and open access Landsat 8 satellite images were used. After atmospheric correction pre-treatment was applied to the images, the vegetation index of the relevant cemeteries was determined by NDVI. Then, a 6-stage land surface temperature (LST) algorithm was applied to determine the land surface temperature. Cross-sections were taken from the created NDVI and LST images using ArcGIS, the NDVI and LST values of each pixel on this section line were automatically determined and compared, and difference graphs were created, and accuracy analyses were performed. The results obtained show that there is a difference of approximately 3.42°C between the land surface temperatures of the cemeteries with dense vegetation and their immediate surroundings, and this difference decreases in the cemeteries with sparse vegetation. In addition, it was concluded in the study that the cooling effect of the Andızlı Cemetery was 0.44°C, the Uncalı Cemetery was 0.33°C, and the Kurşunlu Cemetery was 0.30°C.

Keywords

• Urban heat island
• Land surface temperature
• Vegetation index
• Cemetery ecosystem
• Remote sensing

Thanks

We would like to state our appreciation to Akdeniz University, the Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Department for the contribution of the means of production and the data.

References

1. Akbari, H., 2002. Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants. Environmental pollution, 116: 119-126.
2. Akten, M., Özkartal, N., 2016. İzmir İli Soğukkuyu Mezarlığının planlama kriterleri ve peyzaj tasarımı açısından irdelenmesi. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 1(2), 9-20.
3. Angel, S., Parent, J., Civco, D. L., Blei, A., Potere, D., 2011. The dimensions of global urban expansion: Estimates and projections for all countries, 2000–2050. Progress in Planning, 75(2): 53-107.
4. Aram, F., García, E. H., Solgi, E., Mansournia, S., 2019. Urban green space cooling effect in cities. Heliyon, 5(4): e01339.
5. Ardahanlıoğlu, R.Z., Selim S, Karakuş N, Cinar İ., 2020. GIS-based approach to determine suitable settlement areas compatible with the natural environment. Journal of Environmental Science and Management 23:71–82.
6. Barrett, G. W., Barrett, T. L., 2001. Cemeteries as repositories of natural and cultural diversity. Conservation Biology, 15(6): 1820-1824.
7. Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T.M., Pullin, A.S., 2010. Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and urban planning, 97(3): 147-155.
8. Buyantuyev, A., Wu, J., 2010. Urban heat islands and landscape heterogeneity: linking spatiotemporal variations in surface temperatures to land-cover and socioeconomic patterns. Landscape ecology, 251: 17-33.

9. Chen, X. L., Zhao, H. M., Li, P. X., Yin, Z. Y., 2006. Remote sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes. Remote sensing of environment, 104(2): 133-146.
10. Çelik, M. A., 2017. Split Window Yöntemi Kullanılarak Kireçtaşı ve Bazalt Üzerinde Yeryüzeyi Sıcaklıklarının (YYS) İncelenmesi. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, (36): 120-134.
11. Çınar, İ., Karakuş, N., Ardahanlıoğlu, Z.R., Selim, S., 2015. Evaluation of the Open and Green Spaces in the Aspect of Urban Ecosystems: Case of Fethiye City, Turkey. Environment and Ecology at the Beginning of 21st Century. (Ed: Efe, R., Bizzarri, C., Cürebal, İ., and Nyusupova, G.N.) ST. Kliment Ohridski University Press, pp.398-410.
12. Çoşlu, M., Karakuş, N., Selim, S., Sönmez, N.K., 2021. Evaluation of the Relationship Between Land Use and Land Surface Temperature in Manavgat Sub-Basin. Planning, Design and Management in Landscape Archıtecture, Altuntaş Arzu, Editor, IKSAD International Publishing House, pp.3-34, 2021
13. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Van Dorland, R., 2007. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. Chapter 2. In Climate change 2007. The physical science basis.
14. Frumkin, H., McMichael, A. J., 2008. Climate change and public health: thinking, communicating, acting. American journal of preventive medicine, 35(5): 403-410.
15. Gabriel, N., 2016. “No place for wilderness”: Urban parks and the assembling of neoliberal urban environmental governance. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 19: 278-284.
16. Gill, S. E., Handley, J. F., Ennos, A. R., Pauleit, S., 2007. Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure. Built environment, 331), 115-133.
17. Grubler, A., Fisk, D., 2012. Energizing sustainable cities: assessing urban energy. First published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Haase, D., Larondelle, N., Andersson, E., Artmann, M., Borgström,
18. S., Breuste, J., Elmqvist, T., 2014. A quantitative review of urban ecosystem service assessments: concepts, models, and implementation. Ambio, 43(4): 413-433.
19. Höök, M., Tang, X., 2013. Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change—A review. Energy policy, 52: 797-809.
20. Koc, C. B., Osmond, P., Peters, A., 2018. Evaluating the cooling effects of green infrastructure: A systematic review of methods, indicators and data sources. Solar Energy, 166: 486-508.
21. Kowarik, I., Buchholz, S., Von der Lippe, M., Seitz, B., 2016. Biodiversity functions of urban cemeteries: Evidence from one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in Europe. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 19:68-78.
22. Lee Rodgers, J., Nicewander, W. A., 1988. Thirteen ways to look at the correlation coefficient. The American Statistician, 421: 59-66.
23. Leuzinger, S., Körner, C., 2007. Tree species diversity affects canopy leaf temperatures in a mature temperate forest. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 1461-2: 29-37.
24. Levermore, G., Parkinson, J., Lee, K., Laycock, P., Lindley, S., 2018. The increasing trend of the urban heat island intensity. Urban climate, 24: 360-368.
25. Liobikienė, G., Butkus, M., 2019. Scale, composition, and technique effects through which the economic growth, foreign direct investment, urbanization, and trade affect greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable Energy, 132: 1310-1322.
26. Liu, X., Bae, J., 2018. Urbanization and industrialization impact of CO2 emissions in China. Journal of cleaner production, 172: 178-186.
27. Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T.T.Y., Furqan, M., 2020. Industrialization, urbanization, and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetry analysis. Energy Reports, 6: 1553-1560.
28. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, 2022. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ANTALYA , (erişim tarihi: 27.10.2022)
29. Nielsen, A. B., Van Den Bosch, M., Maruthaveeran, S., Van den Bosch, C. K., 2014. Species richness in urban parks and its drivers: A review of empirical evidence. Urban ecosystems, 171: 305-327.
30. Norton, B. A., Coutts, A. M., Livesley, S. J., Harris, R. J., Hunter, A. M., Williams, N. S., 2015. Planning for cooler cities: A framework to prioritise green infrastructure to mitigate high temperatures in urban landscapes. Landscape and urban planning, 134: 127-138.
31. Özhancı, E., Aklıbaşında, M., 2017. Kentsel Peyzaj İçinde Mezarlıklar ve Peyzaj Mimarlığı Açısından İncelenmesi; Nevşehir Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(2), 113-124.
32. Pliberšek, L., Vrban, D., 2019. Cemeteries as cultural heritage: implementing the model of cemeteries-cultural heritage as education environment. Mednarodno inovativno poslovanje= Journal of Innovative Business and Management, 11(2): 22-31.
33. Pu, R., Landry, S., 2012. A comparative analysis of high spatial resolution IKONOS and WorldView-2 imagery for mapping urban tree species. Remote Sensing of Environment, 124: 516-533.
34. Roy, S., Byrne, J., Pickering, C., 2012. A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones. Urban forestry & urban greening, 11(4): 351-363.
35. Rugg, J., 2006. Lawn cemeteries: the emergence of a new landscape of death. Urban History, 33(2): 213-233.
36. Selim, S., Demir, N., 2018. Analysis of landscape patterns and connectivity between tree clusters derived from LIDAR data. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(5A), 3512-3520.
37. Selim, S., Demir, N., 2019. Detection of Ecological Networks and Connectivity with Analyzing Their Effects on Sustainable Urban Development. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 4 (2): 63–70.
38. Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Delgado, G. C., Dewar, D., ... & Ramaswami, A., 2014. Human settlements, infrastructure and spatial planning. In: Climate Change. Mitigation of Climate Change. IPCC Working Group III Contribution to AR5. Cambridge University Press.
39. Seto, K. C., Fragkias, M., Güneralp, B., Reilly, M. K., 2011. A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion. PloS one, 6(8): e23777.
40. Shojanoori, R., & Shafri, H. Z., 2016. Review on the use of remote sensing for urban forest monitoring. Arboric. Urban For, 42(6): 400-417.
41. Spronken-Smith, R. A., Oke, T. R., 1998. The thermal regime of urban parks in two cities with different summer climates. International journal of remote sensing, 1911: 2085-2104.
42. Tırnakçı, A., 2021. Sürdürülebilir kentsel açık-yeşil alanlar olarak mezarlıklar ve sunduğu ekosistem hizmetleri: Tarihi Seyyid Burhaneddin Mezarlığı-Kayseri. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 18-35.
43. UN Habitat., 2011. Hot cities: Battle-ground for climate change. UN Sustainable Development Goals.
44. Watkins, R., Palmer, J., Kolokotroni, M., 2007. Increased temperature and intensification of the urban heat island: Implications for human comfort and urban design. Built Environment, 331: 85-96.
45. Weng, Q., Lu, D., Schubring, J., 2004. Estimation of land surface temperature–vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote sensing of Environment, 89(4): 467-483
46. Woodthorpe, K., 2011. Sustaining the contemporary cemetery: Implementing policy alongside conflicting perspectives and purpose. Mortality, 16(3): 259-276
47. Zengin, M., Yılmaz, S., Mutlu, B. E., 2019. Mekansal Termal Konfor Açısından Atatürk Üniversitesi Yerleşkesi Termal Kamera Görüntülerinin Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 50(3): 239-24