Türkiye’de Aylık İstihdam Serisinin Durağanlığı: Geleneksel, Yapısal Kırılmalı ve Mevsimsel Birim Kök Test Uygulamaları
Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 91 - 102, 01.12.2015
Selim Yıldırım
,
Hasan Murat Ertuğrul
,
Uğur Soytaş
Öz
İstihdam gerek politika yapıcıları gerekse akademisyenler tarafından çok önemli ve yakından takip edilen bir göstergedir. İstihdam değişkeninin zaman serisi özellikleri kullanılan tahmin yöntemleri ve ekonometrik modellerin geçerliliği açısından önemli yer tutmaktadır. Bu makalede mevsimsellik gösteren bir değişken olan aylık istihdam serisinin durağanlığı, geleneksel, yapısal kırılmalı ve mevsimsel birim kök testleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Literatürde sıklıkla yapıldığı gibi serinin mevsimsellikten arındırılarak devam edildiği ya da mevsimsel birim kök testleri dışındaki birim kök testleriyle durağanlığının incelendiği durumda yanlış sonuçlara gidilebilmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda geleneksel ve yapısal kırılmalı testlerin sonuçlarının mevsimsel birim kök testleri sonuçlarıyla çeliştiği bulunmuştur. Geleneksel ve yapısal kırılmalı testlerin karışık sonuçlar verirken mevsimsel birim kök testlerine göre istihdam serisinin durağan olma eğiliminde olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sonuç Türkiye’de istihdam serisini kullanan çalışmalara, serinin durağanlık özelliklerini değerlendirme aşamasında yön gösterici rol oynayacaktır. Bu çalışma ayrıca mevsimsellik içeren serilerin durağanlık özelliklerini incelerken mevsimsel birim kök sınamalarının daha uygun olabileceğini göstermektedir.
Kaynakça
- Barışık, S. ve Kesikoğlu F. (2006). Türkiye’de Bütçe Açıklarının Temel Makroekonomik Değişkenler Üzerine Etkisi (1987-2003 VAR, Etki-Tepki Anali- zi, Varyans Ayrıştırması). Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 61(4), 59-82.
- Barışık, S., Çevik, E. İ. ve Çevik N. K. (2010). Türkiye’de Okun Yasası, Asimetri İlişkisi ve İstihdam Yarat- mayan Büyüme: Markov-Switching Yaklaşımı. Maliye Dergisi, 158, 88-102.
- Beaulieu, J. J. ve Miron J.A. (1993). Seasonal unit roots in aggregate U.S. data, Journal of Econometrics, 55, 305-328.
- Caner, M. (1998). A locally optimal seasonal unit root test, Journal of Business and Economic Statis- tics,16(3),349-356.
- Canova, F. ve Hansen B. E. (1995). Are seasonal pat- terns Constant over time? A test for seasonal stabi- lity, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 13(3), 237-252.
- Darné, O. ve Diebolt, C. (2002). A note on seasonal unit root test, Quality & Quantity, 36, 305-310.
- Dickey, D. A., Hasza, D. P., Fuller, W. (1984). Testing for unit roots in seasonal time series, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79, 355-367.
- Dickey, D. A., Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distributions of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of American Statisti- cal Association,74(366), 427-431. http://dx.doi. org/10.2307/2286348
- Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T., Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root. Econometri- ca, 64, 813-836. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171846
- Ertuğrul, H. M, Soytaş, U. (2013). Sanayi Üretim En- deksinin Durağanlık Özellikleri. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 328(28), 51-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3848/ iif.2013.328.3751
- Franses, P. H. (1990). Testing for Seasonal Unit Ro- ots in Monthly Data. Econometric Institute Report 9032A, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
- Franses, P. H. (1991). Seasonality, Non-Stationarity and the Forecasting of Monthly Time Series. Inter- national Journal of Forecasting, 7, 191-208.
- Franses, P. H. (1996). Periodicity and Stochastic Trends in Economic Time Series, New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press.
- Franses, P. H., Paap, R. (2004). Periodic Time Series Models, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Franses, P. H., Segers, R. (2010). Seasonality in Revi- sions of Macroeconomic Data, Journal of OfŞcial Statistics, 26( 2), 361–369.
- Ghysels, E., Perron P. (1993). The effect of seasonal ad- justment filters on tests for a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 55, 57–98.
- Ghysels, E., Lee, H. S., Noh J. (1994). Testing for unit roots in seasonal time series: Some theoretical ex- tensions and a Monte Carlo investigation, Journal of Econometrics, 62,425-442.
- Gujarati, D. N. (2003). Basic Econometrics. Çev. Bos- ton: McGraw-Hil Hannan, E.J. (1970). Multiple Time Series, New York:John Wiley.
- Hasza, D. P., Fuller, W. (1982). Testing for nonstatio- narity parameter specifications in seasonal time series models, Annals of Statistics, 10, 1209-1216.
- Hylleberg, S., Engle, R., Granger, C.W.J., Yoo, B.S. (1990). Seasonal integretion and co-integration, Journal of Econometrics, 44, 215-238.
- Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P., Shin Y. (1992). Testing the Hypothesis of Stationarity aga- inst the Alternative of a Unit Root: How Sure are we that Economic Time Series Have a Unit Root?, Journal of Econometrics,54, 159-178. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
- Lee, J., Strazicich M. C. (2003). Minimum LM Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics,85(4), 1082-1089. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815961
- Lopez-de-Lacalle, J. (2006). The uroot and partsm R-Packages:Some Functionalities for Time Series Analysis, UseR 2006 conference, http://www.r- project.org/user-2006/Slides/Lopez-de-Lacalle.pdf
- Mitchell, W. C. (1993). Business Cycles, Berkeley: University of California Press. https://ia600401. us.archive.org/8/items/cu31924003462680/ cu31924003462680.pdf
- Miron J.A. (1996). Economics of Seasonal Cycles, Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press.
- Ng, S., Peron P. (2001). Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power. Econometrica, 69(6), 1519–1554. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00256
- Özdemir, Z. A., Aksoy, E. (2012). Türkiye’de Makroe- konomik Değişkenler ve İstihdam Üzerindeki Et- kileri, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi. 24, 102-124.
- Phillips, P. C. B., Perron, P. (1988). Testing For A Unit Root In Time Series Regression. Biometri- ka,75(2), 335–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bio- met/75.2.335
- Polat, Ö., Uslu E. E. (2010). Türkiye İmalat Sanayin- de Dış Ticaretin İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi Ga- ziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(3), 489 -504.
- Polat, Ö., Uslu E. E. (2012). Causality between Energy Consumption, Employment and Output in Tur- key: Evidence from Monthly Data. 7th Silk Road International Conference, Proceedings,109-119.
- Şahin, A., Tansel, A., Berument M. H. (2013). Out- put–employment relationship across employment status: evidence from Turkey. Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies, 6(1), 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17520843.2012.761260
- Yıldırım S., Yıldırım Z. (2012). Reel Efektif Döviz Kuru Üzerinde Kırılmalı Birim Kök Testleri ile Türkiye için Satın Alma Gücü Paritesi Hipotezinin Geçerli- liğinin Sınanması, Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B. Der- gisi, 33(2), 221-238.
- Zivot, E., Andrews, K. (1992). Further Evidence On The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business and Eco- nomic Statistics,10(3), 251–270.
Stationarity Properties of Monthly Employment in Turkey: Conventional, Structural Break and Seasonal Unit Root Tests
Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 91 - 102, 01.12.2015
Selim Yıldırım
,
Hasan Murat Ertuğrul
,
Uğur Soytaş
Öz
Employment is an important indicator closely followed by policy makers and scholars. Time series properties of employment variable play an important role in the validity of the forecasts and econometric models. We investigated stationarity properties of monthly employment data by conventional, structural break and seasonal unit root tests. Employing seasonally adjusted employment data or investigating stationarity without accounting for seasonality may lead to wrong conclusions. Our findings show that the conventional, structural break and seasonal unit root tests contradict each other. Conventional unit root tests and unit root test with structural breaks indicate varying results; however, seasonal unit root tests show that employment data has a tendency to be stationary. This result provides insights to studies that use employment in assessing the stationarity properties of the series. This study also shows that it may be more appropriate to use seasonal unit root tests for series that contain a seasonality component.
Kaynakça
- Barışık, S. ve Kesikoğlu F. (2006). Türkiye’de Bütçe Açıklarının Temel Makroekonomik Değişkenler Üzerine Etkisi (1987-2003 VAR, Etki-Tepki Anali- zi, Varyans Ayrıştırması). Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 61(4), 59-82.
- Barışık, S., Çevik, E. İ. ve Çevik N. K. (2010). Türkiye’de Okun Yasası, Asimetri İlişkisi ve İstihdam Yarat- mayan Büyüme: Markov-Switching Yaklaşımı. Maliye Dergisi, 158, 88-102.
- Beaulieu, J. J. ve Miron J.A. (1993). Seasonal unit roots in aggregate U.S. data, Journal of Econometrics, 55, 305-328.
- Caner, M. (1998). A locally optimal seasonal unit root test, Journal of Business and Economic Statis- tics,16(3),349-356.
- Canova, F. ve Hansen B. E. (1995). Are seasonal pat- terns Constant over time? A test for seasonal stabi- lity, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 13(3), 237-252.
- Darné, O. ve Diebolt, C. (2002). A note on seasonal unit root test, Quality & Quantity, 36, 305-310.
- Dickey, D. A., Hasza, D. P., Fuller, W. (1984). Testing for unit roots in seasonal time series, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79, 355-367.
- Dickey, D. A., Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distributions of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of American Statisti- cal Association,74(366), 427-431. http://dx.doi. org/10.2307/2286348
- Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T., Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root. Econometri- ca, 64, 813-836. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171846
- Ertuğrul, H. M, Soytaş, U. (2013). Sanayi Üretim En- deksinin Durağanlık Özellikleri. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 328(28), 51-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3848/ iif.2013.328.3751
- Franses, P. H. (1990). Testing for Seasonal Unit Ro- ots in Monthly Data. Econometric Institute Report 9032A, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
- Franses, P. H. (1991). Seasonality, Non-Stationarity and the Forecasting of Monthly Time Series. Inter- national Journal of Forecasting, 7, 191-208.
- Franses, P. H. (1996). Periodicity and Stochastic Trends in Economic Time Series, New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press.
- Franses, P. H., Paap, R. (2004). Periodic Time Series Models, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Franses, P. H., Segers, R. (2010). Seasonality in Revi- sions of Macroeconomic Data, Journal of OfŞcial Statistics, 26( 2), 361–369.
- Ghysels, E., Perron P. (1993). The effect of seasonal ad- justment filters on tests for a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 55, 57–98.
- Ghysels, E., Lee, H. S., Noh J. (1994). Testing for unit roots in seasonal time series: Some theoretical ex- tensions and a Monte Carlo investigation, Journal of Econometrics, 62,425-442.
- Gujarati, D. N. (2003). Basic Econometrics. Çev. Bos- ton: McGraw-Hil Hannan, E.J. (1970). Multiple Time Series, New York:John Wiley.
- Hasza, D. P., Fuller, W. (1982). Testing for nonstatio- narity parameter specifications in seasonal time series models, Annals of Statistics, 10, 1209-1216.
- Hylleberg, S., Engle, R., Granger, C.W.J., Yoo, B.S. (1990). Seasonal integretion and co-integration, Journal of Econometrics, 44, 215-238.
- Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P., Shin Y. (1992). Testing the Hypothesis of Stationarity aga- inst the Alternative of a Unit Root: How Sure are we that Economic Time Series Have a Unit Root?, Journal of Econometrics,54, 159-178. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
- Lee, J., Strazicich M. C. (2003). Minimum LM Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics,85(4), 1082-1089. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815961
- Lopez-de-Lacalle, J. (2006). The uroot and partsm R-Packages:Some Functionalities for Time Series Analysis, UseR 2006 conference, http://www.r- project.org/user-2006/Slides/Lopez-de-Lacalle.pdf
- Mitchell, W. C. (1993). Business Cycles, Berkeley: University of California Press. https://ia600401. us.archive.org/8/items/cu31924003462680/ cu31924003462680.pdf
- Miron J.A. (1996). Economics of Seasonal Cycles, Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press.
- Ng, S., Peron P. (2001). Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power. Econometrica, 69(6), 1519–1554. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00256
- Özdemir, Z. A., Aksoy, E. (2012). Türkiye’de Makroe- konomik Değişkenler ve İstihdam Üzerindeki Et- kileri, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi. 24, 102-124.
- Phillips, P. C. B., Perron, P. (1988). Testing For A Unit Root In Time Series Regression. Biometri- ka,75(2), 335–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bio- met/75.2.335
- Polat, Ö., Uslu E. E. (2010). Türkiye İmalat Sanayin- de Dış Ticaretin İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi Ga- ziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(3), 489 -504.
- Polat, Ö., Uslu E. E. (2012). Causality between Energy Consumption, Employment and Output in Tur- key: Evidence from Monthly Data. 7th Silk Road International Conference, Proceedings,109-119.
- Şahin, A., Tansel, A., Berument M. H. (2013). Out- put–employment relationship across employment status: evidence from Turkey. Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies, 6(1), 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17520843.2012.761260
- Yıldırım S., Yıldırım Z. (2012). Reel Efektif Döviz Kuru Üzerinde Kırılmalı Birim Kök Testleri ile Türkiye için Satın Alma Gücü Paritesi Hipotezinin Geçerli- liğinin Sınanması, Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B. Der- gisi, 33(2), 221-238.
- Zivot, E., Andrews, K. (1992). Further Evidence On The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business and Eco- nomic Statistics,10(3), 251–270.