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The Covid-19 Crisis: Opportunity or Threat for Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe?

Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 805 - 826, 27.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1001658

Abstract

Starting as a public health problem, the Covid-19 pandemic has become a multi-dimensional crisis that involves various policy areas. Crises have the potential to change priorities and trigger various reflexes in any given society, including a realignment on the political spectrum. In Europe, Populist Radical Right Parties (PRRPs) were on the rise due to the previous crises in Europe. In this context, have these parties appealed more or less to voters during the pandemic? This study aims to investigate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the discourse and popular support of European PRRPs in its first year. The responses of the PRRPs of Austria, France, Germany and Italy to the pandemic and its governance are explored through leaders’ Twitter posts. Changes in popular support for the political mainstream and the PRRPs are examined through recent opinion polls. The trend of the rise of European PRRPs before the pandemic is revisited and discussed in light of the findings.

References

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  • AfD: What You Need to Know about Germany’s Far Right Party. (2019, 28 October). DW. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/afd-what-you-need-to-know-about-germanys-far-right-party/a-37208199
  • Aknur, M. and Saylan, İ. (2020). Avrupa demokrasisine yönelik güncel bir tehdit: Popülist radikal sağın yükselişi [A current threat to European democracy: The rise of populist radical right]. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18(2), 289-324. doi: 10.32450/aacd.676473
  • Albertazzi, D. and McDonnell, D. (2008). Introduction: The sceptre and the spectre. In D. Albertazzi, and D. McDonnell (Eds.), Twenty-First century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy (pp. 5-11). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Alvarez-Rivera, M. (2019, 21 October). Election resources on the internet. Retrieved from: http://electionresources.org/
  • Anti-lockdown Protesters Turn on the Police in Spain and Italy. (2020, 2 November). The Times. Retrieved from: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anti-lockdown-protesters-turn-on-the-police-in-spain-and-italy-3h2qsvjq3
  • Associated Press in Rome. (2020, 30 July). Italy's senate votes to lift Matteo Salvini's immunity from prosecution. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/30/italys-senate-votes-to-lift-matteo-salvinis-immunity-from-prosecution
  • Austria Election: Sebastian Kurz's People's Party in Convincing Win. (2019, 30 September). BBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49867930
  • Austria: Herbert Kickl Elected to Lead Far Right Freedom Party. (2021, 20 June). DW. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/austria-herbert-kickl-elected-to-lead-far-right-freedom-party/a-57971160
  • Banned Vienna Protest Against Lockdown Draws 200. (2020, 24 April), US News. Retrieved from: https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-04-24/banned-vienna-protest-against-lockdown-draws-200
  • Blais, A., Bol, D., Giani, M. and Loewen, P. (2020). The effect of COVID‐19 lockdowns on political support: Some good news for democracy?. European Journal of Political Research, 60(2), 497-505. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12401
  • Bodlos, A. and Plescia, C. (2018). The 2017 Austrian snap election: a shift rightward. West European Politics, 41(6), 1354-1363. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2018.1429057
  • Bushholz, K. (2021, 22 January). Europe stays in lockdown mode. Statista. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/chart/23330/coronavirus-restrictions-europe-map/
  • Ellinas, A. A. (2018). Media and the radical right. In J. Rydgren (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the radical right (pp. 390-410). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Connolly, K. (2020, 3 August). Berlin protests against coronavirus rules divides German leaders. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/03/berlin-protests-against-coronavirus-rules-divide-german-leaders
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  • Gehrke, L. (2021, 22 January). Germany’s far-right AfD files lawsuits to avoid Security Service surveillance. Politico. Retrieved from: https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-afd-lawsuits-against-security-service-surveillance/
  • German Court Suspends Surveillance for Far Right AfD, for Now. (2021, 5 March). DW. Retrived from: https://www.dw.com/en/german-court-suspends-surveillance-of-far-right-afd-for-now/a-56785125
  • German Police Clash with Protesters angry at Merkel’s Coronavirus Law. (2020, 18 November). Reuters. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-germany-protests-idINKBN27Y15T
  • Giuffrida, A. (2019, 20 August). Italian PM resigns with attack on ‘opportunist’ Salvini. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/20/italian-pm-expected-resign-giuseppe-conte
  • Goodwin, M.J. and Dennison J. (2018). The radical right in the United Kingdom. In J. Rydgren (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the radical right (pp. 739-769). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Health System Response Monitor. (2021). Compare countries. Retrieved 31 January, 2021, from: https://www.covid19healthsystem.org/searchandcompare.aspx
  • Henley, J. (2020, 6 July). France's new prime minister keeps key figures in reshuffled cabinet. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/06/france-new-prime-minister-jean-castex-reshuffled-cabinet-macron
  • Iniguez, G., Weizman, J., Fidanovski, K., Palowski, N. and Boucart, T. (2020, 22 April). When our loss is their gain: Covid-19 and government popularity around Europe. The New Federalist. Retrieved from: https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/when-our-loss-is-their-gain-covid-19-and-government-popularity-around?lang=fr
  • Italy Judge Rules Salvini Should not Stand Trial in Migrant Ship Case. (2021, 14 May). Reuters. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italy-judge-rules-salvini-should-not-stand-trial-migrant-ship-case-2021-05-14/
  • Kriesi, H. and Pappas, T.S. (Eds.). (2015). European populism in the shadow of great recession: Studies in political science. Colchester: ECPR Press.
  • Lardieri, A. (2020, 17 November). Austria enters national lockdown after seeing record Coronavirus cases. US News. Retrieved from: https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2020-11-17/austria-enters-second-national-lockdown-after-seeing-record-coronavirus-cases
  • Most Germans on board with coronavirus lockdown. (2020, 16 December). DW. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/most-germans-on-board-with-coronavirus-lockdown/a-55965289
  • Mudde, C. (2017). Populism: An ideational approach. In Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Taggart, P., Espejo, P.O. and Ostiguy, P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 27-47). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mudde, C. and Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Murray, S. (2017, 28 June). The "rally-'round-the-flag" phenomenon and the diversionary use of force. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Retrieved from: https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-518. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.518
  • Osborne, S. (2021, 27 January). Italian prime minister Giuseppe Conte resigns in tactical bid to form new coalition. The Independent. Retrieved from: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italy-prime-minister-giuseppe-conte-resigns-b1793100.html
  • Öner, S. (2014). Different manifestations of the rise of far-right in European politics: The cases of Germany and Austria. Marmara Journal of European Studies, 22(2), 85-106. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maruaad/issue/349/1863
  • Poli, M.D. (2016). Contemporary populism and the economic crisis in Western Europe. Baltic Journal of Political Science, 5, 40-52. doi: 10.15388/BJPS.2016.5.10335
  • Politico (2021a). How POLITICO poll of polls tracks polling trends across Europe. Retrieved from: https://www.politico.eu/article/how-politico-poll-of-polls-tracks-polling-trends-across-europe/
  • Politico (2021b). Poll of polls. Retrieved from: https://www.politico.eu/europe-poll-of-polls/
  • Thousands protest in Vienna as far-right march on COVID measures banned. (2021, 31 January). Reuters. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-austria-demo-idUSKBN2A00K5
  • Tondo, L. (2020, October 2). Matteo Salvini goes on trial over migrant kidnapping charges. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/02/matteo-salvini-set-to-be-tried-over-migrant-kidnapping-charges-italy
  • Top Macron Ally Bayrou quits French government. (2017, 21 June). BBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40351918
  • Tournier-Sol, K. (2020). From UKIP to the Brexit party: The politicization of European integration and disruptive impact on national and European arenas. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 29(3), 380-390. doi: 10.1080/14782804.2020.1785849
  • Turner, E. (2013). The 5 Star Movement and its discontents: A tale of blogging, comedy, electoral success and tensions. Interface, 5(2), 178-212. Retrieved from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-5-Star-Movement-and-its-discontents-%3A-A-tale-of-Turner/0e902c899cdf92a4c92df658526ccb36db096dfc
  • van Kessel, S. (2015). Populist parties in Europe: Agents of discontent?. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Vasipoulou, S. (2011). European integration and the radical right: Three patterns of opposition. Government and Opposition, 46(2), 223-244. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2020.01337.x
  • Verbeek, B. and Zaslove, A. (2017). Populism and foreign policy. In Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Taggart, P., Espejo, P.O. and Ostiguy, P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 384-405). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Weyland, K. (2017). Populism: a political-strategic approach. In Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Taggart, P., Espejo, P.O. and Ostiguy, P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 48-72). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Woods, E. T., Schertzer, R., Greenfeld, L. Hughes, C. and Miller-Idriss, C. (2020). COVID-19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange. Nations and Nationalism, 26(4), 807-825. doi: 10.1111/nana.12644.
  • World Health Organization. (2021a). COVID-19 situation in the WHO European region. Retrieved 31 January, 2021, from: https://who.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/ead3c6475654481ca51c248d52ab9c61
  • World Health Organization. (2021b). WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Retrieved 31 January, 2021, from: https://covid19.who.int/#
Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 805 - 826, 27.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1001658

Abstract

References

  • 2020: A Year of Protests and Civil Disobedience. (2020, 28 December). France24. Retrieved from: https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20201228-2020-a-year-of-dissent-and-civil-disobedience
  • AfD: What You Need to Know about Germany’s Far Right Party. (2019, 28 October). DW. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/afd-what-you-need-to-know-about-germanys-far-right-party/a-37208199
  • Aknur, M. and Saylan, İ. (2020). Avrupa demokrasisine yönelik güncel bir tehdit: Popülist radikal sağın yükselişi [A current threat to European democracy: The rise of populist radical right]. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18(2), 289-324. doi: 10.32450/aacd.676473
  • Albertazzi, D. and McDonnell, D. (2008). Introduction: The sceptre and the spectre. In D. Albertazzi, and D. McDonnell (Eds.), Twenty-First century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy (pp. 5-11). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Alvarez-Rivera, M. (2019, 21 October). Election resources on the internet. Retrieved from: http://electionresources.org/
  • Anti-lockdown Protesters Turn on the Police in Spain and Italy. (2020, 2 November). The Times. Retrieved from: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anti-lockdown-protesters-turn-on-the-police-in-spain-and-italy-3h2qsvjq3
  • Associated Press in Rome. (2020, 30 July). Italy's senate votes to lift Matteo Salvini's immunity from prosecution. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/30/italys-senate-votes-to-lift-matteo-salvinis-immunity-from-prosecution
  • Austria Election: Sebastian Kurz's People's Party in Convincing Win. (2019, 30 September). BBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49867930
  • Austria: Herbert Kickl Elected to Lead Far Right Freedom Party. (2021, 20 June). DW. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/austria-herbert-kickl-elected-to-lead-far-right-freedom-party/a-57971160
  • Banned Vienna Protest Against Lockdown Draws 200. (2020, 24 April), US News. Retrieved from: https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-04-24/banned-vienna-protest-against-lockdown-draws-200
  • Blais, A., Bol, D., Giani, M. and Loewen, P. (2020). The effect of COVID‐19 lockdowns on political support: Some good news for democracy?. European Journal of Political Research, 60(2), 497-505. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12401
  • Bodlos, A. and Plescia, C. (2018). The 2017 Austrian snap election: a shift rightward. West European Politics, 41(6), 1354-1363. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2018.1429057
  • Bushholz, K. (2021, 22 January). Europe stays in lockdown mode. Statista. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/chart/23330/coronavirus-restrictions-europe-map/
  • Ellinas, A. A. (2018). Media and the radical right. In J. Rydgren (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the radical right (pp. 390-410). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Connolly, K. (2020, 3 August). Berlin protests against coronavirus rules divides German leaders. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/03/berlin-protests-against-coronavirus-rules-divide-german-leaders
  • European Commission. (2021). A recovery plan for Europe. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/recovery-plan-europe_en
  • European Observatory against Disinformation. (2021, 11 November). The three common threads that link anti-lockdown protests in Europe’. Retrieved from: https://www.disinfobservatory.org/the-three-common-threads-that-link-anti-lockdown-protests-in-europe/
  • European Parliament. (2021). 2019 European election results. Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/en/tools/comparative-tool/
  • Eurostat. (2021a). Covid-19: Economy. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/covid-19/economy
  • Eurostat. (2021b). Covid-19: Society and work. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/covid-19/society-work
  • Eurozone Budget Deficits Rise Nearly Tenfold to Counter Covid-19 Pandemic. (2020, 19 October). Business Standard. Retrieved from: https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/eurozone-budget-deficits-rise-nearly-tenfold-to-counter-covid-19-pandemic-120101901410_1.html
  • Gehrke, L. (2021, 22 January). Germany’s far-right AfD files lawsuits to avoid Security Service surveillance. Politico. Retrieved from: https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-afd-lawsuits-against-security-service-surveillance/
  • German Court Suspends Surveillance for Far Right AfD, for Now. (2021, 5 March). DW. Retrived from: https://www.dw.com/en/german-court-suspends-surveillance-of-far-right-afd-for-now/a-56785125
  • German Police Clash with Protesters angry at Merkel’s Coronavirus Law. (2020, 18 November). Reuters. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-germany-protests-idINKBN27Y15T
  • Giuffrida, A. (2019, 20 August). Italian PM resigns with attack on ‘opportunist’ Salvini. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/20/italian-pm-expected-resign-giuseppe-conte
  • Goodwin, M.J. and Dennison J. (2018). The radical right in the United Kingdom. In J. Rydgren (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the radical right (pp. 739-769). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Health System Response Monitor. (2021). Compare countries. Retrieved 31 January, 2021, from: https://www.covid19healthsystem.org/searchandcompare.aspx
  • Henley, J. (2020, 6 July). France's new prime minister keeps key figures in reshuffled cabinet. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/06/france-new-prime-minister-jean-castex-reshuffled-cabinet-macron
  • Iniguez, G., Weizman, J., Fidanovski, K., Palowski, N. and Boucart, T. (2020, 22 April). When our loss is their gain: Covid-19 and government popularity around Europe. The New Federalist. Retrieved from: https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/when-our-loss-is-their-gain-covid-19-and-government-popularity-around?lang=fr
  • Italy Judge Rules Salvini Should not Stand Trial in Migrant Ship Case. (2021, 14 May). Reuters. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italy-judge-rules-salvini-should-not-stand-trial-migrant-ship-case-2021-05-14/
  • Kriesi, H. and Pappas, T.S. (Eds.). (2015). European populism in the shadow of great recession: Studies in political science. Colchester: ECPR Press.
  • Lardieri, A. (2020, 17 November). Austria enters national lockdown after seeing record Coronavirus cases. US News. Retrieved from: https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2020-11-17/austria-enters-second-national-lockdown-after-seeing-record-coronavirus-cases
  • Most Germans on board with coronavirus lockdown. (2020, 16 December). DW. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/most-germans-on-board-with-coronavirus-lockdown/a-55965289
  • Mudde, C. (2017). Populism: An ideational approach. In Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Taggart, P., Espejo, P.O. and Ostiguy, P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 27-47). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mudde, C. and Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Murray, S. (2017, 28 June). The "rally-'round-the-flag" phenomenon and the diversionary use of force. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Retrieved from: https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-518. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.518
  • Osborne, S. (2021, 27 January). Italian prime minister Giuseppe Conte resigns in tactical bid to form new coalition. The Independent. Retrieved from: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italy-prime-minister-giuseppe-conte-resigns-b1793100.html
  • Öner, S. (2014). Different manifestations of the rise of far-right in European politics: The cases of Germany and Austria. Marmara Journal of European Studies, 22(2), 85-106. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maruaad/issue/349/1863
  • Poli, M.D. (2016). Contemporary populism and the economic crisis in Western Europe. Baltic Journal of Political Science, 5, 40-52. doi: 10.15388/BJPS.2016.5.10335
  • Politico (2021a). How POLITICO poll of polls tracks polling trends across Europe. Retrieved from: https://www.politico.eu/article/how-politico-poll-of-polls-tracks-polling-trends-across-europe/
  • Politico (2021b). Poll of polls. Retrieved from: https://www.politico.eu/europe-poll-of-polls/
  • Thousands protest in Vienna as far-right march on COVID measures banned. (2021, 31 January). Reuters. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-austria-demo-idUSKBN2A00K5
  • Tondo, L. (2020, October 2). Matteo Salvini goes on trial over migrant kidnapping charges. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/02/matteo-salvini-set-to-be-tried-over-migrant-kidnapping-charges-italy
  • Top Macron Ally Bayrou quits French government. (2017, 21 June). BBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40351918
  • Tournier-Sol, K. (2020). From UKIP to the Brexit party: The politicization of European integration and disruptive impact on national and European arenas. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 29(3), 380-390. doi: 10.1080/14782804.2020.1785849
  • Turner, E. (2013). The 5 Star Movement and its discontents: A tale of blogging, comedy, electoral success and tensions. Interface, 5(2), 178-212. Retrieved from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-5-Star-Movement-and-its-discontents-%3A-A-tale-of-Turner/0e902c899cdf92a4c92df658526ccb36db096dfc
  • van Kessel, S. (2015). Populist parties in Europe: Agents of discontent?. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Vasipoulou, S. (2011). European integration and the radical right: Three patterns of opposition. Government and Opposition, 46(2), 223-244. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2020.01337.x
  • Verbeek, B. and Zaslove, A. (2017). Populism and foreign policy. In Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Taggart, P., Espejo, P.O. and Ostiguy, P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 384-405). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Weyland, K. (2017). Populism: a political-strategic approach. In Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Taggart, P., Espejo, P.O. and Ostiguy, P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 48-72). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Woods, E. T., Schertzer, R., Greenfeld, L. Hughes, C. and Miller-Idriss, C. (2020). COVID-19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange. Nations and Nationalism, 26(4), 807-825. doi: 10.1111/nana.12644.
  • World Health Organization. (2021a). COVID-19 situation in the WHO European region. Retrieved 31 January, 2021, from: https://who.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/ead3c6475654481ca51c248d52ab9c61
  • World Health Organization. (2021b). WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Retrieved 31 January, 2021, from: https://covid19.who.int/#
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sevgi Çilingir This is me

Publication Date September 27, 2021
Submission Date April 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 21 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Çilingir, S. (2021). The Covid-19 Crisis: Opportunity or Threat for Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe?. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(3), 805-826. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1001658

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