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Türkiye'de Enflasyon, Faiz ve Döviz Kurları Arasındaki Doğrusal Olmayan İlişkiler: Fourier Tabanlı Bir Yaklaşım

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 103 - 128, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1589696

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin enflasyon, faiz oranı ve döviz kuru arasındaki uzun vadeli ilişkilerini, yapısal kırılmaları ve doğrusal olmayan eğilimleri dikkate alan Fourier tabanlı ekonometrik teknikler kullanarak incelemektedir. Geleneksel yöntemler, Türkiye gibi yüksek volatiliteye sahip gelişmekte olan ekonomilerin karmaşıklığını yakalamakta yetersiz kalmaktadır; bu ekonomilerde dış şoklar ve yapısal değişiklikler önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Çalışmada, bu dinamikleri ele almak için Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller ve Fourier-Johansen eşbütünleşme testleri uygulanmıştır ve Türkiye'nin ekonomik değişkenlerinin daha ayrıntılı bir şekilde analizi sağlanmıştır. Bulgularımız, döviz kuru ile enflasyon arasında güçlü ve pozitif bir uzun vadeli ilişki olduğunu göstermekte ve döviz kuru dalgalanmalarının yurtiçi fiyat seviyeleri üzerindeki kritik etkisini vurgulamaktadır. Buna karşın, faiz oranlarının enflasyon üzerindeki doğrudan etkisi daha zayıf kalmakta, bu da para politikası ayarlamalarının gerekli olmakla birlikte enflasyonu kontrol etmekte tek başına yeterli olmayabileceğini göstermektedir. FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR yöntemleri kullanılarak yapılan eşbütünleşme regresyon analizleri, bu ilişkileri desteklemekte ve enflasyonist baskıları azaltmak için döviz kuru istikrarına yönelik politikaların önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin ekonomik yapısını daha esnek ve doğru bir şekilde anlamayı sağlayan Fourier tabanlı yöntemlerin uygulanması yoluyla literatüre katkı sunmakta ve dış bağımlılıkların enflasyon risklerini artırdığı diğer gelişmekte olan ülkeler için de değerli politika içgörüleri sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akgül, I., & Özdemir, S. (2018). Enflasyon-Faiz Oranı ve Enflasyon-Döviz Kuru İkilemi: GEG Programı Döneminde Türkiye Gerçeği. Ege Academic Review, 18(1).
  • Asab, N., Cuestas, J. C. and Montagnoli, A. (2018). Inflation targeting or exchange rate targeting: Which framework supports the goal of price stability in emerging market economies? PLoS ONE, 13(8), e0201798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201798
  • Baktemur, F. I. (2021). Enflasyon ile faiz oranları arasındaki doğrusal olmayan nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(42), 1147-1158.
  • Bari, B. (2020). Exchange Rate and Import Price Pass-Through in Turkey. Business and Economics Research Journal, 11, 609–620. https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2020.272
  • Broock, W. A., Scheinkman, J. A., Dechert, W. D. and LeBaron, B. (1996). A test for independence based on the correlation dimension. Econometric Reviews, 15(3), 197–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474939608800353
  • Cabral, R., Carneiro, F. and Mollick, A. (2016). Inflation targeting and exchange rate volatility in emerging markets. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 605–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-018-1478-8
  • Capasso, S., Napolitano, O., and Viveros Jiménez, A. L. (2019). The long-run interrelationship between exchange rate and interest rate: the case of Mexico. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(7), 1380–1397. https://doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2019-0176
  • Cassel, G. (1916). The present situation of the foreign exchanges. The Economic Journal, 26(103), 319–323. https://doi.org/10.2307/2221918
  • Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. (2004). Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr
  • Çatık, A. N., & Karaalp, H. S. (2010). The Dynamics of Inflation and Exchange Rate Pass-Through in Turkey. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 1(3), 96–105
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.2307/2286348
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517
  • Doğan, B., Eroğlu, Ö., & Değer, O. (2016). Enflasyon ve faiz oranı arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 405-425.
  • Dornbusch, R. (1976). Expectations and exchange rate dynamics. Journal of Political Economy, 84(6), 1161-1176. https://doi.org/10.1086/260506
  • Enders, W., and Lee, J.. (2012). A unit root test using a Fourier series to approximate smooth breaks*. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 574–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00662.x
  • Fama, E. F. (1981). Stock returns, real activity, inflation, and money. The American Economic Review, 71(4), 545-565. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1806180
  • Fisher, I. (1930). The theory of interest. New York: Macmillan
  • Gregory, A. W., and Hansen, B. E. (1996). Tests for cointegration in models with regime and trend shifts. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 58(3), 555–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1468-0084.1996.MP58003008.X
  • Ibrahim, M. H. and Sukmana, R. (2023). Monetary policy and exchange rate in a large emerging economy. Global Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509231198659
  • Investing.com. (2024). Türkiye 2-year bond yield historical data. Retrieved from https://tr.investing.com/rates-bonds/turkey-2-year-bond-yield-historical-data
  • İşcan, H. & Durgun Kaygısız, A. (2019). Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru, Enflasyon ve Faiz Oranı İlişkisi: 2009-2017 Uygulaması. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (17), 581-604.
  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551–1580. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938278
  • Kara, H., and Öğünç, F. (2008). Inflation targeting and exchange rate pass-through: The Turkish experience. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 44(6), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.2753/REE1540-496X440604
  • Kara, H. and Dede, Y. (2023). The relationship between exchange rate volatility and inflation in Turkey. Pressacademia. http://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1701
  • Karahan, Ö., & Çolak, O. (2017). Enflasyon Hedeflemeli Rejim Altinda Türkiye Ekonomisinde Faiz Orani ve Döviz Kuru İlişkisi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(13), 983-991.
  • Karaoğlu, N., & Kılıçkaplan, S. (2018). Döviz Kurunun Yurt İçi Fiyatlara Geçiş Etkisinin Yumuşak Geçişli Regresyon Modeliyle Tahmini. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 3(3), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.465635
  • Konak, A., & Peçe, M. A. (2023). Türkiye’de Faiz Oranı, Enflasyon Oranı ve Döviz Kuru Arasindaki Nedensellik Analizi. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 27(1), 171-186.
  • Küçük, E., & Dereli, D. D. (2021). Türkiye’de faiz oranı ile döviz kuru i̇lişkisinin analizi (2003-2020). Journal of Life Economics, 8(2), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.8.2.05
  • Mishkin, F. S. (1992). Is the Fisher effect for real? A reexamination of the relationship between inflation and interest rates. Journal of Monetary Economics, 30(2), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(92)90060-F
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş., Gormus, A. and Soytaş, U. (2018). Oil prices and monetary policy in emerging markets: Structural shifts in causal linkages. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 55(2), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1434072
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2021). TSPDLIB: GAUSS Time Series and Panel Data Methods (Version 2.0) [Source code]. Retrieved from https://github.com/aptech/tspdlib
  • Ozdogan, Z. (2022). An Analysis of Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Domestic Prices: Evidence from Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics. https://doi.org/10.17015/ejbe.2022.029.05
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951679
  • Pascalau, R., Lee, J., Nazlioglu, S., and Lu, Y. (Olivia). (2022). Johansen‐type cointegration tests with a Fourier function. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 43(5), 828–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsa.12640
  • Phillips, P. C. B. and Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.2307/2336182
  • Phillips, P. C. B. and Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297545
  • Sahin, B. and Dereli, D. (2019). An evaluation on inflation in Turkey after 1980 and the analysis of relationship between inflation, interest rate, and exchange rate. Pressacademia. https://doi.org/10.17261/pressacademia.2019.1111
  • Sezgin, V. (2024). Exchange Rate Pass-Through into Import Prices: Evidence from Türkiye during 2010–2020 Period. OPUS Journal of Society Research. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1486453
  • Şanlı, O. (2022). Döviz kuru dalgalanmalarının enflasyona etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 2487-2514.
  • Şen, H., Kaya, A., Kaptan, S., and Cömert, M. (2020). Interest rates, inflation, and exchange rates in fragile EMEs: A fresh look at the long-run interrelationships. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 29(3), 289–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2019.1663441
  • Stock, J. H. and Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61(4), 783-820. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951763
  • Taylor, J. B. (1995). The monetary transmission mechanism: An empirical framework. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 11-26. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.4.11
  • Trenkler, C. (2005). The Effects of Ignoring Level Shifts on Systems Cointegration Tests. Allgemeines Statistisches Arch, 89, 281–301.
  • Türel, M., & Orhan, A. (2022). Asymmetries in Exchange Rate Pass-through in Turkey: A Threshold VAR Analysis. Prague Economic Papers, 31(3-4), 276-295. doi: 10.18267/j.pep.806
  • Yenice, S., & Yenisu, E. (2019). Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru, Enflasyon ve Faiz Oranlarinin Etkileşimi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(4), 1065-1086. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.467312
  • Yıldırım, S., & Sarı, S. (2020). Döviz kuru ve enflasyonun faiz oranı üzerindeki etkisinin NARDL Yaklaşımı ile İncelenmesi: Türkiye Ekonomisi için Bir Örnek. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(02), 147-161.
  • Zivot, E., and Andrews, D. W. K. (2002). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500102753410372

Nonlinear Relationships Between Inflation, Interest, and Exchange Rates in Türkiye: A Fourier-Based Approach

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 103 - 128, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1589696

Öz

This study examines the long-term relationships among Türkiye's inflation, interest, and exchange rates, using Fourier-based econometric techniques to account for structural breaks and non-linear trends. Traditional methods often fail to capture the complexities of emerging market economies with high volatility, such as Türkiye, where external shocks and structural shifts play a significant role. We apply the Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Johansen-Fourier cointegration tests to address these dynamics, enabling a nuanced analysis of Türkiye’s economic variables. Our findings reveal a strong, positive long-term relationship between exchange rates and inflation, highlighting the critical impact of currency fluctuations on domestic price levels. In contrast, interest rates show a weaker direct influence on inflation, suggesting that while monetary policy adjustments are necessary, they may be insufficient to control inflation in Türkiye. Cointegration regression analyses using FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR methods further support these relationships, indicating the need for exchange rate stabilization policies to mitigate inflationary pressures. This study contributes to the literature by applying Fourier-based methods, which provide a more flexible and accurate model for understanding Türkiye’s economic structure. The results offer valuable insights for policymakers in Türkiye and other emerging markets where external dependencies amplify inflation risks, underscoring the importance of integrated policy approaches for achieving long-term economic stability.

Kaynakça

  • Akgül, I., & Özdemir, S. (2018). Enflasyon-Faiz Oranı ve Enflasyon-Döviz Kuru İkilemi: GEG Programı Döneminde Türkiye Gerçeği. Ege Academic Review, 18(1).
  • Asab, N., Cuestas, J. C. and Montagnoli, A. (2018). Inflation targeting or exchange rate targeting: Which framework supports the goal of price stability in emerging market economies? PLoS ONE, 13(8), e0201798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201798
  • Baktemur, F. I. (2021). Enflasyon ile faiz oranları arasındaki doğrusal olmayan nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(42), 1147-1158.
  • Bari, B. (2020). Exchange Rate and Import Price Pass-Through in Turkey. Business and Economics Research Journal, 11, 609–620. https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2020.272
  • Broock, W. A., Scheinkman, J. A., Dechert, W. D. and LeBaron, B. (1996). A test for independence based on the correlation dimension. Econometric Reviews, 15(3), 197–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474939608800353
  • Cabral, R., Carneiro, F. and Mollick, A. (2016). Inflation targeting and exchange rate volatility in emerging markets. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 605–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-018-1478-8
  • Capasso, S., Napolitano, O., and Viveros Jiménez, A. L. (2019). The long-run interrelationship between exchange rate and interest rate: the case of Mexico. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(7), 1380–1397. https://doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2019-0176
  • Cassel, G. (1916). The present situation of the foreign exchanges. The Economic Journal, 26(103), 319–323. https://doi.org/10.2307/2221918
  • Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. (2004). Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr
  • Çatık, A. N., & Karaalp, H. S. (2010). The Dynamics of Inflation and Exchange Rate Pass-Through in Turkey. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 1(3), 96–105
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.2307/2286348
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517
  • Doğan, B., Eroğlu, Ö., & Değer, O. (2016). Enflasyon ve faiz oranı arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 405-425.
  • Dornbusch, R. (1976). Expectations and exchange rate dynamics. Journal of Political Economy, 84(6), 1161-1176. https://doi.org/10.1086/260506
  • Enders, W., and Lee, J.. (2012). A unit root test using a Fourier series to approximate smooth breaks*. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 574–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00662.x
  • Fama, E. F. (1981). Stock returns, real activity, inflation, and money. The American Economic Review, 71(4), 545-565. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1806180
  • Fisher, I. (1930). The theory of interest. New York: Macmillan
  • Gregory, A. W., and Hansen, B. E. (1996). Tests for cointegration in models with regime and trend shifts. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 58(3), 555–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1468-0084.1996.MP58003008.X
  • Ibrahim, M. H. and Sukmana, R. (2023). Monetary policy and exchange rate in a large emerging economy. Global Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509231198659
  • Investing.com. (2024). Türkiye 2-year bond yield historical data. Retrieved from https://tr.investing.com/rates-bonds/turkey-2-year-bond-yield-historical-data
  • İşcan, H. & Durgun Kaygısız, A. (2019). Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru, Enflasyon ve Faiz Oranı İlişkisi: 2009-2017 Uygulaması. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (17), 581-604.
  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551–1580. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938278
  • Kara, H., and Öğünç, F. (2008). Inflation targeting and exchange rate pass-through: The Turkish experience. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 44(6), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.2753/REE1540-496X440604
  • Kara, H. and Dede, Y. (2023). The relationship between exchange rate volatility and inflation in Turkey. Pressacademia. http://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1701
  • Karahan, Ö., & Çolak, O. (2017). Enflasyon Hedeflemeli Rejim Altinda Türkiye Ekonomisinde Faiz Orani ve Döviz Kuru İlişkisi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(13), 983-991.
  • Karaoğlu, N., & Kılıçkaplan, S. (2018). Döviz Kurunun Yurt İçi Fiyatlara Geçiş Etkisinin Yumuşak Geçişli Regresyon Modeliyle Tahmini. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 3(3), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.465635
  • Konak, A., & Peçe, M. A. (2023). Türkiye’de Faiz Oranı, Enflasyon Oranı ve Döviz Kuru Arasindaki Nedensellik Analizi. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 27(1), 171-186.
  • Küçük, E., & Dereli, D. D. (2021). Türkiye’de faiz oranı ile döviz kuru i̇lişkisinin analizi (2003-2020). Journal of Life Economics, 8(2), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.8.2.05
  • Mishkin, F. S. (1992). Is the Fisher effect for real? A reexamination of the relationship between inflation and interest rates. Journal of Monetary Economics, 30(2), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(92)90060-F
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş., Gormus, A. and Soytaş, U. (2018). Oil prices and monetary policy in emerging markets: Structural shifts in causal linkages. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 55(2), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1434072
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2021). TSPDLIB: GAUSS Time Series and Panel Data Methods (Version 2.0) [Source code]. Retrieved from https://github.com/aptech/tspdlib
  • Ozdogan, Z. (2022). An Analysis of Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Domestic Prices: Evidence from Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics. https://doi.org/10.17015/ejbe.2022.029.05
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951679
  • Pascalau, R., Lee, J., Nazlioglu, S., and Lu, Y. (Olivia). (2022). Johansen‐type cointegration tests with a Fourier function. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 43(5), 828–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsa.12640
  • Phillips, P. C. B. and Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.2307/2336182
  • Phillips, P. C. B. and Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297545
  • Sahin, B. and Dereli, D. (2019). An evaluation on inflation in Turkey after 1980 and the analysis of relationship between inflation, interest rate, and exchange rate. Pressacademia. https://doi.org/10.17261/pressacademia.2019.1111
  • Sezgin, V. (2024). Exchange Rate Pass-Through into Import Prices: Evidence from Türkiye during 2010–2020 Period. OPUS Journal of Society Research. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1486453
  • Şanlı, O. (2022). Döviz kuru dalgalanmalarının enflasyona etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 2487-2514.
  • Şen, H., Kaya, A., Kaptan, S., and Cömert, M. (2020). Interest rates, inflation, and exchange rates in fragile EMEs: A fresh look at the long-run interrelationships. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 29(3), 289–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2019.1663441
  • Stock, J. H. and Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61(4), 783-820. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951763
  • Taylor, J. B. (1995). The monetary transmission mechanism: An empirical framework. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 11-26. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.4.11
  • Trenkler, C. (2005). The Effects of Ignoring Level Shifts on Systems Cointegration Tests. Allgemeines Statistisches Arch, 89, 281–301.
  • Türel, M., & Orhan, A. (2022). Asymmetries in Exchange Rate Pass-through in Turkey: A Threshold VAR Analysis. Prague Economic Papers, 31(3-4), 276-295. doi: 10.18267/j.pep.806
  • Yenice, S., & Yenisu, E. (2019). Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru, Enflasyon ve Faiz Oranlarinin Etkileşimi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(4), 1065-1086. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.467312
  • Yıldırım, S., & Sarı, S. (2020). Döviz kuru ve enflasyonun faiz oranı üzerindeki etkisinin NARDL Yaklaşımı ile İncelenmesi: Türkiye Ekonomisi için Bir Örnek. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(02), 147-161.
  • Zivot, E., and Andrews, D. W. K. (2002). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500102753410372
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Enflasyon
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cemal Öztürk 0000-0003-3850-7416

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 18 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk, C. (2025). Nonlinear Relationships Between Inflation, Interest, and Exchange Rates in Türkiye: A Fourier-Based Approach. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3), 103-128. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1589696