Change in the of Regional Order Approach: Transition from Hegemonic Regionalism to New Regionalism

Abstract

To what extent do regionalism and globalization refer to competing political projects and views? The current literature, fed by the debates about the disintegration of the liberal international order, tends to view the new wave of regionalism as anti-globalisation. This article questions this dominant dichotomy in the literature and focuses on the benefits of overcoming it. Drawing on the New Regionalism approach, the article proceeds from the assumption that the new regionalism process develops both as a component of neoliberal globalization and as a reaction to the problems it poses. Therefore, the new wave of regionalism cannot be understood simply as anti-globalisation, or as a variant of the traditional phenomenon of integration. Rather, the new regionalism emerging in the context of the devastating social consequences of neoliberal globalization, points to regional political efforts aimed at renegotiating certain aspects of the globalization process.

Keywords

• Regionalism
• New Regionalism
• Regional Orders
• Neoliberal Globalization
• Theories of International Relations

Bölgesel Düzen Anlayışında Değişim: Hegemonik Bölgeselcilikten Yeni Bölgeselciliğe Geçiş

Abstract

Bölgeselcilik ve küreselleşme, ne ölçüde rakip siyasi proje ve görüşlere işaret eder? Makalenin temel sorunsalı, bu sorudur. Liberal uluslararası düzenin çözülmesiyle ilgili tartışmalardan beslenen mevcut literatür, yeni bölgeselcilik dalgasını küreselleşme karşıtlığı biçiminde değerlendirme eğilimindedir. Bu makale, literatüre hakim olan bu karşıtlığı sorgulayarak onu aşmanın akademik yararları üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Makale, Yeni Bölgeselcilik yaklaşımına dayanarak, yeni bölgeselcilik sürecinin, hem neoliberal küreselleşmenin bir bileşeni, hem de onun doğurduğu sorunlara bir tepki olarak geliştiği varsayımından hareket etmektedir. Küreselleşme, yaygın biçimde, bütünleşme ile özdeşleştirilmektedir. Yeni bölgeselcilik ise tam tersine, küresel bütünleşme karşıtlığı olarak anlamlandırılmaktadır. Bu yaygın siyah ve beyaz ayrımı kadar net yargıları kabul etmek, aslında çok daha gri olan gerçekliği görmemizi engellemektedir. Dolayısıyla makalede şu sonuca varılmıştır: Yeni bölgeselcilik dalgası ne basitçe küreselleşme karşıtlığı biçiminde, ne de geleneksel bütünleşme olgusunun bir türü olarak anlaşılabilir. Aksine, neoliberal küreselleşmenin yıkıcı toplumsal sonuçları bağlamında ortaya çıkan yeni bölgeselcilik, küreselleşme sürecinin belirli yönlerini yeniden müzakere etmeyi amaçlayan bölgesel siyasi çabalara işaret eder.

Keywords

• Bölgeselcilik
• Yeni Bölgeselcilik
• Bölgesel Düzenler
• Neoliberal Küreselleşme
• Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri

References

1. Acharya, Amitav (1992), “Regional Military-Security Cooperation in the Third World: A Conceptual and Comparative Study of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations”, Journal of Peace Research, 29 (1): 7-21.
2. Acharya, Amitav (2002), “Regionalism and the Emerging World Order: Sovereignty, Autonomy, Identity”, Breslin, Shaun, W. C. Hughes, N. Phillips ve B. Rosamond (Der.), New Regionalisms in the Global Political Economy: Theories and Cases (New York: Routledge): 20-33.
3. Acharya, Amitav (2007), “The Emerging Regional Architecture of World Politics”, World Politics, 59 (4): 629-652.
4. Acharya, Amitav (2010), “Asia is not One”, Journal of Asian Studies, 69 (4): 1001-1013.
5. Acharya, Amitav (2011), “Norm Subsidiarity and Regional Orders: Sovereignty, Regionalism, and Rule-Making in the Third World”, International Studies Quarterly, 55 (1): 95-123.
6. Acharya, Amitav (2014), “Call for Proposals: Global IR and Regional Worlds, A New Agenda for International Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, 54 (4): 647–659.
7. Acharya, Amitav (2017), “Towards a Global IR?”, McGlinchey, Stephen, Rosie Walters, Christian Scheinpflug (Der.), International Relations Theory (Bristol, E-International Relations Publishing): 76-82.
8. Acharya, Amitav (2018a), The End of American World Order (Cambridge: Polity Press).

9. Acharya, Amitav (2018b), Constructing Global Order: Agency and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
10. Amin, Samir (1999), “Regionalization in Response to Polarizing Globalization”, Hettne, Björn, Andras Inotai ve Osvaldo Sunkel (Der.), Globalism and the New Regionalism (London: Palgrave Macmillan): 54-84.
11. Adler, Emanuel ve Beverly Crawford (2002), “Constructing a Mediterranean Region: A Cultural Approach”, Conference Mediterranean Region – June,6-9 (Lisboa/Portugal).
12. Balaam, David ve Bradford Dillman (2015), Uluslararası Ekonomi Politiğe Giriş (Ankara: Adres Yayınları) (Çev. Nasuh Uslu).
13. Beeson, Mark (2006), “American Hegemony and Regionalism: The Rise of East Asia and the End of the Asia-Pacific”, Geopolitics, 11 (4): 541-560.
14. Beeson, Mark, (2014), Regionalism and globalization in East Asia: politics, security and economic development (London: Palgrave Macmillan).
15. Beeson, Mark ve Philomena Murray (2020), “Testing Times for Regionalism: Coping with Great Power Rivalry in the Asia-Pacific”, Asian Studies Review, 44 (1): 1-9.
16. Best, Edward ve Thomas Christiansen (2016), “Regionalism in International Affairs”, Baylis, John, Steve Smith ve Patricia Owens (Der.), The Globalisation of World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 1-22.
17. Börzel, Tanja A. (2016), “Theorizing Regionalism: Cooperation, Integration, and Governance”, Börzel, Tanja A. ve Thomas Risse (Der.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 41-63.
18. Börzel, Tanja A. ve Thomas Risse (2016), “Introduction: Framework of the Handbook and Conceptual Clarifications”, Börzel, Tanja A. ve Thomas Risse (Der.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 3-15.
19. Buğra, Ayşe (2009), “Polanyi’nin Çifte Hareket Kavramı ve Günümüz Piyasa Toplumunda Siyaset”, Buğra, Ayşe ve Kaan Ağartan (Der.), 21 Yüzyılda Karl Polanyi’yi Okumak: Bir Siyasi Proje Olarak Piyasa Ekonomisi (İstanbul: İletişim): 237-260.
20. Bull, Hedley (1977), The Anarchical Society (London: Macmillan).
21. Chibber, Vivek (2016), Post-Kolonyal Teori ve Kapitalizmin Hayaleti (İstanbul: İletişim) (Çev. Afife Yasemin Yılmaz).
22. Churchill, Winston (1950), The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin).
23. Dirlik, Arif (1992), “The Asia-Pacific Idea: Reality and Representation in the Invention of a Regional Structure”, Journal of World History, 3 (1): 55-79.
24. Falk, Richard (2003), “Regionalism and World Order: The Changing Global Setting”, Söderbaum, Fredrik ve Timothy M. Shaw (Der.), Theories of New Regionalism: a Palgrave Reader (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 63-80.
25. Fawcett, Louise (2004), “Exploring Regional Domains: A Comparative History of Regionalism”, International Affairs, 80 (3): 429-446.
26. Fawcett, Louise (2005), “The Origins and Development of Regional Ideas in the Americas”, Fawcett, Louise ve Monica Serrano (Der.), Regionalism and Governance in the Americas (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 27-51.
27. Fawcett, Louise (2017), “Regions and Regionalism”, Beeson, Mark ve Nick Bisley (Der.), Issues in 21st Century World Politics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 97-112.
28. Fearon, James ve David Laitin (2000), “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity”, International Organization, 54 (4): 845-877.
29. FNB (2023), http://foodnotbombs.net/new_site/index.php (10.05.2023).
30. Haas, Ernst (1958), “The Challenge of Regionalism”, International Organization, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1958, s. 440-458.
31. Halperin, Sandra (2018), “Polanyi’s Two Transformations Revisited: A ‘Bottom Up’ Perspective”, Globalizations, 15 (7): 911-923.
32. Hemmer, Christopher ve Peter J. Katzenstein (2002), “Why is there No NATO in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism”, International Organization, 56 (3): 575-607.
33. Hettne, Björn (1993), “Neo-Mercantilism: The Pursuit of Regionness”, Cooperation and Conflict, 28 (3): 211–232.
34. Hettne, Björn (1998), “Globalism, Regionalism and the New Third World”, Poku, Nana ve Lloyd Pettiford (Der.), Redefining the Third World (New York: Macmillan Press): 69-87.
35. Hettne, Björn (1999a), “The New Regionalism: A Prologue”, Hettne, Björn, Andras Inotai ve Osvaldo Sunkel (Der.), Globalism and the New Regionalism (London: Palgrave Macmillan): xv-xxxi.
36. Hettne, Björn (1999b), “Globalization and the New Regionalism: The Second Great Transformation”, Hettne, Björn, Andras Inotai ve Osvaldo Sunkel (Der.), Globalism and the New Regionalism (London: Palgrave Macmillan): 1-24.
37. Hettne, Björn (2003), “The New Regionalism Revisited”, Söderbaum, Fredrik ve Timothy M. Shaw (Der.), Theories of New Regionalism: a Palgrave Reader (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 22-42.
38. Hettne, Björn (2005), “Beyond the ‘New’ Regionalism”, New Political Economy, 10 (4): 543-571.
39. Hettne, Björn (2008), “Teori ve Pratikte Güvenliğin Bölgeselleşmesi”, (Çev. Evren Çelik Wiltse), Uluslararası İlişkiler, 5 (18): 87-106.
40. Hettne, Björn (2009), Thinking About Development (New York: Zed Books).
41. Hettne, Björn (2010), “Development and Security: Origins and Future”, Security Dialogue, 41 (1): 31-52.
42. Hettne, Björn ve Fredrik Söderbaum (1998), “The New Regionalism Approach”, Politeia, 17 (3): 1-18.
43. Hettne, Björn ve Fredrik Söderbaum (2000), “Theorising the Rise of Regionness”, New Political Economy, 5 (3): 457-472.
44. Heywood, Andrew, (2019), Küresel Siyaset, Nasuh Uslu ve Haluk Özdemir çev. (Ankara: Felix Kitap).
45. Hurrell, Andrew (1995a), “Explaining the Resurgence of Regionalism in World Politics”, Review of International Studies, 21 (4): 331–358.
46. Hurrell, Andrew (1995b), “Regionalism in Theoretical Perspective”, Fawcett, Louise ve Andrew Hurrell (Der.), Regionalism in World Politics (New York: Oxford University Press): 37-73.
47. Katzenstein, Peter J. (2005), A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
48. Kiely, Ray (2018), The Neoliberal Paradox (Northampton/MA: Edward Elgar). Lane, David (2015), “Eurasian Integration as a Response to Neoliberal Globalization”, Lane, David ve Vsevolod Samokhvalov (Der.), The Eurasian Project and Europe: Regional Discontinuities and Geopolitics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 3-22.
49. Nye, Joseph S. (1968) (Der.), International Regionalism: Readings (Boston: Little Brown and Company).
50. Nye, Joseph S. (1971), Peace in Parts: Integration and Conflict in Regional Organizations, (Boston: Little Brown and Company).
51. Panikkar, K. M., V.T. Krishnamachari, K. Santhanam, I.H. Baqai, G.A. Johnson ve Manuel S. Canyes (1948), Regionalism and Security (New Delhi: Indian Council of World Affairs).
52. Pasha, Mustapha Kamal (2013), “The ‘Bandung Impulse’ and International Relations”, Seth, Sanjay (Der.), Postcolonial Theory and International Relations: A Critical Introduction (New York: Routledge): 144-165.
53. Polanyi, Karl (2007), Büyük Dönüşüm: Çağımızın Sosyal ve Ekonomik Kökenleri (İstanbul: İletişim), (Çev. Ayşe Buğra).
54. SADC (2023), https://www.sadc.int/ (10.05.2023).
55. Selleslaghs, Joren ve Luk Van Langenhove (2020), “The Rise of Regions: Introduction to Regional Integration & Organisations”, Hosli, Madeleine O. ve Joren Selleslaghs (Der.), The Changing Global Order: Challenges and Prospects (Cham: Springer): 147-162.
56. Slobodian, Quinn, (2023) Crack-Up Capitalism: Market Radicals and the Dream of a World Without Democracy (New York: Metropolitan Books).
57. Söderbaum, Fredrik (2003), “Introduction: Theories of New Regionalism”, Söderbaum, Fredrik ve Timothy M. Shaw (Der.), Theories of New Regionalism: a Palgrave Reader (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 1-21.
58. Söderbaum, Fredrik (2004), The Political Economy of Regionalism: The Case of Southern Africa (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
59. Söderbaum, Fredrik (2016), “Early, Old, New, and Comparative Regionalism: The History and Scholarly Development of the Field”, Börzel, Tanja A. ve Thomas Risse (Der.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 16-40.
60. Talani, Leila Simona (2016), “The Migration Crisis Before and After the Arab Spring: A Transnationalist Perspective”, Cafruny, A., Gonzalo Pozo Martin ve Leila Simona Talani, (Der.), The Palgrave Handbook of Critical International Political Economy (London: Palgrave Macmillan): 209-238.
61. Weber, Heloise ve Poppy Winanti (2016), “The ‘Bandung Spirit’ and Solidarist Internationalism”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 70 (4): 391-406.