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Kalkınma Projelerinde Toplumsal Cinsiyet Yaklaşımları: Doğu Anadolu Örneği

Year 2011, Volume: 66 Issue: 01, 1 - 26, 01.01.2011
https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002192

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı, Doğu Anadolu’da uygulanan bir bölgesel kalkınma programı kapsamında yürütülen hibe projelerinin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizlikleri başta olmak üzere çeşitli eşitsizliklerin ortadan kaldırılmasına yardımcı mı olduğu yoksa bunların yeniden üretilmesine mi yol açtığını sorgulamaktır. Sosyal, kültürel ve politik yapıların sınırlayıcılıkları karşısında küçük ölçekli ve kısa zamanda tamamlanması gereken projelerin dönüştürücü niteliklerinin de sınırlı olduğu vurgulanan makalede, kalkınmada toplumsal cinsiyet yazınına dayanarak, araştırma kapsamına alınan projeler sosyal refah, güçlendirme ve eşitlikçilik yaklaşımlarına göre irdelenmiştir. Bulgular, kadınların emekleri, sosyal ilişkileri ve kimlikleri birlikte dikkate alındığında projelerin başarı şanslarının arttığına işaret etmektedir. Kadınların konumlarında yapısal bir dönüşümü başlatabilmek için proje tasarımında toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği, yoksulluğun ortadan kaldırılması, örgütlü eylem ve tam katılım konuları açıklıkla belirtilmiş olmalı, dikkatle uygulamaya geçirilmeli ve izlenmelidir. Dolayısıyla, sosyal refah konularıyla desteklenmiş bir bütünleşik güçlendirme-eşitlik yaklaşımı gerekmektedir. Bu tür kritik konularda kapasite geliştirme çalışmaları sonuçların başarısını etkilemektedir. Süreç yönelimli kalkınma yaklaşımına karşıt olarak yalnızca sonuç yönelimli yaklaşımların benimsenmesi durumunda, finansörler ve uzmanlar da dahil olmak üzere tüm katılımcılar açısından projelerin bir öğrenme süreci olduğu gerçeği ihmal edilmektedir.

References

  • Açıkalın, Oya (2010), “Reflexivity, Integration and Autonomy in Regional Development: Turkey-EU Partnership”, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy (forthcoming).
  • Açıkalın, Oya (2005), “Cooperation with NGOs in EADP”, www.ipc.sabanciuniv.edu Research Areas, Governance, Role of the Third Sector in Local Development 14-15 October 2005 in Local and Regional Development Conference Series, Istanbul Policy Center: Istanbul.
  • Alcoff, Linda (1994), “Cultural Feminism vs. Post-Structural Feminism”, Ortner, Sherry, Geoff Elly and Nick Dircks (eds.), Culture, Power and History: A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory (Princeton University Press: Princeton): 110-120.
  • Bartelink, Brenda and Marjo Buitelaar (2006), “The Challenges of Incorporating Muslim Women's Views into Development Policy: Analysis of a Dutch Action Research Project in Yemen”, Gender and Development, 14 (3): 351-362.
  • Baştuğ, Sharon (2002), “Household and Family in Contemporary Turkey: an Historical Perspective”, Liljeström, Rita and Elisabeth Özdalga (eds.), Autonomy and Dependence in the Family ( İstanbul: Swedish Research Institute): 99-116.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1998), Practical Reason (Stanford University Press: California).
  • Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı (DPT) (2003), İllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması (the Socio-Economic Development Rank of Provinces and Regions) (Ankara : DPT).
  • Ertürk, Yakın (2006), “Turkey's Modern Paradoxes: Identity Politics, Women's Agency, and Universal Rights”, Ferre, Myra Marx and Aili Mari Tripp” (eds.), Global Feminism: Transnational Women's Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights (New York: New York University Press): 79-109.
  • Ertürk, Yakın (1996), “Alternatif Kalkınma Stratejileri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Kadın ve Eşitlik” (Alternative Development Strategies: Gender, Woman and Equality), ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 23 (3): 341-356.
  • Gouthro, Patricia (2005), “A Critical Feminist Analysis of the Homeplace as Learning Site: Expanding the Discourse of Lifelong Learning”, International Journal of Lifelong Education, 24 (1): 6-16.
  • Gündüz-Hoşgör, Ayşe (2001), “Convergence between Theoretical Perspectives in Women-gender and development Literature Regarding Women's Economic Status in the Middle East”, METU Studies in Development, 28: 111-132.
  • Ibrahim, Solava and Sabina Alkire, (2007), “Agency and Empowerment: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators”, Oxford Development Studies, 35 (4): 379- 403.
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz (1997), Cariyeler, Bacılar, Yurttaslar (Mistresses, Sisters, Citizens) (İstanbul: Metis Yayınları).
  • Kılıç, Azer (2008), “The Gender Dimension of Social Policy Reform in Turkey: Towards Equal Citizenship?”, Social Policy and Administration, 42 (5): 487-503.
  • Koğacıoğlu, Dicle (2009), “Gelenek Söylemleri ve İktidarın Doğallaşması: Namus Cinayetleri Örneği(Discourses of Tradition and Normalization of Power: Honour Killings)” , Cogito, 58: 350-384.
  • Mosse, David (2005), “Global Governance and the Ethnography of International Aid”, Mosse, David and D Lewis (eds.), The Aid Effect: Giving and Governing in International Development (London: Pluto Press:): 1-36.
  • Rao, Aruna and David Kelleher (2005), “Is There Life After Gender Mainstreaming?”, Gender and Development, 13 (2): 57-69.
  • Schech, Susanne and Vas Dev Sanjugta (2007), “Gender Justice: The World Bank's New Approach to the Poor?”, Development in Practice, 17 (1): 14-26.
  • Sirman, Nükhet (2005), “Aile Yoluyla Vatandaşlığın Kuruluşu (The Construction of Citizenship through the Family)”, Keyman, Fuat E. and Ahmet İçduygu (eds.), Küreselleşme, Avrupalılaşma ve Türkiye’de Vatandaşlık (İstanbul : İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi): 161- 196.
  • TUIK (2008), Labor Statistics, http://www.tuik.gov.tr (09.04.2008).
  • Weiss, Carol H (1972), Evaluation Research (New Jersey : Prentice-Hall).
  • White, Jenny B (2005), “İslamcılığın Açmazları (Bottlenecks of Islamism)”, Kandiyoti, Deniz ve Ayşe Saktanber (eds.), Kültür Fragmanları (Istanbul: Metis Yayınları): 201-228.

GENDER APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM EASTERN TURKEY

Year 2011, Volume: 66 Issue: 01, 1 - 26, 01.01.2011
https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002192

Abstract

This article analyses a regional development program implemented in Eastern Turkey to explore
whether its grant scheme projects helped or hindered the transformation of gender inequalities. The article
emphasizes that capabilities of transformation within micro-projects are limited due to structural limitations
coming from society, culture and politics. Drawing on the gender and development literature, the projects are
assessed by the social welfare, empowerment, and equality approaches. The findings indicate that the project
success increases when the labour, relations, and identities of women are considered together. In order to
initiate a structural change in women’s position, the project designs should explicitly address issues, such as
gender equality, poverty alleviation, organized action, and full participation. These issues should also be
reflected on implementation and monitoring carefully. Therefore, an integrated empowerment-equality
approach supported by social welfare issues is required. Capacity building on such critical issues enhances
effectiveness. Merely result-oriented (versus process-oriented) approaches in development overlook the fact
that a project is a learning process for all its participants, including its sponsors and experts. 

References

  • Açıkalın, Oya (2010), “Reflexivity, Integration and Autonomy in Regional Development: Turkey-EU Partnership”, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy (forthcoming).
  • Açıkalın, Oya (2005), “Cooperation with NGOs in EADP”, www.ipc.sabanciuniv.edu Research Areas, Governance, Role of the Third Sector in Local Development 14-15 October 2005 in Local and Regional Development Conference Series, Istanbul Policy Center: Istanbul.
  • Alcoff, Linda (1994), “Cultural Feminism vs. Post-Structural Feminism”, Ortner, Sherry, Geoff Elly and Nick Dircks (eds.), Culture, Power and History: A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory (Princeton University Press: Princeton): 110-120.
  • Bartelink, Brenda and Marjo Buitelaar (2006), “The Challenges of Incorporating Muslim Women's Views into Development Policy: Analysis of a Dutch Action Research Project in Yemen”, Gender and Development, 14 (3): 351-362.
  • Baştuğ, Sharon (2002), “Household and Family in Contemporary Turkey: an Historical Perspective”, Liljeström, Rita and Elisabeth Özdalga (eds.), Autonomy and Dependence in the Family ( İstanbul: Swedish Research Institute): 99-116.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1998), Practical Reason (Stanford University Press: California).
  • Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı (DPT) (2003), İllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması (the Socio-Economic Development Rank of Provinces and Regions) (Ankara : DPT).
  • Ertürk, Yakın (2006), “Turkey's Modern Paradoxes: Identity Politics, Women's Agency, and Universal Rights”, Ferre, Myra Marx and Aili Mari Tripp” (eds.), Global Feminism: Transnational Women's Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights (New York: New York University Press): 79-109.
  • Ertürk, Yakın (1996), “Alternatif Kalkınma Stratejileri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Kadın ve Eşitlik” (Alternative Development Strategies: Gender, Woman and Equality), ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 23 (3): 341-356.
  • Gouthro, Patricia (2005), “A Critical Feminist Analysis of the Homeplace as Learning Site: Expanding the Discourse of Lifelong Learning”, International Journal of Lifelong Education, 24 (1): 6-16.
  • Gündüz-Hoşgör, Ayşe (2001), “Convergence between Theoretical Perspectives in Women-gender and development Literature Regarding Women's Economic Status in the Middle East”, METU Studies in Development, 28: 111-132.
  • Ibrahim, Solava and Sabina Alkire, (2007), “Agency and Empowerment: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators”, Oxford Development Studies, 35 (4): 379- 403.
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz (1997), Cariyeler, Bacılar, Yurttaslar (Mistresses, Sisters, Citizens) (İstanbul: Metis Yayınları).
  • Kılıç, Azer (2008), “The Gender Dimension of Social Policy Reform in Turkey: Towards Equal Citizenship?”, Social Policy and Administration, 42 (5): 487-503.
  • Koğacıoğlu, Dicle (2009), “Gelenek Söylemleri ve İktidarın Doğallaşması: Namus Cinayetleri Örneği(Discourses of Tradition and Normalization of Power: Honour Killings)” , Cogito, 58: 350-384.
  • Mosse, David (2005), “Global Governance and the Ethnography of International Aid”, Mosse, David and D Lewis (eds.), The Aid Effect: Giving and Governing in International Development (London: Pluto Press:): 1-36.
  • Rao, Aruna and David Kelleher (2005), “Is There Life After Gender Mainstreaming?”, Gender and Development, 13 (2): 57-69.
  • Schech, Susanne and Vas Dev Sanjugta (2007), “Gender Justice: The World Bank's New Approach to the Poor?”, Development in Practice, 17 (1): 14-26.
  • Sirman, Nükhet (2005), “Aile Yoluyla Vatandaşlığın Kuruluşu (The Construction of Citizenship through the Family)”, Keyman, Fuat E. and Ahmet İçduygu (eds.), Küreselleşme, Avrupalılaşma ve Türkiye’de Vatandaşlık (İstanbul : İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi): 161- 196.
  • TUIK (2008), Labor Statistics, http://www.tuik.gov.tr (09.04.2008).
  • Weiss, Carol H (1972), Evaluation Research (New Jersey : Prentice-Hall).
  • White, Jenny B (2005), “İslamcılığın Açmazları (Bottlenecks of Islamism)”, Kandiyoti, Deniz ve Ayşe Saktanber (eds.), Kültür Fragmanları (Istanbul: Metis Yayınları): 201-228.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Oya Açıkalın This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2011
Submission Date July 31, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 66 Issue: 01

Cite

APA Açıkalın, O. (2011). GENDER APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM EASTERN TURKEY. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 66(01), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002192
AMA Açıkalın O. GENDER APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM EASTERN TURKEY. SBF Dergisi. January 2011;66(01):1-26. doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002192
Chicago Açıkalın, Oya. “GENDER APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM EASTERN TURKEY”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 66, no. 01 (January 2011): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002192.
EndNote Açıkalın O (January 1, 2011) GENDER APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM EASTERN TURKEY. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 66 01 1–26.
IEEE O. Açıkalın, “GENDER APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM EASTERN TURKEY”, SBF Dergisi, vol. 66, no. 01, pp. 1–26, 2011, doi: 10.1501/SBFder_0000002192.
ISNAD Açıkalın, Oya. “GENDER APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM EASTERN TURKEY”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 66/01 (January 2011), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002192.
JAMA Açıkalın O. GENDER APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM EASTERN TURKEY. SBF Dergisi. 2011;66:1–26.
MLA Açıkalın, Oya. “GENDER APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM EASTERN TURKEY”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, vol. 66, no. 01, 2011, pp. 1-26, doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002192.
Vancouver Açıkalın O. GENDER APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM EASTERN TURKEY. SBF Dergisi. 2011;66(01):1-26.