Restrospection of the Federal Systems: Pre-Modern Era Approaches

Year 2014, Volume: 69 Issue: 4, 739 - 776, 08.01.2015

Demet Çelik Ulusoy

https://doi.org/10.16987/ausbf.55993

Abstract

The federal system is a form of government where two sovereign governmental orders share powers with a strict constitution. Nowadays, the federal system is recognized as a solution for the coexistence of communities between which there are certain differences in cultural, social, racial, linguistic, and religious spheres. The first examples of a federal system naturally overlap with the first appearance of the constitutions, which are the constituent elements of the federal system. Because of this, the origin of modern theories related to the federal system is based on this overlap. However, the first debates on this subject that contained valuable insights and experiences appeared before modern federal systems and constitutions. Therefore, pre-modern discussions should also be taken into account in a retrospective way in order to fully understand the federal system of the modern era

Keywords

Federal Systems, Modern and Pre-Modern Eras in Federal Systems, Federal Systems

Federal Sistemlerde Geriye Bakış: Modern Dönem Öncesi Yaklaşımlar

Abstract

Federal sistem, egemenlik yetkilerine sahip iki yönetim düzeninin katı bir anayasayla devlet yetkilerini paylaştıkları siyasal bir örgütlenme biçimidir. Günümüzde federal sistem, özellikle aralarında kültürel, sosyolojik, ırksal, dilsel, dinsel ve benzeri farklılıklar bulunan toplulukların bir arada yaşayabilmeleri açısından bir tür çözüm aracı olarak kabul görmektedir. Ancak bu devlet biçimine yönelik tartışmalar, sistemi, toplumsal veya siyasal bir zorunluluk veyahut hukuksal bir tercih gibi farklı açılardan ele alınmaktadır. Federal sistemlerin ilk ortaya çıktığı örneklerle, sistemin kurucu unsuru olan anayasaların ilk ortaya çıkışı doğal olarak örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle federal sisteme ilişkin modern teorilerin başlangıç noktası da bu örtüşmeye dayanmaktadır. Ancak bu alana ilişkin tartışmalar, federal sistem ile anayasaların ortaya çıktığı dönemlerin daha öncesine dayanır. Bu nedenle anayasalar ile federal sistemin ilk ortaya çıkışına kadar olan süreç, modern dönem öncesi federal sistem tartışmalarına ilişkindir. Modern dönem öncesi federal sistem teorileri, hem anayasaların hem de federal sistemin ortaya çıkmasına kaynaklık etmişlerdir. Bu yönde modern dönem öncesi önemli fikirler, anlaşma ve federalizm düşüncelerine dayanır. Modern dönem öncesi federal sistemlere ilişkin bu düşünceler, farklılıkların bir arada yaşamaları yönünde deneyimleri ortaya koymaktadır. Modern dönemde federal sisteme yönelik değerlendirmeler, modern dönem öncesi teorik tartışma ve deneyimlere geriye bakışı gerekli kılmaktadır. Zira federal sistemin bugünkü çerçevesi, modern dönem öncesi düşünce ve deneyimlerin birer ürünü olarak kabul edilebilir.

Keywords

Federal Sistemler, Federal Sistemlerin Modern dönem ve Modern Dönem Öncesi Teorileri, Anlaşma, Federalizm, Modern Dönem Öncesi Federalist Teorisyenleri

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