The First Intermediate Period and the Early Middle Kingdom (2200- 1950 BC.):Origins of Ancient Egyptian Imperialism in Lower Nubia

Year 2015, Volume: 70 Issue: 3, 683 - 721, 03.11.2015

İzzet Çıvgın

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002367

Abstract

This study is the 8th of an article series dedicated to cross-cultural encounters (trade, emulation, colonization, conquest) as a primary cause of social and political change. Its purpose is to examine the complex relationship between Ancient Egypt and Nubia during the First Intermediate Period and Early Middle Kingdom (2200-1950 BC). The author of the present study see troubled times of the First Intermediate Period (political unrest, civil war, lack of central authority, emergence of local warlords, years of warfare and strife) as a stimulus of the colonization and the later conquest of Nubia. The Middle Kingdom, which emerged from the “chaos” of the First Intermediate Period, is marked by an increase in foreign trade and wealth. It‟s a return to classical order: The Egyptian state was reconsolidated. However, unlike the Old Kingdom, the new political elite pursued an agressive foreign policy, colonized Lower Nubia and undertook building projects including military fortresses and mining quarries

Keywords

First Intermediate Period of Egypt, Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Lower and Upper Nubia

I. Ara Dönem'den Orta Krallığa [M.Ö 2200-1950]: Mısır Devleti'nde "Yayılmacı" İdeolojinin Oluşumu ve Aşağı Nübye'ye Uygulanışı

Abstract

Çalışma, tarihteki kültürel karşılaşma (ticaret, öykünme, kolonileşme, fetih/ilhak) örnekleri ile bunların toplumsal ve siyasal değişmeye katkısını inceleyen makaleler dizisinin sekizincisini oluşturmaktadır. Metnin temel argümanı, Mısır Orta Krallığı'nın (MÖ. 2050-1750) güney/Nübye yönünde başlattığı kolonileşmenin tarihsel arka-planının "1. Ara Dönem"de (2200-2050) yaşanan fetret devri ve merkezî iktidarın krizi olduğudur. Eski Krallık (2700-2200) rejiminin çözüldüğü ve kraliyet otoritesindeki zafiyetten dolayı Mısır eyaletlerinin merkezden bağımsızlaştığı bir ortamda, sarayın ekonomik ve siyasal tekeli kırılmış, doğal kaynakların merkez yerine taşraya aktığı yeni bir düzen kurulmuştur. Bu yerelleşmenin (âdemimerkeziyetin) kalıcı olmamasının nedeni ise, Mısır devlet ideolojisinde siyasal birliğin ve merkeziyetçi hiyerarşinin "ideal" görülüp kutsanmasıdır. Ara dönemler, aşılması gereken, istikrarsızlık ve bereketsizlik üreten "kaotik" zamanlardır. Orta (Herakleopolis) ve Yukarı Mısır‟da (Thebai) ortaya çıkan yerel iktidar odakları, bu anlayış doğrultusunda Eski Krallık düzenini yeniden kurmak ("ideal"i yakalamak) için birbirleriyle kıyasıya mücadele etmişlerdir. Değişen, Ara Dönem'de siyasal birlik için zorunlu kabul edilen "genişleme"nin Orta Krallıkta sınır güvenliği, siyasal istikrar ve daha fazla servet birikimi için sürdürülmesidir.

Keywords

1. Ara Dönem, Mısır Orta Krallığı, Aşağı ve Yukarı Nübye, Medjay ve C-Grup Kültürleri, Kerma Kültürü

References

• Adams, William Y. (1977), Nubia: Corridor to Africa (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
• Assmann, Jan (2001), Kültürel Bellek: Eski Yüksek Kültürlerde Yazı, Hatırlama ve Politik Kimlik (İstanbul: Ayrıntı).
• Bunson, Margaret R. (2002), Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt: Revised Edition (New York: Facts On File).
• Buzon, Michele Rose (2011), “Nubian identity in the Bronze Age: Patterns of cultural and biological variation”, Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 5: 19-40.
• Callender, Gae (2003), “The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c.2055-1650 BC), Shaw, Ian (Ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, (New York: Oxford University Press): 137-171.
• Çıvgın, İzzet (2014a), “Ön ve Erken Hanedanlar Devri‟nde (MÖ. 3300-3000) Levant‟ta Kurulan Ticaret Kolonilerinin Mısır Devletleşmesine Katkısı”, Tarih, Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (2): 99-155.
• Çıvgın, İzzet (2014b), “Neolitik‟ten „Mısır Eski Krallığı‟nın Kuruluşuna Kadar Mısır-Nübye/Sudan İlişkileri (MÖ. 5000-2700): Takas, Kültürel Etkileşim ve Devletleşme”, Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2 (5): 15-44
• Darnell, John Coleman ve Manassa, Colleen (2007), Tutankhamun’s Armies: Battle and Conquest during Ancient Egypt’s Late 18th Dynasty (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
• David, Rosalie (2003), Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt: Revised Edition (New York: Facts On File).
• Fairburn, Erin, “Reading 6: Wisdom of Amenemhat”, Brown University – Summer Course – Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Brown Ün. – Eski Mısır Hiyeroglifleri Dersi), 2011, ss. 166-171, http://proteus.brown.edu/fairburn/7342?view=print.
• Fields, Nic (2007), Soldier of the Pharaoh: Middle Kingdom Egypt 2055-1650 BC (Oxford: Osprey Publishing).
• Graves, Carl (2010), Egyptian Imperialism in Nubia c. 2009-1191, Yayımlanmamış Master Tezi, The University of Birmingham – Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity.
• Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette (2009), “The Kingdom of Kush: An Afrikan Centre on the Periphery of the Bronze Age World System”, Norwegian Archaeological Review, 42 (1): 50-70.
• Hamblin, William J. (2006), Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History (London – New York: Routledge).
• Harkless, Necia Desiree (2006), Nubian Pharaohs and Meroitic Kings: The Kingdom of Kush (Bloomington – Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse).
• Lichtheim, Miriam (1975), Ancient Egyptian Literature Vol. I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press).
• Moreno Garcia, Juan Carlos (2010), “War in Old Kingdom Egypt (2686-2125 BCE)”, Vidal, Jordi (Ed.), Studies on War in the Ancient Near East: Collected Essays on Military History, (Münster: Ugarit-Verlag): 5-47.
• Peden, Alexander J. (2001), The Graffiti of Pharaonic Egypt: Scope and Roles of Informal Writings (Leiden: Brill).
• Richards, Janet (2000), “Modified Order, Responsive Legitimacy, Redistributed Wealth: Egypt, 2260-2040 BC”, Richards, J. ve Van Buren, M. (Eds.), Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient States, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 36-45.
• Seidlmayer, Stephan (2003), “The First Intermediate Period (c.2160-2055 BC)”, Shaw, Ian (Ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (New York: Oxford University Press): 108-136.
• Smith, Stuart Tyson (1998), “Nubia and Egypt: Interaction, Acculturation and Secondary State Formation from the Third to First Millennium B.C.”, Cusick, James (Ed.), Studies in Culture Contact: Interaction, Culture Change and Archaeology (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University): 256-187.
• Spanel, Donald B. (2012), “Egypt: Middle Kingdom Egypt”, Silberman, Neil Asher (Ed.), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Vol. 1 (New York: Oxford University Press).
• Sundsdal, Kjetil (2011), “The Uruk Expansion: Culture Contact, Ideology and Middlemen”, Norwegian Archaeological Review, 44 (2): 164-185.
• Török, László (2009), Between Two Worlds: The Frontier Region between Ancient Nubia and Egypt, 3700 BC – AD 500 (Leiden – Boston: Brill).
• Vinogradov, Igor V. (1991), “The Middle Kingdom of Egypt and the Hyksos Invasion”, Diakonoff, Igor M. (Ed.), Early Antiquity (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press): 158-171.
• Vogel, Carola (2010), The Fortifications of Ancient Egypt – 3000-1780 BC (Oxford: Osprey Publishing)
• Wilkinson, Toby (2014), The Nile: Downriver through Egypt’s Past and Present (London: Bloomsbury).
• Willems, Harco (2010), “The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom”, Lloyd, Alan B. (Ed.), A Companion to Ancient Egypt – Vol. I (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell): 81-100.
• Zakrzewski, Sonia R. (2007), “Gender Relations and Social Organisation in the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods”, Goyon, J.-CL. ve Cardin, C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Egyptologists (Leuven: Peeters): 2005-2019.