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Possible Harm And Dangers Of Cannabis

Year 1974, Volume: 27 Issue: 1-2, 482 - 499, 30.06.1974

Abstract

Cannabis is not a harmless substance: This report briefly reviews the possible harms and dangers that cannabis can cause. The above-mentioned issues regarding cannabis users should always be kept in mind by physicians and should be carefully sought in their patients using cannabis. If stronger forms of cannabis become widely used, it is certain that some toxic symptoms that are now considered rare will be more frequently encountered in the future. Some of the issues mentioned above may not be confirmed by future studies and may only reflect our concerns. However, no steps should be taken towards legalizing cannabis unless all these bad possibilities are definitely eliminated. There is currently no scientific data to prove that cannabis is less harmful than tobacco or alcohol. The opposite may be true. A similarity between cannabis and opium can be suggested. Turning a blind eye to opium use indirectly leads to the abuse of morphine and heroin. If we allow the use of marijuana, we cannot prevent the use of more dangerous substances derived from cannabis, especially hashish, liquid cannabis and the substance THC itself. In our opinion, in light of our current knowledge, legalizing the use of marijuana would be harmful to both the individual and society.

References

  • 1 A Report of the Commission of Inquiry Into the Non-Medica1 Use of Drugs. Cannabis. Ottawa : Information Canada, 1972.
  • 2 — Ayalon, D, Tsafriri, A., Cordova, T. and Linder, H. R. : Suppressmn of Cyc1İC Surge of Luteinizing Hormene Secretion and of Ovulation in the Rat by l-Tetrahydrocannabin01. Nature 273, 470 - 471, 1973.
  • 3 — Bensusan, A. D. : Marihuana Withdrawal Symptoms. Brit. Med. J. II'. 112, 1971.
  • 4 Campbeıı, A. M. G., Evans, M., Thomson, J. L. G. and Williams, M. J. . Crebral Atrophy in Young Cannabis Smokers. Lancet 11:1219 - 1224, 1971.
  • 5 Campbeıı, A. M. Thompson, J. L. G.. Evans, M. and Williams, M. J. Cerebral Atrophy in Young Canabis Smokers. Lancet 1:202 203, 1972.
  • 6 — Chakravart, I. and Ghosh, J. J. : Cannabis and Oestrus Cycle of Adult Rats. United Nations Documents ST/SOA/SER.S./38, 1973.
  • 7 Eddy, N. B., Halbach, H., Isbell, H. and Seevers, M. H. : Drug Dependence : its Significance and Characteristics. Bull. WId. Hlth. Org. 32: 721 - 733, 1965.
  • 8 First Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. Marihuana : A Signal of Misunderstanding. Washington D. C. : U. S. Government Printing Office, 1972.
  • 9 — Fraser, J. D. : Withdrawal Symptoms in Cannabis-Indica Addicts. Lancet 11:747 - 748, 1949.
  • 10 Friedman, I. and Peer, I. : Drug Addiction among Pimps and Prostitues, Israel 1967. Int. J. Addicts. 3:271 - 300, 1968.
  • 11 Goodman, L. S. and Gilman, H. : The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Fourth Edition. New York : The McMillan co., 1970.
  • 12 Gourves, J., Viallard, C. , Leluan, D. , Girard, J. : P. , et Aury, R. : Coma du au Cannabis Sativa, Presse Med. 79: 1389 - 1390, 1971.
  • 13 — Harmon, J. and Aliapoulios, M. A. : Gynecomastia in Marihuana Users, N. Engl. J. Med. 287:936, 1972.
  • 14 — Heyndrickx, A. , Scheiris, Ch. and Scehepens, P. : Toxicological Study of a Fatal Intoxication by Man due to Cannabis Smoking. J. Pharm. Belg. 24:371 - 375, 1969.
  • 15 — Hollister, L. E. : Status Report on Clinical Pharmacology of Marihuana Ann. N. Y. Acad. sci., 191:132 - 139, 1971.
  • 16 — Idanpaan - Keikkila, J., Fritchie, G. n, Englert, L. F., Ho, B. T. and Mclsaac, W. M. Placental Transfer of Tritiated-1„9-Tetrahydocannabinol. N. Engl. J. Med. 281:330, 1969.
  • 17 — Jakubovis, A., Hattori, T. and McGeer, P. L. : Radioactivity in Suckled Rats After Giving 14 C-Tetrahydrocannabinol to the Mother. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 22:221 - 223, 1973.
  • 19 — Kaymakçalan, S. : Physiological and Psychological Dependence on THC in Rhesus Monkeys. In : Cannabis and its Derivatives - Pharmacology and Experimental Psychology. W. D. M. Paton and J. Crown, Eds., p. 142 - 149. London : Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • 20 — Kaymakçalan, S. : Tolerance to and Dependence on Cannabis. Bull. Narcotics 25 : No. 4:39 - 47, 1973. bis. Lancet 1:578, 1969.
  • 22 Kielholz, P. und Ladewig, D. : tjber Drogenanhangigkeit bei Jugendlichen. Dtsh. Med. Wshr. 95:101 105, 1970.
  • 21 — Kew, M. C. , Bersohn, I. and Siew, S. : Possible Hepatotoxicity of Canna-
  • 22 — Jones, T. R. : Tetrahydrocannabinol and the Marihuana-induced Social <<High», or the Effects of the Effects of the Mind on Marihuana. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 191:155 - 165, 1971.
  • 23 Kielholz, P., Goldberg, L., Hobi, V., Ladewig, D., Reggiani, G. und Richter, P. : Hashish und Fahrverhalten. Dtsch. Med. Wshr. 97:789 - 749, 1972.
  • 24 — Kochar, M. S. and Hasko, M. J. : Electrocardiographic Effects of Marihuana. J. A. M. A. 225 - 27, 1973.
  • 25 Kolodny, R. C., Masters, W. H., Kolodner, R. M. and Toro, G. Depression of Plasma Testosterone Levels After Chronic Intensive Marihuana Uce. N. Engl. J. Med. 290:8'72 -874, 1974.
  • 26 — Kreuz, D. S. and Axelrod, J. Delta - 9 - Tetrahydrocannabinol : Localization in Body Fat. Science 179:391 - 393, 1973.
  • 27 — Magus, R. D. and Harris, L. S. : Carcinogenic Potential of Marihuana Smoke Condensate. Fed. Proc. 30:279, 1971.
  • 28 Merari, A. , Barak, A. and Pa.lves, M. : Effects of 1 (2) - Tetrahydrocannabinol on Copulation in the Male Rat. Psychopharmacologia 28: 243 - 246, 1973.
  • 29 Miras, C. J. : Studies on the Effects of Chronic Cannabis Administration to Man. In : Cannabis and its Derivatives - Pharmacology and Experimental Psychology. W. D. M. Paton and J. Crown, Eds., pp. 150 • 153. London : Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • 30 Morley, J. E., Logie, P. and Bensusan, A. D. : The Subjective Effects of Dagga. S. A. Med. J. 47:1145 - 1149, 1973.
  • 31 Nahas, G. G. : Marihuana - Deceptive Weed. New York : Raven Press Publishers, 1973.
  • 32 Özen, C. and Sözen, H. : Studies on the Probleme of Asrar (Marihuana) in Turkey and Oriental Countries. A Case of Asrar (Marihuana) Poisoning that Caused Death (Turkish text with english summary). t. t'. TIP Fak. Mec. 32:543-562, 1969.
  • 33 Persaud, T. V. N. and Ellington, A. C. : Cannabis in Early Pregnancy. Lancet 11:1306, 1967.
  • 34 Persaud, T. V. N. and Ellington, A. C. : Teratogenic Activity of Cannabis Resin. Lancet 11•.406, 1968.
  • 35 Rafaelson, O. J. : Cannabis and Alcohol : Effects on Simulated Car Driving and Psychological Tests. In : Cannabis and its Derivatives Pharmacology and Experimental Psychology. W. D. M. Paton and J. Crown, Eds., pp. 184 - 190. London : Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • 36 — Report of the International Narcotics Control Board on its work in 1971. E/1NCB/13. New York : United Nations, 1971.
  • 37 — Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1972. E/INCB/ 17. New York : United Nations, 1972.
  • 38 — Report of a WHO Scientific Group. The Use of Cannabis. Wid. Hith. Org. Techn. Rep. Ser. No. 478. Geneva : 1971.
  • 39 — Soueif, M. I. : The Use of Cannabis in Egypt : A Behavioural Study.
  • 40 — Sterne, J. et Ducastaing, C. : Les Artérites du Cannabis Indica. Archs. Mal. cocus 53:143 - 147, 1950.
  • 41 — Talbott, J. A. and Teague, J. W : Marihuana Psychosis. J. A. M. A. 210:299 302, 1969.
  • 42 — Tennant, F. S. , Preble, M. , Prendergast, T. J. and Ventry, P. : Medical Manifestations Associated with Hashish. J. A. M. A. 216: 1965 - 1969, 1971.
  • 43 — Tennant, F. S. and Groesbeck, C. J. : Psychiatric Effects of Hashish. Arch. Gen. Sychiat. 27:133 - 136, 1972.
  • 44 Tennant, F. S. : Drug Abuse in the US Army, Europe. J. A. M. A, 221: 1146 - 1149, 1972.
  • 45 United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Report of the Twentyfifth Session. E/5248, E/CN. 7/555, page . 55. New York : United Nations, 1973.
  • 46 WHO Expert Committee on Addiction producing Drugs, Thirteenth Revrt. Wid. Hith. org. Techn. Rep. Ser. No. 273. Geneva : 1964.

Esrarın Muhtemel Zarar Ve Tehlikeleri

Year 1974, Volume: 27 Issue: 1-2, 482 - 499, 30.06.1974

Abstract

Esrar zararsız bir madde değildir: Bu raporda esrarın husule getirmesi mümkün zarar ve! tehlikeler kısaca gözden geçirilmiştir. Esrar kullananlar hakkında yukarıda bildirilen hususlar hekimlerin daima aklında olmalı ve esrar kullanan hastalarında dikkatli bir şekilde aranmalıdır. Eğer esrarın daha kuvvetli şekilleri yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaya başlanacak olursa, şimdi nadir gibi görülen bazı toksik belirtilere ileride daha sıklıkla rastlanacağı şüphesizdir. Yukarıda temas edilen bazı hususlar ilerideki araştırmalarla doğrulanmayabilir ve bunlar bizim yalnız endişemizi aksettirmiş bulunabilirler. Bununla beraber bütün bu kötü ihtimaller kesinlikle bertaraf edilmedikçe esrarı serbest bırakma istikametinde herhangi bir adım atılmamalıdır.
Halen esrarın tütün veya alkolden daha az zararlı olduğuna dair bilimsel veriler mevcut değildir. Bunun aksi doğru olabilir. Esrarla afyon arasında bir benzerlik ileri sürülebilir. Afyon kullanılmasına göz yummak, dolaylıkla morfin ve hero.in suistimaline yol açar. Eğer biz marijuana kullanılmasına izin verecek olursak, kenevirden elde edilen daha tehlikeli maddelrin ve bilhassa haşiş, sıvı esrar ve bizzat THC maddesinin kullanılmasını önleyemeyiz.
Kanaatimizce, şimdiki bilgilerimizin ışığı altında, esrar kullanılmasını legalize etmek gerek fert, gerekse toplum için zararlı olur.

References

  • 1 A Report of the Commission of Inquiry Into the Non-Medica1 Use of Drugs. Cannabis. Ottawa : Information Canada, 1972.
  • 2 — Ayalon, D, Tsafriri, A., Cordova, T. and Linder, H. R. : Suppressmn of Cyc1İC Surge of Luteinizing Hormene Secretion and of Ovulation in the Rat by l-Tetrahydrocannabin01. Nature 273, 470 - 471, 1973.
  • 3 — Bensusan, A. D. : Marihuana Withdrawal Symptoms. Brit. Med. J. II'. 112, 1971.
  • 4 Campbeıı, A. M. G., Evans, M., Thomson, J. L. G. and Williams, M. J. . Crebral Atrophy in Young Cannabis Smokers. Lancet 11:1219 - 1224, 1971.
  • 5 Campbeıı, A. M. Thompson, J. L. G.. Evans, M. and Williams, M. J. Cerebral Atrophy in Young Canabis Smokers. Lancet 1:202 203, 1972.
  • 6 — Chakravart, I. and Ghosh, J. J. : Cannabis and Oestrus Cycle of Adult Rats. United Nations Documents ST/SOA/SER.S./38, 1973.
  • 7 Eddy, N. B., Halbach, H., Isbell, H. and Seevers, M. H. : Drug Dependence : its Significance and Characteristics. Bull. WId. Hlth. Org. 32: 721 - 733, 1965.
  • 8 First Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. Marihuana : A Signal of Misunderstanding. Washington D. C. : U. S. Government Printing Office, 1972.
  • 9 — Fraser, J. D. : Withdrawal Symptoms in Cannabis-Indica Addicts. Lancet 11:747 - 748, 1949.
  • 10 Friedman, I. and Peer, I. : Drug Addiction among Pimps and Prostitues, Israel 1967. Int. J. Addicts. 3:271 - 300, 1968.
  • 11 Goodman, L. S. and Gilman, H. : The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Fourth Edition. New York : The McMillan co., 1970.
  • 12 Gourves, J., Viallard, C. , Leluan, D. , Girard, J. : P. , et Aury, R. : Coma du au Cannabis Sativa, Presse Med. 79: 1389 - 1390, 1971.
  • 13 — Harmon, J. and Aliapoulios, M. A. : Gynecomastia in Marihuana Users, N. Engl. J. Med. 287:936, 1972.
  • 14 — Heyndrickx, A. , Scheiris, Ch. and Scehepens, P. : Toxicological Study of a Fatal Intoxication by Man due to Cannabis Smoking. J. Pharm. Belg. 24:371 - 375, 1969.
  • 15 — Hollister, L. E. : Status Report on Clinical Pharmacology of Marihuana Ann. N. Y. Acad. sci., 191:132 - 139, 1971.
  • 16 — Idanpaan - Keikkila, J., Fritchie, G. n, Englert, L. F., Ho, B. T. and Mclsaac, W. M. Placental Transfer of Tritiated-1„9-Tetrahydocannabinol. N. Engl. J. Med. 281:330, 1969.
  • 17 — Jakubovis, A., Hattori, T. and McGeer, P. L. : Radioactivity in Suckled Rats After Giving 14 C-Tetrahydrocannabinol to the Mother. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 22:221 - 223, 1973.
  • 19 — Kaymakçalan, S. : Physiological and Psychological Dependence on THC in Rhesus Monkeys. In : Cannabis and its Derivatives - Pharmacology and Experimental Psychology. W. D. M. Paton and J. Crown, Eds., p. 142 - 149. London : Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • 20 — Kaymakçalan, S. : Tolerance to and Dependence on Cannabis. Bull. Narcotics 25 : No. 4:39 - 47, 1973. bis. Lancet 1:578, 1969.
  • 22 Kielholz, P. und Ladewig, D. : tjber Drogenanhangigkeit bei Jugendlichen. Dtsh. Med. Wshr. 95:101 105, 1970.
  • 21 — Kew, M. C. , Bersohn, I. and Siew, S. : Possible Hepatotoxicity of Canna-
  • 22 — Jones, T. R. : Tetrahydrocannabinol and the Marihuana-induced Social <<High», or the Effects of the Effects of the Mind on Marihuana. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 191:155 - 165, 1971.
  • 23 Kielholz, P., Goldberg, L., Hobi, V., Ladewig, D., Reggiani, G. und Richter, P. : Hashish und Fahrverhalten. Dtsch. Med. Wshr. 97:789 - 749, 1972.
  • 24 — Kochar, M. S. and Hasko, M. J. : Electrocardiographic Effects of Marihuana. J. A. M. A. 225 - 27, 1973.
  • 25 Kolodny, R. C., Masters, W. H., Kolodner, R. M. and Toro, G. Depression of Plasma Testosterone Levels After Chronic Intensive Marihuana Uce. N. Engl. J. Med. 290:8'72 -874, 1974.
  • 26 — Kreuz, D. S. and Axelrod, J. Delta - 9 - Tetrahydrocannabinol : Localization in Body Fat. Science 179:391 - 393, 1973.
  • 27 — Magus, R. D. and Harris, L. S. : Carcinogenic Potential of Marihuana Smoke Condensate. Fed. Proc. 30:279, 1971.
  • 28 Merari, A. , Barak, A. and Pa.lves, M. : Effects of 1 (2) - Tetrahydrocannabinol on Copulation in the Male Rat. Psychopharmacologia 28: 243 - 246, 1973.
  • 29 Miras, C. J. : Studies on the Effects of Chronic Cannabis Administration to Man. In : Cannabis and its Derivatives - Pharmacology and Experimental Psychology. W. D. M. Paton and J. Crown, Eds., pp. 150 • 153. London : Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • 30 Morley, J. E., Logie, P. and Bensusan, A. D. : The Subjective Effects of Dagga. S. A. Med. J. 47:1145 - 1149, 1973.
  • 31 Nahas, G. G. : Marihuana - Deceptive Weed. New York : Raven Press Publishers, 1973.
  • 32 Özen, C. and Sözen, H. : Studies on the Probleme of Asrar (Marihuana) in Turkey and Oriental Countries. A Case of Asrar (Marihuana) Poisoning that Caused Death (Turkish text with english summary). t. t'. TIP Fak. Mec. 32:543-562, 1969.
  • 33 Persaud, T. V. N. and Ellington, A. C. : Cannabis in Early Pregnancy. Lancet 11:1306, 1967.
  • 34 Persaud, T. V. N. and Ellington, A. C. : Teratogenic Activity of Cannabis Resin. Lancet 11•.406, 1968.
  • 35 Rafaelson, O. J. : Cannabis and Alcohol : Effects on Simulated Car Driving and Psychological Tests. In : Cannabis and its Derivatives Pharmacology and Experimental Psychology. W. D. M. Paton and J. Crown, Eds., pp. 184 - 190. London : Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • 36 — Report of the International Narcotics Control Board on its work in 1971. E/1NCB/13. New York : United Nations, 1971.
  • 37 — Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1972. E/INCB/ 17. New York : United Nations, 1972.
  • 38 — Report of a WHO Scientific Group. The Use of Cannabis. Wid. Hith. Org. Techn. Rep. Ser. No. 478. Geneva : 1971.
  • 39 — Soueif, M. I. : The Use of Cannabis in Egypt : A Behavioural Study.
  • 40 — Sterne, J. et Ducastaing, C. : Les Artérites du Cannabis Indica. Archs. Mal. cocus 53:143 - 147, 1950.
  • 41 — Talbott, J. A. and Teague, J. W : Marihuana Psychosis. J. A. M. A. 210:299 302, 1969.
  • 42 — Tennant, F. S. , Preble, M. , Prendergast, T. J. and Ventry, P. : Medical Manifestations Associated with Hashish. J. A. M. A. 216: 1965 - 1969, 1971.
  • 43 — Tennant, F. S. and Groesbeck, C. J. : Psychiatric Effects of Hashish. Arch. Gen. Sychiat. 27:133 - 136, 1972.
  • 44 Tennant, F. S. : Drug Abuse in the US Army, Europe. J. A. M. A, 221: 1146 - 1149, 1972.
  • 45 United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Report of the Twentyfifth Session. E/5248, E/CN. 7/555, page . 55. New York : United Nations, 1973.
  • 46 WHO Expert Committee on Addiction producing Drugs, Thirteenth Revrt. Wid. Hith. org. Techn. Rep. Ser. No. 273. Geneva : 1964.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Basic Pharmacology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şükrü Kaymakçalan This is me

Publication Date June 30, 1974
Published in Issue Year 1974 Volume: 27 Issue: 1-2

Cite

APA Kaymakçalan, Ş. (1974). Esrarın Muhtemel Zarar Ve Tehlikeleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 27(1-2), 482-499.
AMA Kaymakçalan Ş. Esrarın Muhtemel Zarar Ve Tehlikeleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. June 1974;27(1-2):482-499.
Chicago Kaymakçalan, Şükrü. “Esrarın Muhtemel Zarar Ve Tehlikeleri”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 27, no. 1-2 (June 1974): 482-99.
EndNote Kaymakçalan Ş (June 1, 1974) Esrarın Muhtemel Zarar Ve Tehlikeleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 27 1-2 482–499.
IEEE Ş. Kaymakçalan, “Esrarın Muhtemel Zarar Ve Tehlikeleri”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 27, no. 1-2, pp. 482–499, 1974.
ISNAD Kaymakçalan, Şükrü. “Esrarın Muhtemel Zarar Ve Tehlikeleri”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 27/1-2 (June1974), 482-499.
JAMA Kaymakçalan Ş. Esrarın Muhtemel Zarar Ve Tehlikeleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 1974;27:482–499.
MLA Kaymakçalan, Şükrü. “Esrarın Muhtemel Zarar Ve Tehlikeleri”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 27, no. 1-2, 1974, pp. 482-99.
Vancouver Kaymakçalan Ş. Esrarın Muhtemel Zarar Ve Tehlikeleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 1974;27(1-2):482-99.