Evaluation of Von Willebrand Factor in Dogs with Parvoviral Enteritis

Abstract

Canine parvoviral enteritis may lead to coagulopathy in various ways. In recent years, the importance of von Willebrand factor has become the focus of more attention in infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of von Willebrand factor level and coagulation parameters in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. The experimental group of this study consisted of 20 dogs with parvoviral enteritis of different breeds aged 2-6 months, and the control group consisted of 10 healthy dogs aged 2-6 months. Blood samples were taken from the dogs included in the experimental group at the 0th hour, 24th hour and before discharge, and only at the 0th hour from the healthy puppies in the control group The 0th and 24th hour von Willebrand factor values of the trial were significantly higher than the control group. The 0th hour Prothrombin Time of the trial was significantly prolonged compared to the control group. The 0th hour Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time value of the trial was significantly prolonged compared to the before-discharge and control group. The before-discharge fibrinogen level was determined to be significantly lower than at 0th and 24th hours of the trial. In conclusion, von Willebrand factor concentrations, which increase significantly in dogs with parvoviral enteritis compared to healty animals, can be evaluated as an acute phase protein. Prolongation of Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and no significant change in fibrinogen and D-dimer values demonstrated that dogs with parvoviral enteritis were in hypercoagulation state without dissemine intravascular coagulation.

Keywords

• acute phase protein
• canine
• coagulation profile
• parvoviral enteritis
• von Willebrand factor

References

1. Akdağ E (2014): Canine parvoviral enteritisli köpeklerde klinoptilolitin sağaltım etkinliğinin araştırılması. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi] Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın.
2. Appel MJ, Scott FW, Carmichael LE (1979): Isolation and immuniasiton studies of canine parco-like virüs from dogs with haemorrahagic enteritis. Vet Rec, 105, 156-159.
3. Baştan İ, Kurtdede A, Özen D (2013): Prognostic usefulness of some parameters in dogs with canine parvovirus. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 60, 53-58.
4. Bloom ME, Kerr JR (2006): Pathogenesis of parvovirus infections, 323-325. In: Kerr JR, Cotmore SF, Bloom ME, Linden RM, Parrish CR (Ed), Parvoviruses, 1st edition, Oxford University Press Inc, New York.
5. Buonavoglia C, Martella V, Pratelli A, et al (2001): Evidence for evolution of canine parvovirus type-2 in Italy. J Gen Virol, 82, 3021-3025.
6. Chen J, Chung DW (2018): Inflammation, von Willebrand factor, and ADAMTS13. Blood, 132, 141-147.
7. Decaro N, Buonavoglia C (2012): Canine parvovirus- A review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c. Vet Microbiol, 155, 1-12.
8. Er C, Ok M (2015): Levels of cardiac biomarkers and coagulation profiles in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2, 383-388.

9. Goddard A, Leisewitz AL (2010): Canine parvovırus. Vet Clin Small Anim, 40, 1041-1053.
10. Gragnano F, Sperlongano S, Golia E, et al (2017): The role of von Willebrand factor in vascular inflammation: From pathogenesis to targeted therapy. Mediators Inflamm, 67, 1-13.
11. Gülersoy E, Ok M, Yıldız R, et al (2020): Assessment of intestinal and cardiac-related biomarkers in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Pol J Vet Sci, 23, 211-219.
12. Gürsel T (2007): Von Willebrand hastalığı. Temel Hemostaz Tromboz Kursu, available form: www.thd.org.tr/doc/kurs_pdf/2007thtk_10.pdf. (Accessed September 8, 2007).
13. İnce ME (2017): Parvoviral enteritisli köpeklerde sistolik ve diyastolik fonksiyonlar; Longitudinal çalışma. [PhD Thesis] Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
14. Johnsen JM. Ginsburg D (2010): von Willebrand disease. 2069-2087. In: Williams Hematology (8th eds). McGraw Hill, New York.
15. Kelly WR (1978): An enteric disease of dogs resembling feline panleukopaenia. Aust Vet J, 54, 593.
16. Kocatürk M, Martinez S, Eralp O, et al (2010): Prognostic value of serum acute-phase proteins in dogs with parvoviral enterit. J Small Anim Practice, 51, 478-480.
17. Kocatürk M, Tvarijonaviciute A, Marinez-Subiela S, et al (2015): Inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers of disease severity in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. J Small Anim Prac, 56, 119-124.
18. Lippi G, Franchini M, Targher G, et al (2007): The significance of evaluating conventional inflammatory markers in Von Willebrand factor measurement. Clin Chim Acta, 381, 167-170.
19. Martin V, Najbar W, Gueguen S, et al(2002): Treatment of canine parvoviral enterit with interferon omega in a placebo controlled challenge trial. Vet Microbiol, 89, 115-127.
20. Mylonakis ME, Kalli I, Timoleon SR (2016): Canine parvoviral enteritis: an update on the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Vet Med: Research and Reports, 7, 91-100.
21. Nandi S, Kumar M (2010): Canine Parvovirus: Current Perspective. Indian J Virol, 21, 31-44.
22. Naseri A, Gülersoy E, İder M, et al (2020): Serum biomarkers of endothelial glycocalyx injury in parvoviral infection. Austral J Vet Sci, 52, 95-101.
23. Pollock RVH, Coyne MJ (1993): Canine Parvovirus. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 23, 555-568.
24. Schoeman JP, Goddard A, Leisewitz A (2013): Biomarkers in canine parvovirus enteritis. N Z Vet J, 61, 217-222.
25. Taşçene N (2017): Importance of acute phase proteins in animals. Livest Stud. 57, 52-60.
26. Tattersall P, Bergoin M, Bloom ME, et al (2005): Family parvoviridae. 353-369. In: Faquet, CM, mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (Ed), Virus taxonomy-eighth report of the International Commitee on Taxonomy of viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego.
27. Turgut K, Ok M (2001): Kedi ve köpek gastroenterolojisi.1st ed. Bahçıvanlar Basım Sanayi, Konya.
28. Zeineddin A, Dong JF, Wu F, et al (2021): Role of von Willebrand factor after injury: it may do more than we think. Shock, 55, 717-722.