Solunum sistemi problemli taylarda equid alpha ve gammaherpesvirus enfeksiyonlarının varlığınınbelirlenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, özel bir pansiyon harasında (geçici konaklama yeri) bulunan taylarda bir solunum sistemi hastalığı salgınında equid herpesvirusların varlığını araştırmak ve equid alpha ve gammaherpesvirusların olası etkileşimlerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla, solunum sistemi hastalığı bulgulu 28 taydan nazal swap (n=21), lökosit örnekleri (n=28) ve ölen bir taydan alınan doku örnekleri, equid herpesvirus-1, -4, -2 ve -5 yönünden glikoprotein B (gB) genini tespit etmeyi hedefleyen multipleks nested PCR ile test edildi. Örneklenen 29 hayvanın %3.4’ü (1/29), %58.6’sı (17/29), %58.6’sı (17/29) ve %75.9’u (22/29) sırasıyla EHV-1, EHV-4, EHV-2 ve EHV-5 yönünden pozitif olarak bulundu. Özellikle söz konusu viruslar tarafından oluşturulan tekli enfeksiyonlardan çok, EHV-1,-2 ve -5 arasında çoklu enfeksiyonların varlığı (%75.9; 22/29) dikkat çekiciydi. Filogenetik analiz sonuçları yerel equid gammaherpesvirusların, EHV-4 suşlarının aksine genetik olarak büyük farklılık gösterdiğini ortaya koydu

Keywords

• Equine alphaherpesvirus
• equine gammaherpesvirus
• tay
• filogenetik analiz
• solunum sistemi hastalığı

Determination of presence of equid alpha and gammaherpesvirus infections in foals with respiratory distress

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of equid herpesviruses and to elucidate the possible mutual effects of equid alpha and gammaherpesviruses in an outbreak of respiratory tract disease in foals in a private pension stable (transient residency stable), Turkey. For this purpose, nasal swabs (n=21) and peripheral blood leukocytes (n=28) from 28 foals with respiratory tract diseases, and tissue samples from one dead foal were tested for equid herpesvirus-1, -4, -2 and -5 by multiplex nested PCR targeting the glycoprotein B (gB) gene. Of the 29 sampled animals, 3.4% (1/29), 58.6% (17/29), 58.6% (17/29) and 75.9% (22/29) were found positive for EHV-1, EHV-4, EHV-2 and EHV-5, respectively. Especially, a high ratio of multiple infections (75.9%; 22/29) caused by EHV-4, EHV-2 and EHV-5 were detected in the tested foals. The phylogenetic analysis showed that our equid gammaherpesviruses had a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, in contrast to our EHV-4 strains analyzed

Keywords

• Equid alphaherpesvirus
• equid gammaherpesvirus
• foal
• phylogenetic analysis
• respiratory disease

References

1. Akkutay AZ, Osterrieder NA, Damiani A, et al. (2014): Prevalence of equid gammaherpesviruses on breeding farms in Turkey and development of a TaqMan-MGB real- time PCR to detect equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5). Arch Virol, 159, 2989-2995.
2. Ataseven VS, Bilge Dağalp S, Güzel M, et al. (2009): Prevalence of equid herpesvirus-1 and equid herpesvirus-4 infections in equid species in Turkey as determined by ELISA and multiplex nested PCR. Res in Vet Sci, 86, 339- 344.
3. Ataseven VS, Bilge Dağalp S, Oğuzoğlu TÇ, et al. (2010): Detection and sequence analysis of equid gammaherpesviruses from horses with respiratory tract disease in Turkey. Transbound Emerg Dis, 57, 271-276.
4. Bell SA, Balasuriya UBR, Gardner IA, et al. (2006): Temporal detection of equid herpesvirus infections of a cohort of mares and their foals. Vet Microbiol, 116, 249-257.
5. Browning GF, Studdert MJ (1987): Epidemiology of equid herpesvirus 2 (equid cytomegalovirus). J Clin Microbiol, 25, 13-16.
6. Cullinane AA, Rixon FJ, Davison AJ (1988): Characterization of the genome of equid herpesvirus 1 subtype 2. J Gen Virol, 69, 1575-1590.
7. Davison AJ, Eberle R, Ehlers B, et al. (2009): The order Herpesvirales. Arch Virol, 154, 171-177.
8. Diallo IS, Hewitson GR, Jong A, et al. (2008): Equid herpesvirus infections in yearlings in South-East Queensland. Arch Virol, 153, 1643-1649.

9. Donald JJ, Wilks CR (1999): A type-spesific ELISA for equid herpesvirus-1: Prevalence and seroepidemiology in horses in New Zealand. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference Equid Infectious Diseases, Dubai, 537-538.
10. Dunowska M, Holloway SA, Wilks CR, et al. (2002): Genomic variability of equid herpesvirus-5. Arch Virol, 145, 1359-1371.
11. Dunowska M, Wilks CR, Studdert MJ, et al. (2002): Equid respiratory viruses in foals in New Zealand. N Z Vet J, 50, 140-147.
12. Foote CE, Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, et al. (2003): Seroprevalence of equid herpesvirus 1 in mares and foals on a large Hunter Valley stud farm in years pre- and postvaccination. Aust Vet J, 81, 283-288.
13. Foote CE, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, et al. (2006): EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection in vaccinated mares and their foals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 111, 41-46.
14. Fortier G, Erck E, Fortier C, et al. (2009): Herpesviruses in respiratory liquids of horses: Putative implication in airway inflammation and association with cytological features. Vet Microbiol, 139, 34-41.
15. Fu ZF, Robinson AJ, Horner GW, et al. (1986): Respiratory disease in foals and the epizootiology of equid herpesvirus type 2 infection. N Z Vet J, 34, 152-155.
16. Gilkerson JR, Love DN, Whalley JM (1999a): Serological evidence of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection in Thoroughbred foals 30-120 days of age. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference Equid Infectious Diseases, Dubai, 546.
17. Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Drummer HE, et al. (1999b): Epidemiology of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in the mare and foal populations on a Hunter Valley stud farm: are mares the source of EHV-1 for unweaned foals. Vet Microbiol, 68, 27-34.
18. Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Drummer HE, et al. (1999c): Epidemiological studies of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in Thoroughbred foals: a review of studies conducted in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales between 1995 and 1997. Vet Microbiol, 68, 15-25.
19. Goehring LS, Landolt GA, Morley PS (2010): Detection and management of an outbreak of equid herpesvirus type 1 infection and associated neurological disease in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Vet Intern Med, 24, 1176- 1183.
20. Hall TA (1999): BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95-98.
21. Hartley CA, Dynon KJ, Mekuria ZH, et al. (2013): Equid gammaherpesviruses: perfect parasites? Vet Microbiol 167, 186-192.
22. Heldens JGM, Hannant D, Cullinane AA, et al. (2001): Clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV-1 and EHV-4 whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares. Vaccine, 19, 4307-4317.
23. Marenzoni ML, Coppola G, Maranesi M, et al. (2010): Age-dependent prevalence of equid herpesvirus 5 infection. Vet Res Commun, 34, 703-708.
24. Patel JR, Heldens J (2004): Equid herpesviruses 1 (EHV1) and 4 (EHV4)-epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: A brief review. Vet J, 170, 14-23.
25. Riggio MP, Cullinane AA, Onions DE (1989): Identification and nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gB gene of equid herpesvirus 4. J Virol, 63, 1123-1133.
26. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989): Isolation of high molecular-weight DNA from mammalian cells. In: Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, USA, 9.14- 9.23.
27. Schlocker N, Gerber-Bretscher R, Von Fellenberg R (1995): Equid herpesvirus 2 in pulmonary macrophages of horses. Am J Vet Res, 56, 749-754.
28. Sharp EL, Farrell HE, Borchers K, et al. (2007): Sequence analysis of the equid herpesvirus 2 chemokine receptor homologues E1, ORF74 and E6 demonstrates high sequence divergence between field isolates. J Gen Virol, 88, 2450-2462.
29. Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, et al. (2011): MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Mol Biol Evol, 28, 2731-2739.
30. Torfason EG, Thorsteinsdottir L, Thorsteinsdottir S, et al. (2008): Study of equid herpesviruses 2 and 5 in Iceland with a type-specific polymerase chain reaction. Res in Vet Sci, 85, 605-611.
31. Turan N, Yildirim F, Altan E, et al. (2012): Molecular and pathological investigations of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections in horses in Turkey. Res in Vet Sci, 93, 1504- 1507.
32. Van Der Welf KA, Davis EG, Janardhan K, et al. (2014): Identification of equid herpesvirus 5 in horses with lymphoma. JEVS, 34, 738-741.
33. Wang L, Raidal SL, Pizzirani A, et al. (2007): Detection of respiratory herpesviruses in foals and adult horses determined by nested multiplex PCR. Vet Microbiol, 121, 18-28.