Investigation of mycotoxin residues in poultry feeds by LC MS/MS method

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to determine the levels of mycotoxin contamination in poultry feeds in Konya, Afyonkarahisar, Aksaray and Nigde which constitutes 26.2% of the poultry production in Turkey. For this purpose a total of 73 readyto-consume poultry feed samples from poultry farms in four provinces were collected. A general screening in feeds was performed in terms of mycotoxin presence and contamination levels. Samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, fumonisin and deoxynivalenol levels by LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. The levels of different mycotoxins in feeds obtained from poultry farms, the proportion of positive samples and the percentage of presence in the feeds were compared in terms of maximum residue limit (MRL). It was concluded that the feeds were found to be contaminated with low rates of mycotoxins, in terms of mycotoxin types and levels in the regions screened. However, the exceeded rates were found only 1% for aflatoxin B1 (≥ 5 ppb) in poultry feeds according to communique on undesirable substances in animal feed (RG 2014/11) while other mycotoxins were below the MRL

Keywords

• Contamination
• LC-MS/MS
• mycotoxins
• poultry feed

LC MS/MS metodu ile kanatlı yemlerinde mikotoksin varlığının araştırılması

Abstract

Bu çalışma ile Türkiye’nin kanatlı üretiminin %26.2’sini oluşturan Konya, Afyonkarahisar, Aksaray, Niğde illerindeki kanatlı yemlerini kontamine eden mikotoksin düzeylerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla dört ildeki kanatlı işletmelerindeki tüketime hazır kanatlı yemlerinden toplam 73 adet numune toplanmıştır. Yemlerin mikotoksin varlığı ve bulaşma seviyeleri yönünden genel bir taraması yapılmıştır. Numuneler sıvı kromotografisi/kütle kütle spektrofotometri (LC-MS/MS) cihazı ile çoklu mikotoksin metodu ile aflatoksin B1, okratoksin A, zearalenon, fumonisin, deoksinivalenol, T-2 toksin ve HT-2 toksin analiz edilmiştir. Kanatlı işletmelerinden elde edilen yemlerde farklı mikotoksin seviyeleri, pozitif örneklerin oranı ve yemlerdeki yüzde oranları, maksimum kalıntı limiti (MRL) açısından karşılaştırıldı. Taranan bölgedeki mikotoksin tip ve seviyeleri açısından, kanatlı yemlerinin mikotoksinlerle düşük düzeyde kontamine edildiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ancak, yemlerde istenmeyen maddeler tebliği’ne göre (RG 2014/11) yasal limiti aşan %1 oranı ile sadece aflatoksin B1 (≥5ppb) hariç diğer mikotoksinlerin MRL’in altında olduğu belirlenmiştir

Keywords

• Kanatlı yemi
• kontaminasyon
• LC-MS/MS
• mikotoksin

References

1. Abdel-Wahhab MA, Hassan AM, Amer HA, et al. (2004): Prevention of fumonisin-induced maternal and developmental toxicity in rats by certain plant extracts. J Appl Toxicol, 24, 469.
2. Abia WA, Simoa GN, Warthb B, et al. (2013): Determination of multiple mycotoxins levels in poultry feeds from Cameroon. Jpn J Vet Res, 6, 33-39.
3. Abrunhosa L, Moraless H, Soares C, et al. (2016): Review of mycotoxins in food and feed products in Portugal and estimation of probable daily intakes. Crit Rev Food Sci, 56, 2.
4. Bilal T, Aksakal DH, Sünnetci S, et al. (2014): Detection of aflatoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in some feed and feedstuffs in Turkey. Pak Vet J, 34, 459-463.
5. Binder EM, Tan LM, Chin LJ, et al. (2007): Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 137, 265-282.
6. Cankırı B, Uyarlar C (2013): Place and importance of mycotoxins in dairy cattle nutrition. Kocatepe Vet J, 6, 57-69.
7. Dagasan O, Ozen N (2011): Aflatoxin, heavy metal and pesticide residue contents of some compound feeds produced in Turkey. Akdeniz Univ Ziraat Fak Derg, 24, 9- 13.
8. Dalvi RR, Ademoyero AA (1984): Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in chickens given feed contaminated Aspergillus flavus and reduction of the toxicity by activated charcoal and some chemical agents. Avian Disease, 28, 61.

9. Demir C (2002): An investigation presence of Fusarium moniliforme, fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 in corns grown in Samsun province. Trakya Üniv Fen Bil Enst Doktora Tezi, 84.
10. Dogan A, Tuzcu M (2001): Fumonizinler. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 7, 237-244.
11. EURACHEM Guide (2014): Eurochem Guide. The Fitness for Purpose Analytical Methods. A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics.2nd edition. Guides/pdf/MV_guide_2nd_ed_EN. 17.04.2014. pdf. Accessed
12. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2011): Scientific opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA Journal, 9, 2481.
13. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2004): Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5499e/ y5499e00. htm. FAO Food and Nutrition, 81, (Accessed 13 December 2014).
14. Greco MV, Franchi ML, Golba SLR, et al. (2014): Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in poultry feed for food-producing animals. The Scientific World Journal. Available (Accessed 21 September 2014).
15. Kaya S, Yavuz H, Akkar F (1990): Mycotoxin residues in some oily seed meals. Vet J Ankara Univ, 37, 173-180.
16. Kaya S (2002): Mikotoksinler. Kaya S, Pirinçci İ, Bilgili A. Veteriner Hekimliğinde Toksikoloji. 2. Baskı, 537-575, Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara.
17. Kriek NPJ, Kellerman TS, Marasas WFO (1981): A comparative study of the toxicity of fusarium verticilloides (F. moniliforme) to horses, primates, pigs, sheep, and rats. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 48, 129-131.
18. Martins HM, Almeida I, Camacho C, et al. (2012): A survey on the occurrence of ochratoxin A in feeds for swine and laying hens. Mycotoxin Res, 28, 107-110.
19. Nizamlıoğlu F, Oguz H (2003): Occurrence of aflatoxins in layer feed and corn samples in Konya province, Turkey. Food Addit Contam, 20, 654-658.
20. Oguz H, Kurtoglu V (2000): Effect of clinoptilolite on fattening performance of broiler chickens during experimental aflatoxicosis. Br Poult Sci, 41, 512-517.
21. Oguz H (2011): A review from experimental trials on detoxification of aflatoxin in poultry feed. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 27, 1-12.
22. Placinta CM, D’Mello JPF, MacDonald EK (1999): A review of worldwide contamination of animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 78, 21-37.
23. Raosoft (2015): Sample size calculator. Seattle, USA. Retrieved from Raosoft: Available at http://www.raosoft. com/samplesize.html. (Accessed 24 August 2016).
24. Resmi Gazete (a) (2011): Yemlerin Resmî Kontrolü İçin Numune Alma ve Analiz Metotlarına Dair Yönetmelik. 28155.
25. Resmi Gazete (b) (RG 2014/11) (2014): Yemlerde İstenmeyen Maddeler Tebliği (Communique on undesirable substances in animal feed).Veteriner Hizmetleri, Bitki Sağlığı, Gıda ve Yem Kanunu. 28977.
26. Santin E (2015): Understanding mycotoxins published on federal university of Parana, Brazil. Available at http://en.engormix.com/MA-mycotoxins/articles/ understanding-mycotoxins-t3428/p0.htm March 2015). (Accessed 27
27. Tiryaki O, Seçer E, Temur C (2011): Yemlerde mikotoksin oluşumu, toksisiteleri ve mikotoksin kalıntı analizleri. Anadolu J AARI, 21, 44-58.
28. Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) (2014): Available at http://www.tuik.gov.tr/HbGetir.do?id = 18851&tbid =6. (Accessed 15 March 2015).
29. Yıldız G (2009): Determination of the contamination of the ochratoxine A in feeds and feedstuffs into the different animal enterprise in Turkey. Vet J Ankara Univ, 56, 131- 135.