Kalp kurdu ile enfekte köpeklerde parazitolojik ve Doppler ekokardiografik muayene bulguları

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, doğal olarak kalp kurdu ile enfekte köpeklerde ekokardiografik muayene bulgularını belirlemek ve bu bulguların pulmoner arterdeki erişkin kurtların tanısında kullanılabilirliğini değerlendirmektir. Tarama yapılan 180 köpekten ağırlıkları 7,5-42.0 kg, yaşları 1 ile 8 arasında değişen16 (%8,8) erkek köpek membrane filtrasyon ve antijen ELISA testi ile Dirofilaria immitis yönünden pozitif olarak belirlendi. Bu köpekler ekokardiografik muayene ile değerlendirildi. Enfekte köpeklerde mikrofiler sayısı her mililitre kan için ortalama 4730 ± 5479 (min: 8, mak: 13.339) idi. İki boyutlu (2-D) ekokardiografi, enfekte köpeklerde pulmoner arterde çok sayıda kalp kurdu nedenli ekojenik yapılar gösterdi. Sağ atriumda kurt belirlenmedi. Değişik Doppler akım örnekleri belirlendi ve bunlar dalga şekillerine göre 4 tipte sınıflandırıldı. Sonuç olarak, kurtçukların yerleşiminin ekokardiografi ile belirlenmesi kalp kurdu hastalığını çok güçlü bir şekilde işaret etmektedir

Keywords

• Doppler ekokardiografi
• kalp kurdu
• köpek

Findings of parasitological and Doppler echocardiographic examination in dogs with heartworm disease

Abstract

The purpose of the study reported here was to determine echocardiographic findings in naturally heartworminfected dogs, and evaluate these findings to use in the diagnosis of adult worms in the pulmonary artery. Sixteen male dogs (8.8%) of the 180 dogs in our study, weighing 7.5-42.0 kg, ranging in age from 1 to 8 years, were determined to be positive for Dirofilaria immitis according to the results of membrane filtration and antigen ELISA tests. Dogs identified with adult heartworms in their blood were evaluated by parasitological. The mean worm burden in infected dogs was 4730 ± 5479 (min: 8, max: 13.339) per ml of blood. Two-dimensional echocardiography showed a various number of heartworm echoes in the pulmonary artery in infected dogs. No worm was detected in right atrium. Various pulsed Doppler wave patterns were identified, and we classified them into 4 different types according to their pattern of wave dispersion. In conclusion, echocardiographic detection of worms in this location is strongly suggestive of heartworm disease

Keywords

• Dog
• Doppler echocardiography
• heartworm

References

1. Acevedo RA, Ciencias L, Theis JE, et al. (1981): Combination of filtration and histochemical stain for detection and differentiation of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditim in the dog. Am J Vet Res, 40, 537-540.
2. Atkins CE, Keene BW, McGuirk SM (1988): Pathophysiologic mechanism of cardiac dysfunction in experimentally induced heartworm caval syndrome in dogs: An echocardiographic study. Am J Vet Res, 49, 403- 410.
3. Atkins CE, Keene BW, McGuirk SM (1988): Investigation of caval syndrome in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. J Vet Intern Med, 2, 36- 40.
4. Atkins CE (1987): Heartworm caval syndrome in the dog. Semin Vet Med Surg, 2, 64-71.
5. Atwell RB, Buoro IBJ (1988): Caval syndrome. 191-203. In: Boreham PFL, Atwell RB (Eds), Dirofilariasis. CRC Pres, Boca Raton.
6. Brown DJ, Knight DH, King RR (1991): Use of pulsed- wave Doppler echocardiography to determine aortic and pulmonary velocity and flow variables in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res, 52, 543-550.
7. Calvert CA, Rawlings CA, McCall JW (1999): Canine heartworm disease. 702-726. In: Fox PR, Sisson D, Moise NS (Eds), Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
8. Clarence RA (1980): Acute response of pulmonary blood flow and right ventricular function to dirofilaria immitis adults and microfilaria. Am J Vet Res, 41, 244-249.

9. DeMadrone E, Bonagura JB, O’Grady MR (1985): Normal and paradoxical septal motion in the dog. Am J Vet Res, 46, 1832-1841.
10. Dillon R (2000): Dirofilariasis in dogs and cats. 937-963. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (Eds), Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
11. Evans DH (1985): On the measurement of the mean velocity of blood flow over the cardiac cycle using Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 11, 735-741.
12. Hatle L, Angelsen B (1982): Doppler Ultrasound in Cardiology: Physical Principles and Clinical Applications. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, USA.
13. Hidaka Y, Hagio M, Murakami T, et al. (2003): Three dogs under 2 years of age with heartworm caval syndrome. J Vet Med Sci, 65, 1147-1149.
14. Kitagawa H, Sasaki Y, Ishihara K, et al. (1991): Cardiopulmonary function values before and after heartworm removal in dogs with caval syndrome. J Am Vet Sci, 52, 126-132.
15. Kitagawa H, Kitoh K, Iwasaki T, et al. (1997): Comparison of laboratory data in dogs with heartworm caval syndrome surviving and non-surviving after surgical treatment. J Vet Med Sci, 59, 609-611.
16. Kittleson MD (1998): Heartworm disease. 340-401. In: Kittleson MD, Kienle RD (Eds), Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine. Mosby, St Louis.
17. Lombard CW, Buergelt CD (1983): Echocardiographic and clinical findings in dogs with heartworm-induced cor pulmonale. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 5, 971-979.
18. Lombard CW, Ackerman N (1984): Right heart enlargement in heartworm-infected dogs. Vet Radiol, 25, 210-217.
19. Munnell JF, Weldom JS, Lewis RE, et al. (1980): Intimal lesions of the pulmonary artery in dogs with experimental Dirofilariasis. Am J Vet Res, 41, 1108-1112.
20. Paulsen PK, Hasenkam JM (1983): Three-dimensional visualization of velocity profiles in the ascending aorta in dogs, measured with a hot film anemometer. J Biomech, 16, 201-210.
21. Rawlings CA, Keith JC, Schaub RG (1981): Development and resolution of pulmonary disease in heartworm infection: illustrated review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 17, 711-720.
22. Sasaki Y, Kitagawa H, Hirano Y (1992): Relationship between pulmonary arterial pressure and lesions in the pulmonary arteries and parenchyma, and cardiac valves in canine dirofilariasis. J Vet Med Sci, 54, 739-44.
23. Sihibata T, Wakao Y, Takahashi M (2000): A clinical study on velocity patterns of pulmonary venous flow in canine heartworm disease. J Vet Med Sci, 62, 169-177.
24. Takemura N (1989): Changes in the canine cardiac function associated with heartworm disease-effect of proliferation of bronchoesophageal artery on pulmonary artery. Jpn J Electrocardiol, 42, 771-773.
25. Uehara Y (1993): An attemp to estimate the pulmonary artery pressure in dogs by means of pulsed Doppler echocardiography. J Vet Med Sci, 55, 307-312.