Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases in Turkey

Abstract

In Turkey, arthropod-borne diseases such as human babesiosis, dirofilariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, anthrax, bartonellosis, louse-borne relapsing fever, lyme disease, plague, trench fever, tularemia, epidemic typhus, tick-borne typhus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, phlebovirus infections, tick-borne encephalitis and west nile virus in humans; animal trypanosomiasis, avian haemosporidiasis, babesiosis, canine hepatozoonosis, canine lesihmaniosis, dipetalonemiasis, dirofilariosis, habronemiasis, onchocerciasis, parafilariasis, setariasis, theileriosis, thelaziasis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, feline infectious anemia, akabane, bluetongue, bovine ephemeral fever, equine infectious anemia, louping ill, west nile virus, colony collapse disorders (CCD) were reported in domestic animals and Wolbachia endobacteria infection was also reported in mosquitos so far. On the other hand, aphids (Aphididae), leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), white flies (Aleyrodidae), beetles (Coleoptera), trips (Thysanoptera), gal mites (Eriophyidae), and nematodes are also very important vectors of plant diseases in Turkey. Some of the most harmful plant viruses in the world such as tristeza, plum pox virus, and tomato ringspot viruses are also transmitted by arthropod vectors. In recent years, in spite of changes in ecological balance caused by abandoning agricultural land, use of natural areas to farm, release of rabbits, preventing water flooding, leaving the fields uncultivated, migration from urban to rural areas, hunting of wild animals, the dramatic drop in the number of farm animals, global warming and the strengthening of wild life was probably responsible for the increase of tick populations. The construction of ponds and dams, changes in riverbeds, drying out of swamps and marshes, dense ad-hoc and haphazard construction, changes in picnicking habits, wild irrigation in agriculture, and the use of unsuitable control measures by local authorities, resulted in an increase of flies. This led to an increase in infected vector populations and vector-borne diseases and a decrease in the potential for economic development. In conclusion, it is very important to initiate and develop integrated control programs targeting arthropod vectors, disease agents of human, animal and plants and natural reservoirs. These diseases have been caused high economic losses in Turkey, and therefore they should be further investigated

Keywords

• Animal
• human
• plant
• Turkey
• vectors
• vector-borne diseases

Türkiye’de Vektörler ve Vektörlerle Bulaştırılan Hastalıklar

Abstract

Türkiye’de insanlarda babesiosis, dirofilariasis, şark çıbanı, sıtma, lenfatik filariasis, onchocerciasis, şarbon, bartonellosis, bitle bulaşan dönemli ateş (louse-borne relapsing fever), lyme, veba, siper ateşi, tularemia, epidemik tifüs, tick-borne tifus, Kırım-Kongo kanamalı ateşi, phlebovirus enfeksiyonu, tick-borne encephalitis ve batı nil virusu; evcil hayvanlarda trypanasomiasis, kanatlı haemosporidiasisi, babesiosis, köpek hepatozoonosisi, köpek leishmaniosisi, dipetalonemiasis, dirofilariosis, yaz yarası, onchocerciasis, yaz kanaması, seteriasis, theileriosis, thelaziasis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, kedi enfeksiyöz anemisi, akabane, mavidil, üçgün hastalığı, loupingill, enfeksiyöz at anemisi, arıların colony collapse hastalığı (CCD) ve sivrisineklerde Wolbachia endobakteri enfeksiyonu şimdiye kadar rapor edilen artropod kaynaklı hastalıklardır. Diğer taraftan, Türkiye’de yaprak bitleri (Aphididae), yaprak zararlıları (Cicadellidae), beyazsinekler (Aleyrodidae), kın kanatlılar (Coleoptera), kirpik kanatlılar (Thysanoptera), gal akarları (Eriophyidae) ve nematodlar da bitki hastalıklarının önemli vektörleridirler. Tristeza, şarka, domates halkalı leke virüsleri gibi dünyadaki en zararlı bitki patojenlerinin de uygun vektörleri olmadan epidemi yapamadıkları bilinmektedir. Tarım alanlarının terk edilmesi, doğal alanların tarıma açılması, doğaya tavşan salınması, su taşkınlarının önlenmesi, yayla yasağı, av yasağı, tarlaların işlenmemesi, kırsal hayattan şehirlere göç, yırtıcı hayvanların öldürülmesi, çiftlik hayvanlarının sayısındaki dramatik düşüşe karşın yaban hayatının güçlenmesi ve küresel ısınma gibi son yıllarda ekolojik dengelerin değişmesine yol açan faktörler kene sayısında artışa yol açan olası nedenlerdir. Fizibilite yapılmadan gölet ve baraj inşası, nehir yataklarının değiştirilmesi, bataklık ve sazlıkların kurutulması, plansız ve gelişigüzel yoğun yapılaşma, piknik kültüründeki değişiklik, tarımda vahşi sulama, yerel yöneticilerin bilimsel yaklaşımdan yoksun, bilinçsiz vektör mücadelesi de sinek populasyonlarında artışa sebep olmuştur. Bu durum da vektör populasyonunda, vektörlerle bulaştırılan hastalıklarda artışa ve dolayısıyla ekonomik gelişmelerde azalmalara veya yavaşlamalara yol açmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’de insan, hayvan ve bitki sağlığını tehdit ederek ekonomik kayıplara yol açan vektörlere ve bu vektörlerin bulaştırdıkları hastalıklara karşı mücadele programları geliştirmek ve başlatmak, bu konuda daha ileri araştırmalar yapmak oldukça önemlidir

Keywords

• Bitki
• hayvan
• insan
• Türkiye
• vektörler
• vektörlerle bulaşan hastalıklar

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