Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from animals in Turkey

Abstract

Chromosomal mutations and resistance genes transferred by plasmids are the main factors of quinolone resistance particularly in Escherichia coli strains isolated from both animals and humans. In this study a total of 259 E. coli strains were examined for the resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin by agar dilution method and for the presence of qnrA, qnrB and qnrS genes that are known as plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants by PCR. According to antimicrobial susceptibility tests 47 (50.0%) of 94 chicken, 3 (4.5%) of 66 sheep, 5 (9.6%) of 52 cattle and 3 (6.4%) of 47 dog E. coli strains were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin. Among all plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants that were investigated in this study, only qnrA gene was found in 5 (5.3%) of 94 E. coli chicken isolates. This is the sole report from Turkey that evaluated the plasmidmediated quinolone resistance in animal isolates of E. coli strains

Keywords

• Animal
• Escherichia coli
• plasmid-mediated
• quinolone-resistance

Türkiye’de hayvanlardan izole edilen Escherichia coli suşlarında plasmid ilişkili kinolon direnci

Abstract

Hayvanlarda ve insanlarda çok çeşitli infeksiyonlara neden olan Escherichia coli’lerde kinolon direnç gelişimine neden olan başlıca faktörler kromozomal mutasyonlar ve plazmidler ile aktarılan direnç genleridir. Bu çalışmada toplam 259 E. coli suşu, nalidiksik asit ve siprofloksasin direnci, agar dilusyon yöntemi kullanılarak ve plazmid ilişkili kinolon direnç belirleyicilerinden olan qnrA, qnrB ve qnrS genlerinin varlığı PCR yöntemi kullanılarak araştırıldı. Antibiyotik duyarlılık test sonuçlarına göre 94 tavuk E. coli suşundan 47 (%50)’si, 66 koyun E. coli suşundan 3 (%4.5)’ü, 52 sığır E. coli suşundan 5 (%9.6)’i, 47 köpek E. coli suşundan 3 (%6.4)’ü siprofloksasin’e dirençli bulundu. Bu çalışmada araştırılan bütün plazmid ilişkili kinolon direnç belirleyicileri içerisinden, izole edilen 94 E. coli tavuk suşu arasında qnrA geni, sadece 5 (%5.3) tavuk izolatında bulundu. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de E. coli hayvan izolatlarında plazmid ilişkili kinolon direncinin değerlendirildiği tek rapordur

Keywords

• Escherichia coli
• hayvan
• kinolon direnci
• plazmid ilişkili

References

1. Bateman A, Murzin AG, Teichmann SA (1998): Structure and distribution of pentapeptide repeats in bacteria. Protein Sci, 7, 1477-1480.
2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2009): Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically-Eight Edition: Approved Standard M07-A8. CLSI, Wayne, PA, USA.
3. Fortini D, Fashae K, Garcia-Fernandez A, Villa L, Carattoli A (2011): Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and β-lactamases in Escherichia coli from healthy animals from Nigeria. J Antimicrob Chemother, 66, 1269-1272.
4. Gay K, Robicsek A, Strahilevitz J, Park CH, Jacoby GA, Barrett TJ, Medalla F, Chiller TM, Hooper DC (2006): Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Non- Typhi serotypes of Salmonella enterica. Clin Infect Dis 43, 297-304.
5. Gyles CL, Fairbrother JM (2010): Escherichia coli. 267- 308. In: Gyles CL, Prescott JF, Songer JG, Thoen CO (Eds), Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals. Blackwell Publishing, Singapore.
6. Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST (2000): Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (9th ed). Williams &Wilkins, USA.
7. Huang SY, Dai L, Xia LN, Du XD, Qi YH, Liu HB, Wu CM, Shen JZ (2009): Increased Prevalence of Plasmid- Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Chicken Escherichia coli Isolates from 2001 to 2007. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 6 (10), 1203-1209.
8. Jacoby GA, Chow N, Waites KB (2003): Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47 (2), 559–562.

9. Karah N, Poirel L, Bengtsson S, Sundqvist M, Kahlmeter G, Nordmann P, Sundsfjord A, Samuelsen O, Norwegian Study Group on PMQR (2010): Plasmid- mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr and aac(6’)-Ib-cr in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. from Norway and Sweden. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 66, 425- 431.
10. Kuo HC, Chou CC, Tu C, Gong SR, Han CL, Liao JW, Chang SK (2009): Characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance by the qnrS gene in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy chickens and pigs. Vet Med-Czech, 54 (10), 473-482.
11. Mammeri H, Van De Loo M, Poirel L Martinez- Martinez L, Nordmann P (2005): Emergence of plasmid- mediated quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli in Europe. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 71-76.
12. Martinez-Martinez L, Pascual A, Jacoby GA (1998): Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet, 351, 797-799.
13. Nazik H, İlktaç M, Öngen B (2009): Prevalence of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and aac(6’)-lb-cr (in qnr-positive isolates) among the ESBL-positive and/or ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates in Turkey. J Chemother, 21 (2), 219-221.
14. Öktem İMA, Gülay Z, Biçmen M, Gür D, HITIT Project Group (2008): qnrA prevalence in extended- spectrum β-lactamase-positive Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis, 61, 13-17.
15. Poirel L, Rodriguez-Martinez JM, Mammeri H, Liard A, Nordmann P (2005): Origin of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 3523-3525.
16. Rodriguez-Martinez JM, Cano ME, Velasco C,
17. Martinez-Martinez L, Pascual A (2011): Plasmid- mediated quinolone resistance: an update. J Infect Chemother, 17, 149–182.
18. Sambrook http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0956713506001964 - bbib14J, Russel DW (2001): Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, (3rd ed). Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
19. Savaşan S, Çiftçi A, Diker KS (2004): Emergence of quinolone resistance among chicken isolates of campylobacter in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 28, 391- 397.
20. Tran JH, Jacoby GA (2002): Mechanism of plasmid- mediated quinolone resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99, 5638-5642.
21. Wang M, Tran JH, Jacoby GA, Zhang Y, Wang F, Hooper DC (2003): Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Shanghai, China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 2242-2248.
22. Wang M, Sahm DF, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC (2004): Emerging plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance associated with the qnr gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48, 1295-1299.
23. Webber M, Piddock LJ (2001): Quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. Vet Res, 32, 275-284.
24. Yue L, Jiang HX, Liao XP, Liu JH, Li SJ, Chen XY, Chen CX, Lu DH, Liu YH (2008): Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance poultry and swine clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol, 132, 414-420. qnr genes in