Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of gastrointestinal helminths (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in ruminant livestock of northwest Iran

Abstract

Trichostrongylidae family is considered as a group of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants with widespread distribution in the world. The parasites are the major causes of productivity loss in many countries including Iran. This study was carried out to determine the distribution of abomasal Trichostrongylidae among livestock of Qazvin, Iran. Totally, 160 abomasum samples including 83 from sheep, 72 from cattle and 5 from goats were collected from slaughterhouses throughout the Qazvin Province. The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region was amplified using PCR followed by sequencing 13 different isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the identified sequences was performed using MEGA 7 software. The prevalence rate of the nematodes was 19.4% among the specimens. Also, two spices including Marshallagia marshalli and Teladorsagia circumcincta were identified among the isolates with M. marshalli at higher frequency. No Trichostrongylus spp. was detected in the region. Since livestock plays a major role in ecosystem balance and as some species of nematodes have a zoonotic nature, it is necessary to proceed with more comprehensive epidemiologic studies to clarify the infection rate among the human population living in the region.

Keywords

• ITS2-rDNA region,Phylogenetic analysis,Iran,Phylogenetic analysis,Qazvin,Trichostrongylidae.

References

1. 1. Anvari-Tafti M, Sazmand A, Hekmatimoghaddam S, et al (2013): Gastrointestinal helminths of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in center of Iran. Trop Biomed, 30, 56-61.
2. 2. Borji H, Razmi G, Movassaghi AR, et al (2010): A study on gastrointestinal helminths of camels in Mashhad abattoir, Iran. Iran J Vet Res, 11, 174-179.
3. 3. Bott NJ, Campbell BE, Beveridge I, et al (2009): A combined microscopic-molecular method for the diagnosis of strongylid infections in sheep. Int J Parasitol, 39, 1277-1287.
4. 4. Bradbury R (2006): An imported case of Trichostrongylid infection in Tasmania & A review of human Trichostrongylidiosis. Annals of the ACTM, 7, 25-28.
5. 5. Dallas J, Irvine R, Halvorsen O, et al (2000): Identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of Marshallagia marshalli and Ostertagia gruehneri from Svalbard reindeer. Int J Parasitol, 30, 863-866.
6. 6. Dróżdż J, Derniaszkiewicz AW, Lachowicz J (2002): Exchange of gastrointestinal nematodes between roe and red deer (Cervidae) and European bison (Bovidae) in the Bieszczady Mountalns (Garpathians, Poland). Acta Parasitol, 47, 314-317.
7. 7. Eslami A, Meydani M, Maleki S, et al (1979): Gastrointestinal nematodes of wild sheep (Ovis orientalis) from Iran. J Wildl Dis, 15, 263-265.
8. 8. Garedaghi Y, Hashemzadefarhang H, Fattahi A (2013): Prevalence of abomasal nematodes in sheep slaughtered at Baneh town. Am J Anim Vet Sci, 8, 142-145.

9. 9. Ghadirian E, Arfaa FNMN(1973): First report of human infection with Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, and Marshallagia marshalli (family Trichostrongylidae) in Iran. J Parasitol, 59, 1144-1145.
10. 10. Ghadirian E, Arfaa F (1975): Present status of trichostrongyliasis in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 24, 935-941.
11. 11. Ghadirian E, Arfaa F, Sadighian A (1974): Human infection with Trichostrongylus capricola in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 23, 1002-1003.
12. 12. Ghasemikhah R, Mirhendi H, Kia E, et al (2011): Morphological and morphometrical description of Trichostrongylus species isolated from domestic ruminants in Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran. Iran J Parasitol, 6, 82-88.
13. 13. Ghasemikhah R, Sharbatkhori M, Mobedi I, et al (2012): Sequence analysis of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region of rDNA for species identification of Trichostrongylus nematodes isolated from domestic livestock in Iran. Iran J Parasitol, 7, 40-46.
14. 14. Gholami S, Babamahmoodi F, Abedian R, et al (2015): Trichostrongylus colubriformis: possible most common cause of human infection in Mazandaran Province, North of Iran. Iran J Parasitol, 10, 110-115.
15. 15. Gholamian A, Eslami A, Nabavi, L, et al (2007): A field survey on resistance to albendazole in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Khuzestan Province of Iran. J Vet Res, 62, 45-51.
16. 16. Gorski P, Niznikowski R, Strzelec E, et al (2004): Prevalence of protozoan and helminth internal parasite infections in goat and sheep flocks in Poland. Arch Tierz, 47, 43-49.
17. 17. Hakimzadegan M, Khosroshahi MK (2013): Prevalence of abomasal nematodes in slaughtered goats at industrial Urmia slaughterhouse, West Azerbaijan Province, Northwest of Iran. J Anim Poultry Sci, 2, 120-124.
18. 18. Hall TA (1999): BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser, 41, 95-98.
19. 19. Hoberg EP, Lichtenfels JR (1994): Phylogenetic systematic analysis of the Trichostrongylidae (Nematoda), with an initial assessment of coevolution and biogeography. J Parasitol, 80, 976-996.
20. 20. Hoberg EP, Monsen KJ, Kutz S, et al (1999): Structure, biodiversity, and historical biogeography of nematode faunas in holarctic ruminants: morphological and molecular diagnoses for Teladorsagia boreoarcticus n. sp.(Nematoda: Ostertagiinae), a dimorphic cryptic species in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). J Parasitol, 85, 910-934.
21. 21. Holmes P (1987): Pathophysiology of nematode infections. Int J Parasitol, 17, 443-451.
22. 22. Hoste H, Chilton NB, Beveridge I, et al (1998): A comparison of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA in seven species of Trichostrongylus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). Int J Parasitol, 28, 1251-1260.
23. 23. Kordi B, Mirzaei M, Nooshadokht M (2019): Identification of abomasum nematodes fauna of ruminant in Kerman industrial slaughterhouse, Iran. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res, 20, 14970- 14973.
24. 24. Kuznetsov D, Kuznetsova N (2007): Sequences of the second internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA for three species of Trichostrongylus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from sheep in Russia. Helminthologia, 44, 43-46.
25. 25. Mashayekhi M, Gharedaghi Y, Farazmand MR (2013): Study of abomasal nematodes in adult cattles in abattoir of Tabriz Iran. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci, 2, 107-109.
26. 26. Meradi S, Bentounsi B, Zouyed I, et al (2011): The steppe species of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants, with a focus on Marshallagia: climate as a key determinant. Parasite, 18, 261-269.
27. 27. Nabavi R, Eslami A, Shokrani H, et al (2011): Study on the prevalence, intensity and seasonal dynamics of abomasal helminths in sheep from different climatic zones of Iran. World Appl Sci J, 12, 441-445.
28. 28. Pestechian N, Kalani H, Faridnia R, et al (2014): Zoonotic gastrointestinal nematodes (Trichostrongylidae) from sheep and goat in Isfahan, Iran. Acta Sci Vet, 42, 1-6. 29. Roeber F, Jex AR, Gasser RB (2013): Impact of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of sheep, and the role of advanced molecular tools for exploring epidemiology and drug resistance-an Australian perspective. Parasit Vectors, 6, 153.
29. 30. Sharifdini M, Derakhshani S, Alizadeh SA, et al (2017): Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of human Trichostrongylus species from an endemic area of Iran. Acta Trop, 176, 293-299.
30. 31. Sharifdini M, Heidari Z, Hesari Z, et al (2017): Molecular phylogenetics of Trichostrongylus species (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from humans of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Korean J Parasitol, 55, 279-285.
31. 32. Steel J, Jones W, Symons L (1982): Effects of a concurrent infection of Trichostrongylus colubriformis on the productivity and physiological and metabolic responses of lambs infected with Ostertagia circumcincta. Aust J Agric Res, 33, 131-40.
32. 33. Sun MM, Han L, Zhang FK, et al (2018): Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Marshallagia marshalli and phylogenetic implications for the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea. Parasitol Res, 117, 307-313.
33. 34. Suarez V, Cabaret J (1991): Similarities between species of the Ostertagiinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in relation to host-specificity and climatic environment. Syst Parasitol, 20, 179-85.
34. 35. Talari SA, Arbabi M (2004): Prevalence of Iarge intestinal nematodes of ruminant in slaughterhouse of Kashan. Feyz J Kashan Univ Med Sci, 8, 45-50.
35. 36. Tan TK, Panchadcharam C, Low VL, et al (2014): Co-infection of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. among livestock in Malaysia as revealed by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer II DNA region. BMC Vet Res, 10, 38.
36. 37. Tariq KA, Chishti MZ, Ahmad F, et al (2008): Epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep managed under traditional husbandry system in Kashmir valley. Vet Parasitol, 158, 138-143.
37. 38. Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Harder A, Schnieder T (2002): Quantitative analysis of ITS2 sequences in trichostrongyle parasites. Int J Parasitol, 32, 1529-1535.
38. 39. Wall EC, Bhatnagar N, Watson J, et al (2010): An unusual case of hypereosinophilia and abdominal pain: an outbreak of Trichostrongylus imported from New Zealand. J Travel Med, 18, 59-60.