Research Article
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Modern Irak’ta Kürt-Türkmen İlişkileri

Year 2018, Volume: 54 Issue: 2, 95 - 120, 20.05.2018

Abstract

Irak, Kürtler ya
da Türkmenler üzerine oluşturulmuş literatürde Kürtler ve Türkmenler arasındaki
ilişkileri bütüncül ve tarihsel anlamda merkeze alan bilimsel bir çalışma
yapılmamıştır. Tarihsel olarak yoğun bir etkileşim içerisinde bulunmaları,
Araplardan sonra Irak’taki en büyük iki etnik grubu teşkil etmeleri ve ‘ihtilaflı
bölgeler’ olarak tanımlanan yerleşim alanlarındaki nüfusları açısından bu
ilişkilerin incelenmesi önem taşımaktadır. Bahsedilen literatürdeki eksiklikten
ve konunun taşıdığı önemden hareket eden bu makale, iki etnik grup arasındaki
ilişkilerin nasıl bir doğaya sahip olduğunu ve hangi değişkenler tarafından
belirlendiğini sorgulamaktadır. Buna göre, iki etnik grup arasındaki
ilişkilerin sıklıkla çatışmacı bir doğaya sahip olduğu, ancak bu çatışmacı
seyrin ne zamansal ne de mekânsal olarak homojen bir yayılım gösterdiği iddia
edilecektir. Bu çatışmacı etkileşimin ve çatışmadaki heterojenliğin
birbirlerini karşılıklı olarak da etkileyen dört temel parametre tarafından
belirlendiği savunulacaktır: güç rekabeti, vatan iddiaları, yerel
farklılaşmalar ve dış aktör etkileri. Çalışma, bu dört değişken çerçevesinde
1920’li yıllardan bugüne Kürt-Türkmen ilişkilerinin tarihsel ve güncel seyrini
ortaya koyacaktır ve sonuç bölümünde bu ilişkilerin geleceğine yönelik kısa bir
tartışma yapacaktır.

References

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  • Iraq Sustainable Democracy Project. “US Indifference to Decisions of Legitimate Political Leaderships”, Policy Briefing (2008).
  • Khoder, Salam. “Iraq: The Separating Walls of Tuz Khurmatu”, Al Jazeera, 18.04.2016, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/iraq-separating-walls-tuz-khurmatu-160330071229783.html; accessed: 18.09.2017.
  • Kumral, Mehmet Akif. Rethinking Turkey-Iraq Relations: The Dilemma of Partial Cooperation, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2016.
  • Küzeci, Şemsettin. Türkmeneli Edebiyatı: Körfez Savaşı Sonrası, 1991- 2003, DGTYB, Ankara, 2005.
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  • McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris, New York, 2007.
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  • Orhan, Oytun. “Yorgun Ülke Irak: Musul, Telafer, Kerkük, Tuzhurmatu, Bağdat Gözlemleri”, Ortadoğu Analiz, C. 1, No. 12 (2009), s. 35-43.
  • ORSAM. “Şahin Mehmet Kani ile Mülakat”, 22.02.2013, http://www.orsam.org.tr/index.php/Content/Analiz/3634?s=orsam%7Cturkish; erişim: 28.04.2016. Petrosian, Vahram. “The Iraqi Turkomans and Turkey”, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 7, No. 1-2, s. 279-308.
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  • Sky, Emma. “Iraq’s Kurds Have Overplayed Their Hand. Now Both Sides Must Talk”, The Guardian, 19.10.2017, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/19/iraq-kurds-overplayed-hand-kirkuk; accessed: 12.12.2017.
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  • Taneja, Preti. “Iraq’s Minorities: Participation in Public Life”, Minority Rights Group International (2011). Taştekin, Fehim. “Kurdistan Referandum Leaves Iraq’s Turkmen in Quandary”, Al-Monitor, 18.09.2017, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/09/turkey-iraqi-kurdistan-referendum-turkmens-quandary.html; accessed: 20.11.2017.
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Year 2018, Volume: 54 Issue: 2, 95 - 120, 20.05.2018

Abstract

References

  • Ahmed, Mohammed M. A. Iraqi Kurds and Nation-Building, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.
  • Al Jazeera Türk. “Kerkük Neden Önemli?”, 16.06.2014, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/kerkuk-neden-onemli; erişim: 17.09.2017.
  • Altaş, Gülbahar. “Türkmen Lider: Hedef Barzani!”, Rudaw, 28.10.2015, http://www.rudaw.net/turkish/interview/28102015; accessed: 18.09.2017.
  • Altunışık, Meliha. “Turkey’s Security Culture and Policy towards Iraq”, Perceptions, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2007), s. 69-88.
  • Astarjian, Henry D. The Struggle for Kirkuk: The Rise of Hussein, Oil, and the Death of Tolerance in Iraq, Praeger Security International, London, 2007.
  • Chulov, Martin. “Kurds and Shias Face off over Kirkuk in Vacuum Left by Iraqi Army”, The Guardian, 22.02.2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/22/kurds-and-shias-face-off-over-kirkuk-in-vacuum-left-by-iraqi-army; accessed: 18.09.2017.
  • Çınar, Ayser. “Türkmen Kadın Aktivist: Türkiye Bize Sahip Çıkmadı”, Rudaw, 12.09.2014, http://www.rudaw.net/turkish/interview/12092014; erişim: 18.09.2017.
  • Danilovich, Alex. Iraqi Federalism and the Kurds: Learning to Live Together, Ashgate Publishing, Surrey, 2014.
  • Davison, John. “Iraqi Kurdish Fortunes Reversed in City They Longed for as Capital”, Reuters, 11.05.2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-election-kirkuk/iraqi-kurdish-fortunes-reversed-in-city-they-longed-for-as-capital-idUSKBN1IC1IA; accessed: 05.06.2018.
  • Dawisha, Adeed. Iraq: A Political History from Independence to Occupation, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2009.
  • Duman, Bilgay. “Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi Parlamento Seçimleri ve Türkmenler”, ORSAM, 02.09.2013, http://www.orsam.org.tr/index.php/Content/Analiz/3817?s=turkmen|turkish; erişim: 28.04.2016.
  • Duman, Bilgay. “Irak’ın Kuzeyindeki Türkmenlerin Siyasal Durumları: Saha Çalışmasına Dayalı Bir Analiz”, Ortadoğu Analiz, C. 1, No. 12 (2009), s. 21-27.
  • Duman, Bilgay. “Telafer’in Düşmesi ve Türkmenlerin Durumu”, ORSAM, 16.06.2014, http://www.orsam.org.tr/index.php/Content/Analiz/4589?c=orsam|turkish; erişim: 28.04.2016.
  • Duman, Bilgay. “17. Yılında Irak Türkmen Cephesi ve Irak Siyasetinde Türkmenler”, Ortadoğu Analiz, C. 4, No. 41 (2012), s. 53-64.
  • Duman, Bilgay. “2003 Sonrası Irak Siyasetinde Türkmenler ve 2010 Seçimleri”, Ortadoğu Analiz, C. 2, No. 16 (2010), s. 53-66.
  • Durukan, Namık. “Türkmenler Ateş Altında”, Milliyet, 24.08.2003, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2003/08/24/guncel/agun.html; erişim: 20.06.2016.
  • Ergin, Sedat. “Iraklı Türkmenler Buharlaştılar mı?”, Hürriyet, 18.02.2005, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/irakli-turkmenler-buharlastilar-mi-297580; erişim: 28.04.2016.
  • Farouk-Sluglett, Marion and Peter Sluglett. Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship, I. B. Tauris, New York, 2001.
  • Fattah, Hala. A Brief History of Iraq, Infobase Publishing, New York, 2009.
  • Gunter, Michael M. The Kurds Ascending: The Evolving Solution to the Kurdish Problem in Iraq and Turkey, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008.
  • Haci, Şoriş. Kerkük’ün Araplaştırılması: Belgeler, Doz Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2006.
  • Hadi, Haydar. “Iraqi Turkmen Parties Urge Boycott of Kurd Region Poll”, Anadolu Agency, 09.09.2017, http://aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iraqi-turkmen-parties-urge-boycott-of-kurd-region-poll/905546; erişim: 19.09.2017.
  • Hamsici, Mahmut. “Tuzhurmatu’da Türkmen-Kürt Dayanışması Nasıl Bozuldu?”, BBC Türkçe, 11.12.2015, http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/12/151210_tuzhurmatu_bbcturkce_mahmut_hamsici; erişim: 18.09.2017.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Iraq: Ethnic Fighting Endangers Civilians”, 13.01.2016, https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/13/iraq-ethnic-fighting-endangers-civilians; accessed: 17.09.2017.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Iraq: Kirkuk Security Forces Expel Displaced Turkmen”, 07.05.2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/07/iraq-kirkuk-security-forces-expel-displaced-turkmen; accessed: 19.09.2017.
  • Hurriyet Daily News. “Talabani: Kirkuk is Kurds' Jerusalem”, 31.12.2004, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/talabani-kirkuk-is-kurds-jerusalem.aspx?pageID=438&n=talabani-kirkuk-is-kurds8217-jerusalem-2004-12-31; accessed: 28.04.2016.
  • Hürmüzlü, Habib. “Kerkük Üniversitesi Rektörü Olayı ve Kerkük’teki Dengeler”, ORSAM, 27.05.2015, http://www.orsam.org.tr/index.php/Content/Analiz/4585?s=turkmen|turkish; erişim: 28.04.2016. Hürmüzlü, Habib and Firuze Yağmur Gökler. ORSAM Irak Türkmenleri Güncesi, No. 43 (2014).
  • Iraq Sustainable Democracy Project. “US Indifference to Decisions of Legitimate Political Leaderships”, Policy Briefing (2008).
  • Khoder, Salam. “Iraq: The Separating Walls of Tuz Khurmatu”, Al Jazeera, 18.04.2016, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/iraq-separating-walls-tuz-khurmatu-160330071229783.html; accessed: 18.09.2017.
  • Kumral, Mehmet Akif. Rethinking Turkey-Iraq Relations: The Dilemma of Partial Cooperation, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2016.
  • Küzeci, Şemsettin. Türkmeneli Edebiyatı: Körfez Savaşı Sonrası, 1991- 2003, DGTYB, Ankara, 2005.
  • Lauria, Joe. “Tensions Mount As Iraqi Kurds Vote For Independence”, The Huffington Post, 25.09.2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/tensions-mount-as-iraqi-kurds-vote-for-independence_us_59c9036ee4b0f2df5e83b006; accessed: 17.11.2017.
  • Levent, Hediye. “Kuzey Irak’taki Bağımsızlık Referandumuna Türkmenler Ne Diyor?”, BBC Türkçe, 26.08.2017, http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-41052033; erişim: 17.09.2017.
  • Lindenstrauss, Gallia. “Turkey vs. the Kurds in Northern Iraq: Approaching Military Intervention?”, Strategic Assesment, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2007), pp. 92-98.
  • Lukitz, Liora. Iraq: The Search for National Identity, Frank Coss, London, 1995.
  • Marr, Phebe. The Modern History of Iraq, Westview Press, Colorado, 1985.
  • McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris, New York, 2007.
  • Nakip, Mahir. “Irak’ta İhtilaflı Bölgeler ve Türkmenler”, Ortadoğu Analiz, C. 5, No. 49 (2013), s. 98-104. Oğuzlu, H. Tarık. “The ‘Turkomans’ as a Factor in Turkish Foreign Policy”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2002), s. 139-148.
  • Orhan, Oytun. “Yorgun Ülke Irak: Musul, Telafer, Kerkük, Tuzhurmatu, Bağdat Gözlemleri”, Ortadoğu Analiz, C. 1, No. 12 (2009), s. 35-43.
  • ORSAM. “Şahin Mehmet Kani ile Mülakat”, 22.02.2013, http://www.orsam.org.tr/index.php/Content/Analiz/3634?s=orsam%7Cturkish; erişim: 28.04.2016. Petrosian, Vahram. “The Iraqi Turkomans and Turkey”, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 7, No. 1-2, s. 279-308.
  • Rydgren, Jens and Dana Sofi. “Interethnic Relations in Northern Iraq: Brokerage, Social Capital and the Potential for Reconciliation”, International Sociology, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2011), s. 25-49.
  • Rudaw. “Kürdistan’da Türkmence Resmi Dil Oldu”, 02.11.2014, http://www.rudaw.net/turkish/kurdistan/021120144; erişim: 18.09.2017.
  • Rudaw. “Turkmen Leader Tells Erbil to Exclude Disputed Areas from Referendum”, 31.07.2017, http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/290720172; accessed: 19.09.2017.
  • Rudaw. “Kurdish Official Rejects Turkmen Proposal to Turn Kirkuk into Region”, 11.11.2017, http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/111120171; accessed: 20.12.2017.
  • Russel, Jacob. “Kurdish-Turkmen Tension on the Rise in Kirkuk”, Al Jazeera, 18.06.2014, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/kurdish-turkmen-tension-rise-kirkuk-2014617122142958412.html; accessed: 17.09.2017.
  • Saatçi, Suphi. Tarihten Günümüze Irak Türkmenleri, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul, 2003. Semin, Ali. “Türkiye’nin Irak Politikası Işığında Kuzey Irak Açılımı”, Bilge Strateji, C. 3, No. 5 (2011), s. 179-204.
  • Sky, Emma. “Iraq’s Kurds Have Overplayed Their Hand. Now Both Sides Must Talk”, The Guardian, 19.10.2017, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/19/iraq-kurds-overplayed-hand-kirkuk; accessed: 12.12.2017.
  • Stansfield, Gareth and Hashem Ahmadzadeh. “Kurdish or Kurdistanis? Conceptualizing Regionalism in the North of Iraq”, ed. Reidar Visser ve Gareth Stansfield, An Iraq of Its Regions: Cornerstones of a Federal Democracy?, Hurst & Company, London, 2007, pp. 123-149.
  • Taneja, Preti. “Iraq’s Minorities: Participation in Public Life”, Minority Rights Group International (2011). Taştekin, Fehim. “Kurdistan Referandum Leaves Iraq’s Turkmen in Quandary”, Al-Monitor, 18.09.2017, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/09/turkey-iraqi-kurdistan-referendum-turkmens-quandary.html; accessed: 20.11.2017.
  • Taştekin, Fehim. “Turkmen Caught between Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan”, Al-Monitor, 27.02.2017, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/02/turkmen-iraq-kurdistan-turkey-reconciliation-krg.html; accessed: 17.09.2017.
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tunahan Yıldız

Publication Date May 20, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 54 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yıldız, T. (2018). Modern Irak’ta Kürt-Türkmen İlişkileri. Avrasya Etüdleri, 54(2), 95-120.
AMA Yıldız T. Modern Irak’ta Kürt-Türkmen İlişkileri. Avrasya Etüdleri. May 2018;54(2):95-120.
Chicago Yıldız, Tunahan. “Modern Irak’ta Kürt-Türkmen İlişkileri”. Avrasya Etüdleri 54, no. 2 (May 2018): 95-120.
EndNote Yıldız T (May 1, 2018) Modern Irak’ta Kürt-Türkmen İlişkileri. Avrasya Etüdleri 54 2 95–120.
IEEE T. Yıldız, “Modern Irak’ta Kürt-Türkmen İlişkileri”, Avrasya Etüdleri, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 95–120, 2018.
ISNAD Yıldız, Tunahan. “Modern Irak’ta Kürt-Türkmen İlişkileri”. Avrasya Etüdleri 54/2 (May 2018), 95-120.
JAMA Yıldız T. Modern Irak’ta Kürt-Türkmen İlişkileri. Avrasya Etüdleri. 2018;54:95–120.
MLA Yıldız, Tunahan. “Modern Irak’ta Kürt-Türkmen İlişkileri”. Avrasya Etüdleri, vol. 54, no. 2, 2018, pp. 95-120.
Vancouver Yıldız T. Modern Irak’ta Kürt-Türkmen İlişkileri. Avrasya Etüdleri. 2018;54(2):95-120.