Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Mısır Ordusunun Arap İsyanları Sürecindeki Rolünün Sivil-Asker İlişkileri ve Aktörler Açısından Analizi

Year 2018, Volume: 54 Issue: 2, 121 - 149, 20.05.2018

Abstract

Mısır ordusu, Hür Subaylar Darbesinden (Devriminden)
bu yana geleneksel olarak siyasette etkin bir rol oynamıştır. Uzun süren
diktatörlük rejiminin sarsılmaya başladığı Arap Ayaklanmaları sürecinde de
ordunun rolü ve pozisyonu belirleyici olmuştur. Ayaklanmaların başlangıcında
Mübarek rejimine karşı muhalif grupların yanında yer alan Mısır ordusu, geçici
olarak ülkeyi yönetmesinin ardından seçilmiş Cumhurbaşkanına yönetimi devretmiş;
fakat bir yıl sonra başlayan kitlesel gösteriler, seçilmiş yönetimin alaşağı
edilmesine yol açan ordunun müdahalesi ile son bulmuştur. Bu çerçevede
çalışmamızda şu sorulara yanıt arayacağız: Arap Ayaklanmaları sırasında Mısır
ordusunun askeri müdahaleyle neticelenen son kararlarını veya politikalarını
nasıl açıklayabiliriz? Başlangıçta protestocularla aynı tarafta yer almak ile seçimle
gelen lideri askeri müdahale ile devirmek arasında bir çelişki var mıdır? Mısır
örneğini incelerken daha çok Latin Amerika ülkeleri üzerine yapılmış
çalışmalardan oluşan sivil-asker ilişkileri literatürüne başvuracağız.
Sivil-asker ilişkilerinin doğasını anlamak, ordunun önemli bir rol oynadığı
Mısır örneği için temel bir konudur. Mısır ordusu, ayaklanmaların başından
itibaren çıkarlarını merkeze alan bir aktör olarak hareket etmiştir. Süreç
içinde diğer aktörlerle olan ilişkilerinde değişimler olsa da izlediği
politikanın kendi içinde tutarlı bir çizgisi olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Darbe ile
birlikte eski rejim tipine benzer bir yapı ortaya çıkmış ve Arap
Ayaklanmalarının başlattığı değişim dalgası Mısır’da ve bölgede akamete
uğramıştır.

References

  • Abi-Habib, Maria and Reem Abdellatif. “Qatar’s Aid to Egypt Raises Fears on Motives”, The Wall Street Journal, 17.05.2013, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324031404578480771040838046; accessed: 02.03.2018.
  • Abul-Magd, Zeinab. “Military”. Egypt After the Spring: Revolt and Reaction, (Ed. Emile Hokayem ve Hebatalla Taha), Adelphi Series, Routledge, 2015, pp. 53-74.
  • Açıkalın Erkorkmaz, Serpil. “Katar Krizi, Çatallaşan Dinamikler ve Müslüman Kardeşler Muamması”, ORDAF, 14.06.2017, http://ordaf.org/katar-krizi-catallasan-bolgesel-dinamikler-ve-musluman-kardesler-muammasi/; erişim: 02.03.2018.
  • Ahram Online. “No need to amend Camp David: Morsi spokesperson”, 26.09.2012, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsAFCON/2017/53904.aspx; accessed: 03.3.2018.
  • Al-Jazeera. “Crowds in Cairo praise Morsi’s army overhaul”, 13.08.2012, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201281215511142445.html; accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • Al-Jazeera. “Egypt: The president’s new powers”, 24.11.2012, https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2012/11/2012112482649205402.html, accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. “Mısır’ın başarısı Türkiye’nin başarısıdır”, 27.12.2012, https://aa.com.tr/tr/politika/misirin-basarisi-turkiyenin-basarisidir/291240?amp=1; erişim: 02.03.2018.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. “Türkiye’den Mısır’a 2 milyar dolar”, Sabah, 15.09.2012, https://www.sabah.com.tr/ekonomi/2012/09/15/turkiyeden-misira-2-milyar-dolar; erişim: 02.03.2018. Asad, Talal. “Fear and the Ruptured State: Reflections on Egypt after Mubarak”, Social Research, Vol. 79, No. 2, 2012, pp. 271-298.
  • Aydoğan Kalabalık, Abdullah. “Suud-İran Hattında İhvan İktidarı”, 11.08.2012, https://www.setav.org/suud-iran-hattinda-ihvan-iktidari/ ; erişim: 02.03.2018. Barany, Zoltan. “The Role of the Military: Comparing the Arab Revolts”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2011, pp. 28-39.
  • Adrian Blomfield. “Mohammed Morsi vows to respect Egypt-Israel peace treaty”, 28.08.2012, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/9504601/Mohammed-Morsi-vows-to-respect-Egypt-Israel-peace-treaty.html; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Cook, Steven A. The Struggle for Egypt, Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
  • Desch, Michael C. Civilian Control of the Military, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 2001.
  • Deutsche Welle. “Katar krizinin perde arkası”, 05.06.2017, http://www.dw.com/tr/katar-krizinin-perde-arkas%C4%B1/a-39121556; erişim: 02.03.2018.
  • El-Ghobashy, Mona. “The Metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 37, August 2005, pp. 373-395.
  • El-Shimy, Yasser M. “The Arab Spring Gathers Clouds: Why the Revolts for Change Have Stalled”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2011, pp. 39-54.
  • Finer, S. E. The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1988.
  • Gannoushi, Soumaya. “The Egyptian people’s revolution is being hijacked by the army”, 26.09.2011, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/sep/26/egyptian-revolution-army; accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • Hearst, David. “Why Saudi Arabia is taking a risk by backing the Egyptian coup”, The Guardian, 20.08.2013, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/20/saudi-arabia-coup-egypt; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Hill, Evan Hill. “Background: SCAF’s last minute power grab”, 18.06.2012, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/egypt/2012/06/201261812449990250.html; accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. The Soldier and the State, Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA, 1957.
  • Hunter, Wendy. Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians against Soldiers. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, 1997.
  • Jewish Virtual Library. “Egypt: US Foreign Aid”, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/u-s-foreign-aid-to-egypt-1948-present; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Joshi, Shashank. “Egypt’s army is hijacking the revolution”, 25.11.2011, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/8916150/Egypts-army-is-hijacking-the-revolution.html; accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • Kirkpatrick, David D. “Named Egypt’s Winner, Islamist Makes History”, 24.06.2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of-muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html; accessed: 02.03.2018.
  • Klapper, Bradley and Julie Pace. “Why Obama is standing with Egypt’s President Morsi”, Associated Press, 28.11.2012, https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Latest-News-Wires/2012/1128/Why-Obama-is-standing-with-Egypt-s-President-Morsi; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Nordlinger, Eric A. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments, Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1977.
  • Pion-Berlin, David. Through Corridors of Power: Institutions and Civil-Military Relations in Argentina, The Pennsylvania State University Press, Pennsylvania, 1997.
  • Brad Plumer. “The US gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”, The Washington Post, 09.07.2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/07/09/the-u-s-gives-egypt-1-5-billion-a-year-in-aid-heres-what-it-does/?utm_term=.1aaba7859371; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Rabbani, Mouin. “The Arab Revolts: Ten Tentative Observations”, People’s Power: The Arab World in Revolt, Heinrich Böll Stiftung, May 2011, pp. 10-13.
  • Rabbani, Mouin. “The Securitization of Political Rule: Security Domination of Arab Regimes and the Prospects of Democratization”, People’s Power: The Arab World in Revolt, Heinrich Böll Foundation, Beirut, 2011, pp. 282-286.
  • Reynolds, Justin. “Breaking the fear barrier in Egypt”, 10.02.2011, https://tif.ssrc.org/2011/02/10/breaking-the-fear-barrier-in-egypt-2/; accessed: 01.03.2018. Said, Atef. “The Paradox of Transition to ‘Democracy’ under Military Rule”, Social Research, Vol. 79, No. 2, 2012, pp. 397-434.
  • Segell, Glen. “Mohamed Morsi, Egypt and Israel”, 12.12.2013, http://www.e-ir.info/2013/12/12/president-morsi-egypt-and-israel/; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Shenker, Jack. “Egyptian army hijacking revolution, activists fear”, 15.02.2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/egyptian-army-hijacking-revolution-fear; accessed: 27.02.2018.
  • Teti, Andrea. “The Politics of Fearlessness: Egypt’s Second January Uprising”, 07.02.2011, http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/ideas/2011/02/the-politics-of-fearlessness-egypt%E2%80%99s-second-january-uprising/; accessed: 01.03.2018.
  • The Associated Press. “Islamist-leaning draft constitution divides Egypt”, 10.12.2012, http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/10/254226.html; accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • The Associated Press. “Qatar Doubles Aid to Egypt”, The New York Times, 08.01.2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/09/world/middleeast/qatar-doubles-aid-to-egypt.html; accessed: 02.03.2018; Anadolu Ajansı, “Türkiye’den Mısır’a 2 milyar dolar”, Sabah, 15.09.2012, https://www.sabah.com.tr/ekonomi/2012/09/15/turkiyeden-misira-2-milyar-dolar; erişim: 02.03.2018.
  • US News. “Obama Administration Urges Mubarak to Step Down”, 04.02.2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/02/04/obama-administration-urges-mubarak-to-step-down; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Welch, Claude E. Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1976.
  • Welch, Claude E, Jr. and Arthur K. Smith. Military Role and Rule: Perspectives on Civil-Military Relations, Duxbury Press, California, 1974.
  • Worth, Robert F. “Egypt Is Arena for Influence of Arab Rivals”, The New York Times, 09.07.2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/world/middleeast/aid-to-egypt-from-saudis-and-emiratis-is-part-of-struggle-with-qatar-for-influence.html; accessed: 03.03.2018.
Year 2018, Volume: 54 Issue: 2, 121 - 149, 20.05.2018

Abstract

References

  • Abi-Habib, Maria and Reem Abdellatif. “Qatar’s Aid to Egypt Raises Fears on Motives”, The Wall Street Journal, 17.05.2013, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324031404578480771040838046; accessed: 02.03.2018.
  • Abul-Magd, Zeinab. “Military”. Egypt After the Spring: Revolt and Reaction, (Ed. Emile Hokayem ve Hebatalla Taha), Adelphi Series, Routledge, 2015, pp. 53-74.
  • Açıkalın Erkorkmaz, Serpil. “Katar Krizi, Çatallaşan Dinamikler ve Müslüman Kardeşler Muamması”, ORDAF, 14.06.2017, http://ordaf.org/katar-krizi-catallasan-bolgesel-dinamikler-ve-musluman-kardesler-muammasi/; erişim: 02.03.2018.
  • Ahram Online. “No need to amend Camp David: Morsi spokesperson”, 26.09.2012, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsAFCON/2017/53904.aspx; accessed: 03.3.2018.
  • Al-Jazeera. “Crowds in Cairo praise Morsi’s army overhaul”, 13.08.2012, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201281215511142445.html; accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • Al-Jazeera. “Egypt: The president’s new powers”, 24.11.2012, https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2012/11/2012112482649205402.html, accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. “Mısır’ın başarısı Türkiye’nin başarısıdır”, 27.12.2012, https://aa.com.tr/tr/politika/misirin-basarisi-turkiyenin-basarisidir/291240?amp=1; erişim: 02.03.2018.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. “Türkiye’den Mısır’a 2 milyar dolar”, Sabah, 15.09.2012, https://www.sabah.com.tr/ekonomi/2012/09/15/turkiyeden-misira-2-milyar-dolar; erişim: 02.03.2018. Asad, Talal. “Fear and the Ruptured State: Reflections on Egypt after Mubarak”, Social Research, Vol. 79, No. 2, 2012, pp. 271-298.
  • Aydoğan Kalabalık, Abdullah. “Suud-İran Hattında İhvan İktidarı”, 11.08.2012, https://www.setav.org/suud-iran-hattinda-ihvan-iktidari/ ; erişim: 02.03.2018. Barany, Zoltan. “The Role of the Military: Comparing the Arab Revolts”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2011, pp. 28-39.
  • Adrian Blomfield. “Mohammed Morsi vows to respect Egypt-Israel peace treaty”, 28.08.2012, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/9504601/Mohammed-Morsi-vows-to-respect-Egypt-Israel-peace-treaty.html; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Cook, Steven A. The Struggle for Egypt, Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
  • Desch, Michael C. Civilian Control of the Military, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 2001.
  • Deutsche Welle. “Katar krizinin perde arkası”, 05.06.2017, http://www.dw.com/tr/katar-krizinin-perde-arkas%C4%B1/a-39121556; erişim: 02.03.2018.
  • El-Ghobashy, Mona. “The Metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 37, August 2005, pp. 373-395.
  • El-Shimy, Yasser M. “The Arab Spring Gathers Clouds: Why the Revolts for Change Have Stalled”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2011, pp. 39-54.
  • Finer, S. E. The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1988.
  • Gannoushi, Soumaya. “The Egyptian people’s revolution is being hijacked by the army”, 26.09.2011, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/sep/26/egyptian-revolution-army; accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • Hearst, David. “Why Saudi Arabia is taking a risk by backing the Egyptian coup”, The Guardian, 20.08.2013, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/20/saudi-arabia-coup-egypt; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Hill, Evan Hill. “Background: SCAF’s last minute power grab”, 18.06.2012, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/egypt/2012/06/201261812449990250.html; accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. The Soldier and the State, Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA, 1957.
  • Hunter, Wendy. Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians against Soldiers. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, 1997.
  • Jewish Virtual Library. “Egypt: US Foreign Aid”, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/u-s-foreign-aid-to-egypt-1948-present; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Joshi, Shashank. “Egypt’s army is hijacking the revolution”, 25.11.2011, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/8916150/Egypts-army-is-hijacking-the-revolution.html; accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • Kirkpatrick, David D. “Named Egypt’s Winner, Islamist Makes History”, 24.06.2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of-muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html; accessed: 02.03.2018.
  • Klapper, Bradley and Julie Pace. “Why Obama is standing with Egypt’s President Morsi”, Associated Press, 28.11.2012, https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Latest-News-Wires/2012/1128/Why-Obama-is-standing-with-Egypt-s-President-Morsi; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Nordlinger, Eric A. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments, Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1977.
  • Pion-Berlin, David. Through Corridors of Power: Institutions and Civil-Military Relations in Argentina, The Pennsylvania State University Press, Pennsylvania, 1997.
  • Brad Plumer. “The US gives Egypt $1.5 billion a year in aid. Here’s what it does”, The Washington Post, 09.07.2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/07/09/the-u-s-gives-egypt-1-5-billion-a-year-in-aid-heres-what-it-does/?utm_term=.1aaba7859371; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Rabbani, Mouin. “The Arab Revolts: Ten Tentative Observations”, People’s Power: The Arab World in Revolt, Heinrich Böll Stiftung, May 2011, pp. 10-13.
  • Rabbani, Mouin. “The Securitization of Political Rule: Security Domination of Arab Regimes and the Prospects of Democratization”, People’s Power: The Arab World in Revolt, Heinrich Böll Foundation, Beirut, 2011, pp. 282-286.
  • Reynolds, Justin. “Breaking the fear barrier in Egypt”, 10.02.2011, https://tif.ssrc.org/2011/02/10/breaking-the-fear-barrier-in-egypt-2/; accessed: 01.03.2018. Said, Atef. “The Paradox of Transition to ‘Democracy’ under Military Rule”, Social Research, Vol. 79, No. 2, 2012, pp. 397-434.
  • Segell, Glen. “Mohamed Morsi, Egypt and Israel”, 12.12.2013, http://www.e-ir.info/2013/12/12/president-morsi-egypt-and-israel/; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Shenker, Jack. “Egyptian army hijacking revolution, activists fear”, 15.02.2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/egyptian-army-hijacking-revolution-fear; accessed: 27.02.2018.
  • Teti, Andrea. “The Politics of Fearlessness: Egypt’s Second January Uprising”, 07.02.2011, http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/ideas/2011/02/the-politics-of-fearlessness-egypt%E2%80%99s-second-january-uprising/; accessed: 01.03.2018.
  • The Associated Press. “Islamist-leaning draft constitution divides Egypt”, 10.12.2012, http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/10/254226.html; accessed: 28.02.2018.
  • The Associated Press. “Qatar Doubles Aid to Egypt”, The New York Times, 08.01.2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/09/world/middleeast/qatar-doubles-aid-to-egypt.html; accessed: 02.03.2018; Anadolu Ajansı, “Türkiye’den Mısır’a 2 milyar dolar”, Sabah, 15.09.2012, https://www.sabah.com.tr/ekonomi/2012/09/15/turkiyeden-misira-2-milyar-dolar; erişim: 02.03.2018.
  • US News. “Obama Administration Urges Mubarak to Step Down”, 04.02.2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/02/04/obama-administration-urges-mubarak-to-step-down; accessed: 03.03.2018.
  • Welch, Claude E. Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1976.
  • Welch, Claude E, Jr. and Arthur K. Smith. Military Role and Rule: Perspectives on Civil-Military Relations, Duxbury Press, California, 1974.
  • Worth, Robert F. “Egypt Is Arena for Influence of Arab Rivals”, The New York Times, 09.07.2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/world/middleeast/aid-to-egypt-from-saudis-and-emiratis-is-part-of-struggle-with-qatar-for-influence.html; accessed: 03.03.2018.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Abdurrahman Gümüş This is me

Publication Date May 20, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 54 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gümüş, A. (2018). Mısır Ordusunun Arap İsyanları Sürecindeki Rolünün Sivil-Asker İlişkileri ve Aktörler Açısından Analizi. Avrasya Etüdleri, 54(2), 121-149.
AMA Gümüş A. Mısır Ordusunun Arap İsyanları Sürecindeki Rolünün Sivil-Asker İlişkileri ve Aktörler Açısından Analizi. Avrasya Etüdleri. May 2018;54(2):121-149.
Chicago Gümüş, Abdurrahman. “Mısır Ordusunun Arap İsyanları Sürecindeki Rolünün Sivil-Asker İlişkileri Ve Aktörler Açısından Analizi”. Avrasya Etüdleri 54, no. 2 (May 2018): 121-49.
EndNote Gümüş A (May 1, 2018) Mısır Ordusunun Arap İsyanları Sürecindeki Rolünün Sivil-Asker İlişkileri ve Aktörler Açısından Analizi. Avrasya Etüdleri 54 2 121–149.
IEEE A. Gümüş, “Mısır Ordusunun Arap İsyanları Sürecindeki Rolünün Sivil-Asker İlişkileri ve Aktörler Açısından Analizi”, Avrasya Etüdleri, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 121–149, 2018.
ISNAD Gümüş, Abdurrahman. “Mısır Ordusunun Arap İsyanları Sürecindeki Rolünün Sivil-Asker İlişkileri Ve Aktörler Açısından Analizi”. Avrasya Etüdleri 54/2 (May 2018), 121-149.
JAMA Gümüş A. Mısır Ordusunun Arap İsyanları Sürecindeki Rolünün Sivil-Asker İlişkileri ve Aktörler Açısından Analizi. Avrasya Etüdleri. 2018;54:121–149.
MLA Gümüş, Abdurrahman. “Mısır Ordusunun Arap İsyanları Sürecindeki Rolünün Sivil-Asker İlişkileri Ve Aktörler Açısından Analizi”. Avrasya Etüdleri, vol. 54, no. 2, 2018, pp. 121-49.
Vancouver Gümüş A. Mısır Ordusunun Arap İsyanları Sürecindeki Rolünün Sivil-Asker İlişkileri ve Aktörler Açısından Analizi. Avrasya Etüdleri. 2018;54(2):121-49.