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AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ GÜVENLİK ÇELİŞKİSİ: İNSAN VE SINIR GÜVENLİĞİNİN AYNI ANDA SAĞLANMASI

Year 2021, Volume: 59 Issue: 1, 142 - 164, 31.07.2021

Abstract

Soğuk Savaş sonrası güvenlik çalışmalarına hâkim olan neo-realist ve neo-liberal teoriler, geleneksel güvenlik anlayışının gelişmeleri yorumlama konusundaki sınırlı yeteneği nedeniyle eleştirilmiştir. Bu eleştirilere göre, devlet temelli güvenlik yaklaşımı insan güvenliğine dönüşmüştür. Avrupa Birliği (AB) müktesebatında da insan güvenliği doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak yerini almış ve giderek önem kazanmıştır. Bu kavram ilk olarak koruma sorumluluğu bağlamında 2003 Avrupa Güvenlik Stratejisine dahil edilmiş olup, doğrudan 2016 Avrupa Birliği Küresel Stratejisi dahilindedir. Mülteci krizleri, pratikte son yıllarda insan güvenliği yaklaşımının en fazla göz ardı edilen sorun alanı olmuştur. Ancak Akdeniz, 2016 AB Küresel Stratejisi’nde gündeme alınabilmiştir. Özellikle Akdeniz’de boğulma vakalarının artması, mülteciler meselesinin nasıl başarılı bir göç yönetimine dönüştürüleceği sorusunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinde yaşanan istikrarsızlıklar ve çatışmalar, bir güvenlik ve refah bölgesi olarak görülen AB’yi hedef almıştır. Tüm riskleri göze alarak yola çıkan göçmenlerin yaşadığı dramlar, farklı ülkeleri de etkisi altına almış, bu ülkeler AB ile birlikte kendi sınır güvenliği ve göçmen politikalarını yeniden gözden geçirmişlerdir. Bunu bir başlangıç noktası olarak kabul eden ve Akdeniz’de yaşanan dramatik olayları ele alan bu çalışma, stratejilerini insan emniyeti ve refahı yaklaşımına dayandıran AB’nin politika önceliklerinin insan güvenliği odaklı mı; yoksa sınır güvenliği odaklı mı olduğunu belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu ikircikli durum bağlamında, mültecilerin güvenliğinin korunması ekseninde, AB’nin Akdeniz’deki faaliyetleri ve insani görevlerin yerine getirilme durumu incelenecektir.

References

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  • Newman, Edward. “Human Security and Constructivism”, International Studies Perspectives, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 2001.
  • Nye, Joseph. “The Changing Nature of World Power,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol.105, No. 2, 1990, pp. 177-192.
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  • Wolfers, Arnold. “National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol”, Political Science Quarterly Vol. 67, No. 4, 1952.
Year 2021, Volume: 59 Issue: 1, 142 - 164, 31.07.2021

Abstract

References

  • Amnesty International, “The Human Cost of Fortress Europe: Human Rights Violations Against Migrants and Refugees at Europe’s Borders”, 2014, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/EUR05/001/2014/en/ (Erişim 12.11.2020).
  • Amnesty International, “The Human Cost of Fortress Europe Human Rights Violations Against Migrants and Refugees at Europe’s Borders”, London, 2014, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/8000/eur050012014en.pdf (Erişim 12.11.2020) .
  • Baldwin, David. “The Concept of Security”, Review of International Studies, 1997, No. 23. Bayraklı, Enes, Kazım Keskin, “Türkiye, Almanya, Avrupa Birliği Üçgeninde Sığınmacı Krizi” SETA, No. 143, 2015.
  • Boer, Monica den ve Jaap de Wilde, “Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Human Security”, Monica den Boer ve Jaap de Wilde (Ed.), The Viability of Human Security, Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press.
  • Booth, Ken. “Security and Emancipation”, Review of International Studies, 1991, No. 17 . Booth, Ken. Critical Security Studies and World Politics, Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005. . Booth, Ken. Theory of World Security, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver ve Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.
  • Carrera, Sergio. Jean-Pierre Cassarino, Nora El Qadim, Mehdi Lahlou and Leonhar den Hertog, “EU-Morocco Cooperation on Readmission, Borders and Protection: A model to follow?” CEPS Papers in Liberty and Security in Europe, 2016, No. 87.
  • Demir, Oğuzhan Ömer, Yusuf Soyupek, “Mülteci Krizi Denkleminde AB ve Türkiye: İlkeler, Çıkarlar ve Kaygılar” Global Politika ve Strateji, Global Analiz 6, 2015.
  • Dingle Hugh and V. AlistairDrake, “What Is Migration?”, Bioscience, Vol. 57, No. 2, 2007.
  • Dunne, Tim. “Liberalism”, The Globalization and World Politics, John Baylis, Steve Smith ve Patricia Owens (Ed.), UK, Oxford University, 2014.
  • Elman, Colin. “Realism”, Security Studies, Paul D. Williams, (Ed.), New York, Routledge, 2008.
  • Elmas, Fatma Yılmaz. Avrupa Kapı Duvar: Göç Yaklaşımında Söylem-Eylem Tutarsızlığı, Ankara, Usak Yayınları, 2016.
  • European Commission, “European Commission Statement Following the Decision at the Extraordinary Justice and Home Affairs Council to relocate 120,000 refugees.”, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressrelease_STATEMENT-15- 5697_en.htm (Erişim 19.11.2020).
  • European Council, “Infographic- EU Mediterranean Operations 2015-2018”, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/saving-lives-sea-february-2018/ (Erişim 29.10.2020).
  • European Parliament, Directorate-General for External Policies, “Migrants in the Mediterranean:Protecting Human Rights”, 2015.http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/535005/EXPO_STU%282015%29535005_EN.pdf (Erişim 02.11.2020).
  • European Union, Priorities of the EU Global Strategy, 2016, http://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/priorities-eu-global-strategy (Erişim 09.11.2020).
  • European Union Global Strategy, Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe; A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy, 2016.
  • European Union, Priorities of the EU Global Strategy, 2016, http://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/priorities-eu-global-strategy (Erişim 09.11.2020).
  • EU borders chief says saving migrants’ lives ‘shouldn’t be priority’ for patrols”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/22/eu-borders-chief-says-saving-migrants-lives-cannot-be-priority-for-patrols (Erişim 16.11.2020).
  • Evans, Graham Jeffrey Newnham. The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations, Ireland, PenguinBooks, 1998.
  • Freedman, Jane. “Engendering Security at the Borders of Europe: Women Migrants and the Mediterranean ‘Crisis’”, Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 29, Issue 4, 2016, pp. 568-573.
  • Frontex, “Migratory Routes”, https://frontex.europa.eu/along-eu-borders/migratory-routes/western-mediterranean-route/ (Erişim 21.10.2020).
  • Gottwald, Marlene. “Humanizing Security? The EU’s Responsibility to Protect in the Libyan Crisis”, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Helsinki, 2011.
  • Hopyar, Zehra. “Avrupa’nın Mülteci Politikası”, Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Vol.2 No. 3, 2016.
  • HRW, “Greece Is Still Denying Migrant Pushbacks” https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/21/greece-still-denying-migrant-pushbacks (Erişim 12.11.2020).
  • International Organization for Migration, “IOM Applauds Italy’s Life-Saving Mare Nostrum Operation: “Not a Migrant Pull Factor””,https://www.iom.int/news/iom-applauds-italys-lifesaving-mare-nostrum-operation-not-migrant-pull-factor (Erişim 25.10.2020).
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  • Glasius, Marlies, Mary Kaldor, A Human Security Doctrine for Europe: Project, Principles, Practicalities, London and New York, Routledge, 2009.
  • Guild, Elspeth. Cathryn Costello, Madeline Garlick, Violeta Moreno-Lax, “Enhancing the Common European Asylum System and Alternatives to Dublin”, No. 83, 2015, https://www.ceps.eu/publications/enhancing-common-european-asylum-system-and-alternatives-dublin (Erişim 03.11.2020).
  • Kaldor, Mary. “Putting People First: The Growing Influence of ‘Human Security’”, (An Interviewwith Mary Kaldor), 2010. http://yalejournal.org/interview_post/putting-people- first-the-growing-influence-of-human-security/ (Erişim 16.11.2020).
  • Kaldor, Mary, Mary Martin, Sabine Selchow, “Human Security: A New Strategic Narrative for Europe”, International Affairs, Vol.83, No. 2, 2007.
  • Kaldor, Mary. “A European Union Human Security Doctrine for the Middle East”, Palestine-Israel Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2008, pp. 27-32.
  • National Center for Information Counteraction to Terrorism and Extremism in the educational environment and the Internet (NTSPTI), Terrorism and refugees are the main fears of people in Germany. https://ncpti.su/aricles/719/ Erişim 02.05.2021.
  • Newman, Edward. “Human Security and Constructivism”, International Studies Perspectives, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 2001.
  • Nye, Joseph. “The Changing Nature of World Power,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol.105, No. 2, 1990, pp. 177-192.
  • OCHA, “Mediterranean Migrant Arrivals Reach 36,670 in 2019”, https://reliefweb.int/report/greece/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-reach-36670-2019-deaths-reach-686 (Erişim01.11.2020) Ayrıca bkz. https://missingmigrants.iom.int/region/mediterranean (Erişim 01.11.2020).
  • Özalp, Güven. “Avrupa Birliği’nden 10 Maddelik Plan”, https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/avrupa-birliginden-10-maddelik-plan/2728316.html (Erişim 16.11.2020).
  • Park, Jeanne. “Europe’s Migration Crisis”, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/europes-migration-crisis (Erişim tarihi 01.11.2020).
  • Papagianni, Georgia. “EU Migration Policy”, European Immigration A Source Book, Anna Triandafyllidou, Ruby Gropas (Ed.), Ashgate Publishing, 2014.
  • Sağlam, Serdar. “Türkiye’de İç Göç Olgusu ve Kentleşme”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Yayını, No. 5, 2006.
  • Şeker, Burak Şakir. “MENA Versus Europe: Arising Dimensions of Mediterranean Maritime Security”, Refugee Crisis in International Policy Volume IV - Refugees and International Challenges, Eds: Şeker, B.Ş. et al., Transnational Press London Ltd, London, 2021. TC Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Yunanistan’ın Sığınmacıları Geri İtmesi Hk., No: 78, 28 Şubat 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-78_-yunanistan-in-siginmacilari-geri-itmesi-hk.tr.mfa (Erişim01.05.2021).
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  • Triantafyllidou, Anna, Dita Vogel, Irregular Migration in the European Union”, Irregular Migration in Europe Myths and Realities, Anna Triandafyllidou (Ed.) London and New York, Routledge.
  • Uluslararası Göç Örgütü, “New Study Concludes Europe’s Mediterranean Border Remains ‘World’s Deadliest’”, https://www.iom.int/news/new-study-concludes-europes-mediterranean-border-remains-worlds-deadliest (Erişim 12.11.2020).
  • UN, The Refugee Convention, 1951.UNHCR, “Mediterranean Situation-Spain”,https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean/location/5226 (Erişim 12.11.2020).
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 1994, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • United Nations Report of the Commission on Human Security, Human Security Now: Protectingand Empowering People, New York, 2003.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015”, http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2015/12/5683d0b56/million-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015.html (Erişim 19.10.2020).
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “Mediterranean Situation-Italy”, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean/location/5205 (Erişim 14.11.2020).
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Mediterranean Situation, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean# (Erişim 25.10.2020).
  • VOA, Fransa’yı Sarsan Saldırılar, https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/fransa-yi-sarsan-cihatci-saldirilar/3281211.html Erişim 02.05.2021.
  • Waever, Ole, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and Pierre Lemaitre, Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1993.
  • Waltz, Kenneth. Theory of International Politics, Reading Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley, 1979.
  • Wolfers, Arnold. “National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol”, Political Science Quarterly Vol. 67, No. 4, 1952.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Şahin This is me 0000-0003-2100-103X

Publication Date July 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 59 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şahin, M. (2021). AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ GÜVENLİK ÇELİŞKİSİ: İNSAN VE SINIR GÜVENLİĞİNİN AYNI ANDA SAĞLANMASI. Avrasya Etüdleri, 59(1), 142-164.
AMA Şahin M. AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ GÜVENLİK ÇELİŞKİSİ: İNSAN VE SINIR GÜVENLİĞİNİN AYNI ANDA SAĞLANMASI. Avrasya Etüdleri. July 2021;59(1):142-164.
Chicago Şahin, Mehmet. “AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ GÜVENLİK ÇELİŞKİSİ: İNSAN VE SINIR GÜVENLİĞİNİN AYNI ANDA SAĞLANMASI”. Avrasya Etüdleri 59, no. 1 (July 2021): 142-64.
EndNote Şahin M (July 1, 2021) AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ GÜVENLİK ÇELİŞKİSİ: İNSAN VE SINIR GÜVENLİĞİNİN AYNI ANDA SAĞLANMASI. Avrasya Etüdleri 59 1 142–164.
IEEE M. Şahin, “AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ GÜVENLİK ÇELİŞKİSİ: İNSAN VE SINIR GÜVENLİĞİNİN AYNI ANDA SAĞLANMASI”, Avrasya Etüdleri, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 142–164, 2021.
ISNAD Şahin, Mehmet. “AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ GÜVENLİK ÇELİŞKİSİ: İNSAN VE SINIR GÜVENLİĞİNİN AYNI ANDA SAĞLANMASI”. Avrasya Etüdleri 59/1 (July 2021), 142-164.
JAMA Şahin M. AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ GÜVENLİK ÇELİŞKİSİ: İNSAN VE SINIR GÜVENLİĞİNİN AYNI ANDA SAĞLANMASI. Avrasya Etüdleri. 2021;59:142–164.
MLA Şahin, Mehmet. “AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ GÜVENLİK ÇELİŞKİSİ: İNSAN VE SINIR GÜVENLİĞİNİN AYNI ANDA SAĞLANMASI”. Avrasya Etüdleri, vol. 59, no. 1, 2021, pp. 142-64.
Vancouver Şahin M. AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ GÜVENLİK ÇELİŞKİSİ: İNSAN VE SINIR GÜVENLİĞİNİN AYNI ANDA SAĞLANMASI. Avrasya Etüdleri. 2021;59(1):142-64.