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ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY EFFECTIVE URBANIZATION: INNOVATIVE POLICIES AND APPROACHES FOR TURKEY

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 539 - 569, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1628077

Abstract

Environmental concerns have become central to the international agenda in the modern world. In particular, energy production in sectors such as industry, transportation, and buildings—especially in densely populated urban areas—largely depends on fossil fuels, leading to rapid depletion of natural resources. Due to the limited availability and environmental harm caused by fossil-based energy sources, sustainable energy resources are increasingly being explored within the framework of ecologically based urbanization approaches. In this context, the energy efficiency approach, which aims to enhance both energy productivity and the quality of life including thermal comfort, has gained prominence. The aim of this study is to evaluate the fundamental elements of ecological and energy-efficient urbanization across conceptual, administrative, planning, and design dimensions; and to propose innovative, applicable policies and approaches for Turkey within the scope of national and international policy documents. The study concludes that in cities where policies on the use of renewable energy sources such as solar power are developed and effectively implemented through urban planning and design, it is possible to achieve the sustainability of biodiversity and ecosystem services alongside energy efficiency targets. Furthermore, in line with Turkey’s national climate goals and sustainable urban development strategies, as well as international climate and energy commitments, the adoption of ecological and energy-efficient urbanization approaches by local governments requires strengthening legal frameworks, enhancing human and institutional capacities, establishing interdisciplinary cooperation mechanisms, ensuring stakeholder participation, and promoting investments in renewable energy.

References

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  • Belanova, R. (2024). Microclimate modeling: What is it and why is it important? 14 Aralık 2024, https://oneclicklca.com/en/resources/articles/microclimate-modeling-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-important.
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  • EMSD. (2023). Energy: history of energy use. 12 Aralık 2024, https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/energy/principle/history.html.
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  • Gager, A. (2025). Efficiency and effectiveness: Know the difference. 16 Ocak 2025, https://www.facilitiesnet.com/maintenanceoperations/article/Efficiency-and-Effectiveness-Know-the-Difference--17835.
  • Graf, R. (2023). Energy history and histories of energy. Das Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung.
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  • IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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  • İlbank. (2020). Energy Efficiency. 12 Aralık 2024, https://www.ilbank.gov.tr/sayfa/energy-efficiency
  • Jacobs, B. & Delaney, C. (2015). Adapting to urban heat: Penrith city council. The Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12903.09129.
  • Jenks, M., Burton, E. & Williams, K. (2000). The compact city-A sustainable urban form. Alden Press.
  • Koç, E. & Kaya, K. (2015). Enerji kaynakları–yenilenebilir enerji durumu. Mühendis ve Makina, 56 (668), 36-47.
  • Kolokotroni, M., Snatamouris, M., Allard, F., Ghiaus, C., Alvarez, S. & Palmer, J. (2001). Market opportunities for advanced ventilation technology. 14 Ocak 2025, https://www.aivc.org/sites/default/files/members_area/medias/pdf/Conf/2001/Ghiaus%20Solvent.pdf.
  • Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate change and urban resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3 (2011), 164-168.
  • Liu, Y., Lu, F., Xian, C. & Ouyang, Z. (2023). Urban development and resource endowments shape natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 126, 806-816.
  • Liu, Z., Li, J. & Xi, T. (2023). A review of thermal comfort evaluation and improvement in urban outdoor spaces. Buildings, 13 (12), 3050. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123050
  • Marsh, W. M. (2010). Lanscape planning-environmental applications. (5th Edition). John Willey & Sons, Inc.
  • McClenon, C. (1983). Landscape planning for energy conservation. In G. Robinette & C. McClenon (Eds.), Landscape planning for energy conservation (pp. 142-146). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
  • McPherson, M.G. (1984). Energy-conserving site design. American Society of Landscape Architects.
  • Mengi, A. & Algan, N. (2003). Küreselleşme ve yerelleşme çağında bölgesel sürdürülebilir gelişme. Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Moffat, A. S. & Schiler, M. (1993). Energy efficent and environmental landscaping. Appropriate Solutions Press.
  • O’Brien, R. (2025). Planting for energy efficiency. 12 Ocak 2025, https://texastreeplanting.tamu.edu/energy_efficiency.html.
  • Owens, S. (1985). Energy demand: Link to land-use and forward planning. Built Environment, 11 (1), 33-44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23286101.
  • Ozarisoy, B. (2022). Energy effectiveness of passive cooling design strategies to reduce the impact of long-term heatwaves on occupants’ thermal comfort in Europe: Climate change and mitigation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 330,129675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129675.
  • Pearsell, G. (2022). Overview of urban ecology and ecological spatial planning. 13 Kasım 2024, https://www.thegpsc.org/sites/gpsc/files/2._ecological_planning_-_grant_pearsell.pdf.
  • Peng, J., Yan, J., Zhai, Z.,… & Taylor, R.A. (2020). Solar energy integration in buildings. Applied Energy, 264, 114740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114740.
  • Pietrapertosa, F., Salvia, M., Hurtado, S. D., D’Alonzo, V., Church, J. M., Geneletti, D., Musco, F. & Reckien, D. (2019). Urban climate change mitigation and adaptation planning: Are Italien cities ready? Cities, 92 (2019), 93-105.
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  • Sharifi, A. & Yamagata, Y. (2014). Resilient urban planning: Major principles and criteria. Energy Procedia, 61 (2014), 1491-1495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.154.
  • Simeonov, V. (2019). Environmental history of the twentieth century. An introductory didactic course. Sciendo, 24 (1-2), 7-21. https://doi.org.10.2478/cdem-2019-0001.
  • Thayer, R. L. (1984). Planning for solar access. American Society of Landscape Architects.
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  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2021). Kentsel sürdürülebilirlik, dirençlilik ve iklim değişikliğiyle mücadele bağlamında yerel yönetimler üzerine bir değerlendirme. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler 30 (2), 21-69.
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EKOLOJİK VE ENERJİ ETKİN KENTLEŞME: TÜRKİYE İÇİN YENİLİKÇİ POLİTİKALAR VE YAKLAŞIMLAR

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 539 - 569, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1628077

Abstract

Modern dünyada çevresel kaygılar uluslararası gündemin merkezine yerleşmiştir. Özellikle nüfusun yoğunlaştığı kentsel alanlarda sanayi, ulaşım ve binalar gibi sektörlerde enerji üretimi büyük oranda fosil yakıtlara dayanmaktadır ve doğal kaynaklar hızla tüketilmektedir. Fosil bazlı enerji kaynaklarının sınırlı ve çevreye zarar verici olması nedeniyle, ekolojik temelli kentleşme yaklaşımları kapsamında sürdürülebilir enerji kaynakları giderek daha fazla araştırılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, enerji verimliliğini artırırken, yaşam kalitesinin ve termal konforun iyileştirilmesini hedefleyen enerji etkinliği yaklaşımı ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ekolojik ve enerji etkin kentleşmenin temel unsurlarını kavramsal, yönetsel, planlama ve tasarım boyutlarıyla değerlendirmek; ulusal ve uluslararası politika belgeleri ışığında, Türkiye özelinde uygulanabilir yenilikçi politika ve yaklaşım önerileri ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada, güneş enerjisi gibi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımına ilişkin politikaların geliştirildiği ve bu politikaların kentsel planlama ve tasarımla etkin şekilde uygulandığı kentlerde, biyolojik çeşitlilik ve ekosistem hizmetlerinin sürdürülebilirliği ile enerji etkinliği hedeflerine ulaşılmasının mümkün olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca, Türkiye’nin ulusal iklim hedefleri ve sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişim stratejileri ile uluslararası iklim ve enerji taahhütleri doğrultusunda, ekolojik ve enerji etkin kentleşme yaklaşımlarının yerel yönetimlerce benimsenmesi için yasal altyapının güçlendirilmesi, beşeri ve kurumsal kapasitelerin artırılması, disiplinler arası iş birliği mekanizmalarının kurulması, paydaş katılımının sağlanması ve yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının teşvik edilmesi gereklidir.

Ethical Statement

Çalışmada herhangi bir potansiyel çıkar çatışması söz konusu değildir. Çalışma kapsamı bakımından Etik Kurul onayı gerekli değildir.

Supporting Institution

Çalışma finansal destek almamıştır.

References

  • Abdollahzadeh, N. & Biloria, N. (2022). Urban microclimate and energy consumption: A multi-objective parametric urban design approach for dense subtropical cities. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 11, 3, 453-465.
  • Ada, S., Baysal, Z. N. & Şahenk E. S. S. (2017). Çeşitli boyutlarıyla çevre eğitimi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Bekar, D. (2007). Ekolojik mimarlıkta aktif enerji sistemlerinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Belanova, R. (2024). Microclimate modeling: What is it and why is it important? 14 Aralık 2024, https://oneclicklca.com/en/resources/articles/microclimate-modeling-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-important.
  • Brown, R. D. & Gillespie, T. J. (1995). Microclimatic landscape design-creating thermal comfort and energy efficiency. John Willey & Sons Inc.
  • California Energy Commission. (1996). Energy aware planning guide. 15 Kasım 2024, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210017773050&seq=1.
  • Çepel, N. (1988). Peyzaj ekolojisi ders kitabı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • EMSD. (2023). Energy: history of energy use. 12 Aralık 2024, https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/energy/principle/history.html.
  • ETKB. (2022). Türkiye ulusal enerji planı. ETKB.
  • ETKB. (2024). Enerji verimliliği 2030 stratejisi ve II. ulusal enerji verimliliği eylem planı (2024-2030). ETKB.
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  • Göksal, T. (2000). Enerji korunumlu cephelerde saydamlık ve saydam yalıtım uygulaması. Arredemento Mimarlık Dergisi, 5, 147-153.
  • Gager, A. (2025). Efficiency and effectiveness: Know the difference. 16 Ocak 2025, https://www.facilitiesnet.com/maintenanceoperations/article/Efficiency-and-Effectiveness-Know-the-Difference--17835.
  • Graf, R. (2023). Energy history and histories of energy. Das Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung.
  • Harvey, D. (1998). Marxism, metaphors, and ecological politics. Monthly Review, 49 (11), 17-30. https://monthlyreview.org/1998/03/01/marxism-metaphors-and-ecological-politics/.
  • Igini, M. (2023). What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy? 2 Ocak 2025, https://earth.org/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-energy/.
  • IPCC. (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. contribution of working group ı to the sixth assessment report of the IPCC. 24 Aralık 2024, https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg1/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf.
  • IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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  • İDB. (2024a). İklim değişikliğine uyum stratejisi ve eylem planı (2024-2030). İDB.
  • İDB. (2024b). İklim değişikliği azaltım sttratejisi ve eylem planı (2024-2030). İDB.
  • İDB. (2025a). Türkiye'nin ilk "İklim Kanunu", TBMM Genel Kurulu’nda kabul edilerek yasalaştı. 3 Temmuz 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/turkiyenin-ilk-iklim-kanunu-tbmm-genel-kurulu-nda-kabul-edilerek-yasalasti-haber-4508.
  • İDB. (2025b). YİDEP yönetmeliği çalıştayı Ankara’da gerçekleştirildi. 20 Haziran 2025, https://www.iklim.gov.tr/yidep-yonetmeligi-calistayi-ankara-da-gerceklestirildi-haber-4418.
  • İlbank. (2020). Energy Efficiency. 12 Aralık 2024, https://www.ilbank.gov.tr/sayfa/energy-efficiency
  • Jacobs, B. & Delaney, C. (2015). Adapting to urban heat: Penrith city council. The Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12903.09129.
  • Jenks, M., Burton, E. & Williams, K. (2000). The compact city-A sustainable urban form. Alden Press.
  • Koç, E. & Kaya, K. (2015). Enerji kaynakları–yenilenebilir enerji durumu. Mühendis ve Makina, 56 (668), 36-47.
  • Kolokotroni, M., Snatamouris, M., Allard, F., Ghiaus, C., Alvarez, S. & Palmer, J. (2001). Market opportunities for advanced ventilation technology. 14 Ocak 2025, https://www.aivc.org/sites/default/files/members_area/medias/pdf/Conf/2001/Ghiaus%20Solvent.pdf.
  • Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate change and urban resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3 (2011), 164-168.
  • Liu, Y., Lu, F., Xian, C. & Ouyang, Z. (2023). Urban development and resource endowments shape natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 126, 806-816.
  • Liu, Z., Li, J. & Xi, T. (2023). A review of thermal comfort evaluation and improvement in urban outdoor spaces. Buildings, 13 (12), 3050. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123050
  • Marsh, W. M. (2010). Lanscape planning-environmental applications. (5th Edition). John Willey & Sons, Inc.
  • McClenon, C. (1983). Landscape planning for energy conservation. In G. Robinette & C. McClenon (Eds.), Landscape planning for energy conservation (pp. 142-146). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
  • McPherson, M.G. (1984). Energy-conserving site design. American Society of Landscape Architects.
  • Mengi, A. & Algan, N. (2003). Küreselleşme ve yerelleşme çağında bölgesel sürdürülebilir gelişme. Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Moffat, A. S. & Schiler, M. (1993). Energy efficent and environmental landscaping. Appropriate Solutions Press.
  • O’Brien, R. (2025). Planting for energy efficiency. 12 Ocak 2025, https://texastreeplanting.tamu.edu/energy_efficiency.html.
  • Owens, S. (1985). Energy demand: Link to land-use and forward planning. Built Environment, 11 (1), 33-44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23286101.
  • Ozarisoy, B. (2022). Energy effectiveness of passive cooling design strategies to reduce the impact of long-term heatwaves on occupants’ thermal comfort in Europe: Climate change and mitigation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 330,129675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129675.
  • Pearsell, G. (2022). Overview of urban ecology and ecological spatial planning. 13 Kasım 2024, https://www.thegpsc.org/sites/gpsc/files/2._ecological_planning_-_grant_pearsell.pdf.
  • Peng, J., Yan, J., Zhai, Z.,… & Taylor, R.A. (2020). Solar energy integration in buildings. Applied Energy, 264, 114740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114740.
  • Pietrapertosa, F., Salvia, M., Hurtado, S. D., D’Alonzo, V., Church, J. M., Geneletti, D., Musco, F. & Reckien, D. (2019). Urban climate change mitigation and adaptation planning: Are Italien cities ready? Cities, 92 (2019), 93-105.
  • Polui, B. & Baklanova, E. (1992). The principles of forming ecological house building. Seventh Conference on Urban and Regional Research ,Urban Ecology (pp. 184-186). UN Economic Commission for Europe.
  • Resmi Gazete. (2025). İklim kanunu. 9 Temmuz 2025, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=7552&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5
  • SBB. (2023). On ikinci kalkınma planı 2024-2028. SBB.
  • Sharifi, A. & Yamagata, Y. (2014). Resilient urban planning: Major principles and criteria. Energy Procedia, 61 (2014), 1491-1495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.154.
  • Simeonov, V. (2019). Environmental history of the twentieth century. An introductory didactic course. Sciendo, 24 (1-2), 7-21. https://doi.org.10.2478/cdem-2019-0001.
  • Thayer, R. L. (1984). Planning for solar access. American Society of Landscape Architects.
  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2019). Türkiye’de kentsel iklim değişikliği için eko-kompakt kentler. Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2021). Kentsel sürdürülebilirlik, dirençlilik ve iklim değişikliğiyle mücadele bağlamında yerel yönetimler üzerine bir değerlendirme. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler 30 (2), 21-69.
  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2024). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de iklim değişikliği kaynaklı kayıp ve zararlar, etkilere uyum ve dirençlilik. Nobel Bilimsel Eserler.
  • TDK. (2025). Çevre. 14 Ocak 2025, https://sozluk.gov.tr/.
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There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Çiğdem Tuğaç 0000-0002-2555-6641

Submission Date January 27, 2025
Acceptance Date July 2, 2025
Publication Date December 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tuğaç, Ç. (2025). EKOLOJİK VE ENERJİ ETKİN KENTLEŞME: TÜRKİYE İÇİN YENİLİKÇİ POLİTİKALAR VE YAKLAŞIMLAR. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 16(2), 539-569. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1628077