EN
TR
A Study for Scale Development: War Trauma Exposure Scale
Abstract
Despite being widely studied, research only deals with consequences of war. While assessing war effects, the existing instruments take war as a general trauma, simply ask about its existence and skip to the consequences. Thus, there is a gap in assessing what experiences the survivor went through. Aim of the study is to develop a scale that will enable understanding war experiences qualitatively, and also evaluate the impact of them quantitatively, named as War Trauma Exposure Scale (WTES). This study was carried out as part of a thesis (Author), with Turkish Cypriot women in North Cyprus (N = 168) considering Cyprus War. Three phases were followed: interview, pilot study, and psychometric examination. At psychometric investigation, factor analysis revealed three-factor solution: “Negative Emotions”, “Exposure to Violence”, and “Loss”. The overall reliability of WTES was good (r = .91). Both, Impact of Events Scale (IES-R) and the scale were gathered under the same factor with 75.68% variance. Scale showed significant correlations with other related constructs. ANOVA supported that the scale was parallel to IES-R. Chi-square fit test (χ²) revealed a good fit. Consequently, the scale is relatively valid and reliable for measuring war-related exposure despite limitations. WTES, is a distinct one since (1) it directly focuses on war-trauma, (2) lists 23 real war-trauma exposures to be identified, (3) asks the survivor’s war experience and (4) assess its influence. Therefore, unlike existing scales to assess war-trauma, WTES helps to understand unique exposure of the war-survivor and assess the psychological impact these exposures.
Keywords
References
- Agbuga, B., Aslan, Ş., Erol, A. E., Dündar, U., & Kepenek, Y. (2011). Relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction of sports enterpreneurs. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport/ Science, Movement and Health, 11(2), 266-272.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed).
- Berthold, S. M. (2000). War traumas and community violence: psychological, behavioral, and academic outcomes among Khmer refugee adolescents. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 8(1-2), 15–46. https://doi.org/10.1300/J285v08n01_02
- Besser, A., & Neria, Y. (2009). PTSD symptoms, satisfaction with life, and prejudicial attitudes toward the adversary among Israeli civilians exposed to ongoing missile attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(4), 268-275.
- Bramsen, I. & van der Ploeg, H.M. (1999), Fifty years later: the long-term psychological adjustment of ageing World War II survivors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(5) 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10878.x
- Clarkin, P. F. (2019). The embodiment of war: Growth, development, and armed conflict. Annual Review of Anthropology, 48, 423-442. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011208
- Cook, D. A., & Beckman, T. J. (2006). Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: Theory and application. American Journal of Medicine, 119, 166e7–166e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.036
- Cosman, I., Macavei, B., Sucala, M., & David, D. (2013). Rational and irrational beliefs and coping strategies among Transylvanian holocaust survivors: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 18(2), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2012.687322
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Psychology
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
May 31, 2023
Submission Date
November 17, 2022
Acceptance Date
April 16, 2023
Published in Issue
Year 2023 Volume: 10 Number: 2
APA
Özüorçun Küçükertan, N., & Karancı, A. N. (2023). A Study for Scale Development: War Trauma Exposure Scale. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(2), 265-293. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1202068
AMA
1.Özüorçun Küçükertan N, Karancı AN. A Study for Scale Development: War Trauma Exposure Scale. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi. 2023;10(2):265-293. doi:10.31682/ayna.1202068
Chicago
Özüorçun Küçükertan, Nurten, and Ayşe Nuray Karancı. 2023. “A Study for Scale Development: War Trauma Exposure Scale”. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi 10 (2): 265-93. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1202068.
EndNote
Özüorçun Küçükertan N, Karancı AN (May 1, 2023) A Study for Scale Development: War Trauma Exposure Scale. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi 10 2 265–293.
IEEE
[1]N. Özüorçun Küçükertan and A. N. Karancı, “A Study for Scale Development: War Trauma Exposure Scale”, AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 265–293, May 2023, doi: 10.31682/ayna.1202068.
ISNAD
Özüorçun Küçükertan, Nurten - Karancı, Ayşe Nuray. “A Study for Scale Development: War Trauma Exposure Scale”. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi 10/2 (May 1, 2023): 265-293. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1202068.
JAMA
1.Özüorçun Küçükertan N, Karancı AN. A Study for Scale Development: War Trauma Exposure Scale. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi. 2023;10:265–293.
MLA
Özüorçun Küçükertan, Nurten, and Ayşe Nuray Karancı. “A Study for Scale Development: War Trauma Exposure Scale”. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 2, May 2023, pp. 265-93, doi:10.31682/ayna.1202068.
Vancouver
1.Nurten Özüorçun Küçükertan, Ayşe Nuray Karancı. A Study for Scale Development: War Trauma Exposure Scale. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi. 2023 May 1;10(2):265-93. doi:10.31682/ayna.1202068
Cited By
Turkish Cypriot Women’s Migration Experiences and Psychological Resilience: Case Narratives from North Cyprus
Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.26.2.13