Ağrı Psikolojisinin Dönüşümü: Tarihsel Bağlamda Kuram ve Modeller Üzerine Bütüncül Bir Değerlendirme

Abstract

Ağrıya ilişkin bilimsel anlayış, özellikle 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren biyomedikal modelin dar çerçevesinden çıkarak bilişsel, duygusal, davranışsal ve sosyal etkenleri içeren çok boyutlu bir yapıya evrilmiştir. Bu değişimde Kapı Kontrol Teorisi gibi klasik açıklama modellerinin yanı sıra, modern nörogörüntülemeye dayalı ve elektrofizyolojik yöntemlerin sağladığı kanıtlarla gelişen nörobilişsel yaklaşımlar önemli rol oynamıştır. Söz konusu tarihsel ilerleme, ağrının yalnızca fizyolojik bir uyarı değil, merkezi sinir sistemi, psikolojik süreçler ve sosyal bağlamın etkileşimiyle şekillenen öznel bir deneyim olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Kuramsal perspektifteki genişleme ayrıca bilişsel davranışçı terapi, kabul ve kararlılık terapisi ve bilinçli farkındalık temelli müdahaleler gibi terapi modellerinin kronik ağrı tedavisinde etkin, kanıta dayalı seçenekler olarak benimsenmesinin de önünü açmıştır. Bütün bu gelişmelerle paralel olarak, literatürde ‘ağrı psikolojisi’ adıyla anılan disiplinler arası alan ortaya çıkmış, hem akademik hem de klinik düzeyde giderek artan bir meşruiyet kazanmıştır. Bu derleme, ağrı psikolojisi alanını şekillendiren başlıca kuram ve modellerin gelişim sürecini, temel varsayımlarını ve klinik alana yansımalarını bütüncül ve eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla ele almakta; böylece hem literatürdeki mevcut bilgi birikimini sentezlemeyi hem de araştırma ve klinik uygulamalara yön verecek güncel bir referans çerçevesi sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

• ağrı
• ağrı psikolojisi
• ağrı kuramları
• klinik sağlık psikolojisi
• tarih

Ethical Statement

Çalışma anlatısal derleme türünde olduğundan dolayı etik kurul izni gerektirmektedir.

The Transformation of Pain Psychology: A Holistic Evaluation of Theories and Models in Historical Context

Abstract

Since the second half of the twentieth century, the scientific understanding of pain has evolved beyond the biomedical model to a multidimensional conception that encompasses cognitive, affective, behavioral, and social factors. In this shift, alongside classical explanatory models such as the Gate Control Theory, neurocognitive approaches shaped by evidence from modern neuroimaging and electrophysiological methods have played a significant role. This historical progression has demonstrated that pain is not merely a physiological signal but a subjective experience shaped by interactions among the central nervous system, mental processes, and social context. The expansion of theoretical perspectives has also paved the way for therapy models—such as cognitivebehavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness-based interventions—to be adopted as effective, evidence-based options for treating chronic pain. Parallel to all these developments, the interdisciplinary field referred to in the literature as ‘pain psychology’ has emerged and has gained increasing legitimacy at both academic and clinical levels. From an integrative and critical standpoint, this review examines the development, core assumptions, and clinical implications of the major theories and models that have shaped pain psychology, aiming to synthesize the existing literature and provide a contemporary reference framework to guide research and clinical practice.

Keywords

• pain
• pain psychology
• pain theories
• clinical health psychology
• history

Ethical Statement

Since the study is a narrative review, it does not require ethics committee approval.

References

1. Antel, R., Whitelaw, S., Gore, G. ve Ingelmo, P. (2025). Moving towards the use of artificial intelligence in pain management. European Journal of Pain, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.4748
2. Basbaum, A. I., Jensen, T. S. ve Keefe, F. J. (2023). Fifty years of pain research and clinical advances: Highlights and key trends. Pain, 164(11), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003058
3. Beecher, H. K. (1946). Pain in men wounded in battle. Annals of Surgery, 123(1), 96–105.
4. Buran, S. ve Ünal, E. (2025). Biyopsikososyal yaklaşımda kronik ağrının rolü. İçinde E. Ünal (Ed.),Kronik ağrı ve biyopsikososyal yaklaşım (ss. 1-6). Türkiye Klinikleri.
5. Casey, K. L. (2023). The introduction and current status of the multidimensional model of pain neurobiology. Frontiers in Pain Research, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2023.1161877
6. Ciacchini, R., Conversano, C., Orrù, G., Scafuto, F., Sabbatini, S., Paroli, M., Miniati, M., Matiz, A., Gemignani, A. ve Crescentini, C. (2024). About distress in chronic pain conditions: A pre–post study on the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention for fibromyalgia and low back pain patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111507
7. Çalışkan, E. (2025). Kronik kas-iskelet sistemi ağrısıyla ilişkili hareket veya aktivite korkusu yaşayan bireylerde kabul ve kararlılık terapisi yönelimli bir psikoeğitimin biyopsikososyal etkileri: Randomize kontrollü bir çalışma [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İzmir Tınaztepe Üniversitesi.
8. Darnall, B. D., Carr, D. B. ve Schatman, M. E. (2017). Pain psychology and the biopsychosocial model of pain treatment: Ethical imperatives and social responsibility. Pain Medicine, 18(8), 1413–1415. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnw166

9. de Oliveira, L. A., Gross, A. R., Hayden, J. A., Carlesso, L., Hanna, S., Bakaa, N., Silva, D. ve Macedo, L. G. (2025). Graded activity for acute and subacute low back pain. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015509
10. Delgado-Sanchez, A., Brown, C., Sivan, M., Talmi, D., Charalambous, C. ve Jones, A. K. P. (2023). Are we any closer to understanding how chronic pain develops? A systematic search and critical narrative review of existing chronic pain vulnerability models. Journal of Pain Research, 16, 3145–3166. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S411628
11. Diotaiuti, P., Corrado, S., Tosti, B., Spica, G., Di Libero, T., D'Oliveira, A., Zanon, A., Rodio, A., Andrade, A. ve Mancone, S. (2024). Evaluating the effectiveness of neurofeedback in chronic pain management: A narrative review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1369487
12. Engel, G. L. (1959). Psychogenic pain and pain-prone patient. The American Journal of Medicine, 26(6), 899–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(59)90212-8
13. Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847460
14. Fava, G. A., Tomba, E., Brakemeier, E. L., Carrozzino, D., Cosci, F., Eöry, A., Leonardi, T., Schamong, I. ve Guidi, J. (2019). Mental pain as a transdiagnostic patient-reported outcome measure. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 88(6), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1159/000504024
15. Fordyce, W. E. (1976). Behavioral methods for chronic pain and illness (1. Basım). Mosby.
16. Gatchel, R. J., Peng, Y. B., Peters, M. L., Fuchs, P. N. ve Turk, D. C. (2007). The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: Scientific advances and future directions. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 581–624. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581
17. Gatchel, R. J., Ray, C. T., Kishino, N. ve Brindle, A. (2021). The biopsychosocial model. İçinde S. B. Gulliver (Ed.), The Wiley encyclopedia of health psychology: Special issues in health psychology (ss. 1-8). John Wiley & Sons.
18. Gong, C., Shan, H., Sun, Y., Zheng, J., Zhu, C., Zhong, W., Guo, J. ve Chen, B. (2024). Social support as a key factor in chronic pain management programs: A scoping review. Current Psychology, 43(31), 25453–25467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06233-9
19. Henningsen, P., Zipfel, S., Sattel, H. ve Creed, F. (2018). Management of functional somatic syndromes and bodily distress. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 87(1), 12–31. https://doi.org/10.1159/000484413
20. Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya, A. ve Sertel Berk, H. Ö. (2023). Chronic pain experience according to the Transactional Stress and Coping Model: Associations between different pain measures and health outcomes. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 15(Suppl 1), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1239250
21. Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya, A. ve Temeloğlu Şen, E. (2021). Fibromiyalji sendromlu hastalarda gevşeme odaklı bilişsel davranışçı grup psikoterapisinin karma yöntemle değerlendirilmesi. Ağrı, 33(2), 64–83. https://doi.org/10.14744/agri.2020.02259.
22. Huang, Y. ve Rao, R. P. N. (2011). Predictive coding. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science, 2(5), 580–593. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.142
23. Hunt, J. (2024). Holistic or harmful? Examining socio-structural factors in the biopsychosocial model of chronic illness, ‘medically unexplained symptoms’ and disability. Disability & Society, 39(4), 1032–1061. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2022.2099250
24. İlter, B. ve Demir, S. S. (2022). Somatik yakınmaları olan doğu Türkistanlı uluslararası öğrencilerin duygusal deneyimlerinin yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik analiz ile incelenmesi. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(3), 629-655. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1105944
25. Kaplan, T. ve Keser, İ. (2020). Geropsikiyatrik bakımda etkin bir hemşirelik müdahalesi: Kabul ve kararlılık terapisi. Gevher Nesibe Tıp ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(9), 58-68. https://doi.org/10.46648/gnj.138
26. Kayar, O. (2025). Current psychological intervention alternatives for the treatment of paediatric headaches: A narrative review. Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache, 39(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.22514/jofph.2025.002
27. Kayar, O., Toros, F., Güler Aksu, G. ve Özge, A. (2023). The role of internalizing problems on headache characteristics and pain coping strategies among adolescents diagnosed with episodic migraine. The Journal of the Turkish Society of Algology, 35(3), 119-133. https://doi.org/10.14744/agri.2022.75233
28. Kiverstein, J., Kirchhoff, M. D. ve Thacker, M. (2022). An embodied predictive processing theory of pain experience. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 13(4), 973–998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-022-00616-2
29. Kornetsky, C. (1954). Effects of anxiety and morphine on the anticipation and perception of painful radiant thermal stimuli. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47(2), 130–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057113
30. Kovačević, I., Pavić, J., Filipović, B., Ozimec Vulinec, Š., Ilić, B. ve Petek, D. (2024). Integrated approach to chronic pain-the role of psychosocial factors and multidisciplinary treatment: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091135
31. Lazarus, R. ve Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping (1. Basım). Springer International Publishing.
32. Libet, B. (1957). Delayed pain as a peripheral sensory pathway. Science, 126(3267), 256–257. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.126.3267.256
33. Liossi, C. (2025). The complex relationship between neurocognition and chronic pain. British Journal of Pain, 19(3), 144-146. https://doi.org/10.1177/20494637251347019
34. Ma, T. W., Yuen, A. S. ve Yang, Z. (2023). The efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 39(3), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000001096
35. Marchand, S. (2021). Mechanisms challenges of the pain phenomenon. Frontiers in Pain Research, 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2020.574370
36. Marks, D. F. (2022). The rise and fall of the psychosomatic approach to medically unexplained symptoms, Myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome. Archives of Epidemiology & Public Health Research, 1, 97-144. https://doi.org/10.33140/AEPHR.01.02.06
37. Martinez-Calderon, J., García-Muñoz, C., Rufo-Barbero, C., Matias-Soto, J. ve Cano-García, F. J. (2024). Acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. The Journal of Pain, 25(3), 595–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2023.09.013
38. McCracken, L. M. (2024). Psychological flexibility, chronic pain, and health. Annual Review of Psychology, 75, 601–624. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-020223-124335
39. McCracken, L. M. ve Vowles, K. E. (2007). Psychological flexibility and traditional pain management strategies in relation to patient functioning with chronic pain: An examination of a revised instrument. The Journal of Pain, 8(9), 700–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2007.04.008
40. McCracken, L. M., Yu, L. ve Vowles, K. E. (2022). New generation psychological treatments in chronic pain. British Medical Journal, 376. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-057212
41. Melzack, R. (2001). Pain and the neuromatrix in the brain. Journal of Dental Education, 65(12), 1378–1382. https://doi.org/10.1002/J.0022-0337.2001.65.12.TB03497.X
42. Melzack, R. (2014). Pain and stress: Clues toward understanding chronic pain. İçinde F. Craik, M. Robert ve M. Sabourin (Edl.), Advances in psychological science, volume II (ss. 63-85). Psychology Press.
43. Melzack, R. ve Wall, P. D. (1965). Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science, 150(3699), 971–979. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.150.3699.971
44. Michal, M., Emmenegger, P. A. ve Brehm, M. (2025). Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy for chronic pain. Schmerz, 39(4), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-025-00884-8
45. Mikolic, A., Klotz, T., Brasher, P., Yeates, K., Vranceanu, A. M., Kendall, K. D., Snell, D. L., Debert, C. T., Bayley, M., Panenka, W., Cairncross, M., Hunt, C., Burke, M., Tartaglia, M. C., Silverberg, N. ve Canadian Traumatic Brain Injury Research Consortium (CTRC) (2024). Graded exposure therapy for fear avoidance behaviour after concussion (GET FAB): Protocol for a multisite Canadian randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086602
46. Moens, M., Jansen, J., De Smedt, A., Roulaud, M., Billot, M., Laton, J., Rigoard, P. ve Goudman, L. (2022). Acceptance and commitment therapy to increase resilience in chronic pain patients: A clinical guideline. Medicina, 58(4), 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58040499
47. Nicholas, M. K. (2022). The biopsychosocial model of pain 40 years on: Time for a reappraisal? Pain, 163(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002654
48. Ömerbaşoğlu, S. (2023). Kronik ağrı sendromlu bireylerde eş tepkisi ile ağrı yaşantısı ve psikolojik zorlanma arasındaki ilişkide evlilik çatışmasının aracı rolü: Ağrının operant modeli çerçevesinde bir inceleme [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
49. Özçelik, E. U., Uludüz, E., Karacı, R., Domaç, F. M., İskender, M., Özge, A. ve Uludüz, D. (2023). Do comorbidities and triggers expedite chronicity in migraine? Neurological Sciences and Neurophysiology, 40(1), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.4103/nsn.nsn_229_22
50. Özdemir, Ü. ve Tokaç Akdeniz, A. (2023). Pain beliefs of cancer patients and associated factors. Ağrı, 35(4), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.14744/agri.2022.55798
51. Pei, J. H., Ma, T., Nan, R. L., Chen, H. X., Zhang, Y. B., Gou, L. ve Dou, X. M. (2021). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treating chronic pain A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(3), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1849746
52. Penlington, C., Urbanek, M. ve Barker, S. (2022). Psychological theories of pain. İçinde T. Renton (Ed.), Optimal pain management for the dental team: BDJ clinician’s guides (ss. 49-59). Springer International Publishing.
53. Price, D. D. (2000). Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science, 288(5472), 1769–1772. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5472.1769
54. Price, D. D. (2017). A view of pain based on sensations, meanings, and emotions. İçinde J. Corns (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of philosophy of pain (ss. 113-123). Routledge.
55. Raja, S. N., Carr, D. B., Cohen, M., Finnerup, N. B., Flor, H., Gibson, S., Keefe, F. J., Mogil, J. S., Ringkamp, M., Sluka, K. A., Song, X. J., Stevens, B., Sullivan, M. D., Tutelman, P. R., Ushida, T. ve Vader, K. (2020). The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: Concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain, 161(9), 1976–1982. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939
56. Salman, İ. B. ve Sertel Berk, H. Ö. (2017). Kronik gerilim tipi baş ağrısında kognitif davranışçı terapi: Olgu sunumu. Ağrı, 29(4), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.5505/agri.2016.35582
57. Sanabria-Mazo, J. P., Colomer-Carbonell, A., Fernández-Vázquez, Ó., Noboa-Rocamora, G., Cardona￾Ros, G., McCracken, L. M., Montes-Pérez, A., Castaño-Asins, J. R., Edo, S., Borràs, X., Sanz, A., Feliu-Soler, A. ve Luciano, J. V. (2023). A systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions for comorbid chronic pain and clinically relevant psychological distress. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1200685
58. Sarıoğlu, H. İ. (2023). Kronik ağrıda uygulanan kabul ve kararlılık terapisi müdahaleleri [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Nişantaşı Üniversitesi.
59. Song, Y., Yao, M., Kemprecos, H., Byrne, A., Xiao, Z., Zhang, Q., Singh, A., Wang, J. ve Chen, Z. S. (2021). Predictive coding models for pain perception. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 49(2), 107–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-021-00780-x
60. Sökmen, D. (2022). Migren ve bilinçdışı: Migren hastalarının kişisel ve ilişkisel deneyimleri [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
61. Stanos, S. S. (2022). Interdisciplinary pain management. İçinde H. Benzon, J. P. Rathmell, C. L. Wu, D. Turk, C. E. Argoff ve R. W. Hurley (Edl.), Practical management of pain (ss. 159-172). Elsevier Health Sciences.
62. Sullivan, M. D., Sturgeon, J. A., Lumley, M. A. ve Ballantyne, J. C. (2023). Reconsidering Fordyce's classic article, "Pain and suffering: What is the unit?" to help make our model of chronic pain truly biopsychosocial. Pain, 164(2), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002748
63. Taylor, G. J. (2022). Psychoanalysis and psychosomatics: A new synthesis. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 50(2), 306–325. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2022.50.2.306
64. Teksin, G., Şahmelikoğlu Onur, O. ve Karabıçak, D. (2022). Cognitive behavioral therapy for female patients with Fibromyalgia syndrome: A pilot trial. Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 11(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.77837
65. Temeloğlu Şen, E., Hocaoğlu, A. ve Sertel Berk, Ö. (2019). Group psychotherapy with fibromyalgia patients: A systematic review. Archives of Rheumatology, 34(4), 476–491. https://doi.org/10.5606/ArchRheumatol.2019.6801
66. Trachsel, L. A., Munakomi, S. ve Cascella, M. (2023). Pain theory. StatPearls Publishing. Tuncay, A. M. (2023). Ağrının psikolojik kökenleri. Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(19), 79-99. https://doi.org/10.52096/JSRBS.9.19.07
67. Turk, D., Meichenbaum, D., Genest, M. ve Berntzen, D. (1984). Pain and behavioral medicine: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 13(4), 243–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506078409455719
68. Turk, D. C. ve Murphy, T. B. (2023). Psychosocial and psychiatric aspects of chronic pain. İçinde H. T. Benzon, J. P. Rathmell, C. L. Wu, D. C. Turk, C. E. Argoff, R. W. Hurley ve A. L. Chadwick (Edl.), Practical management of pain (ss. 159-172). Elsevier Health Sciences.
69. Turk, D. C, Wilson, H. ve Swanson, K. S. (2010). The biopsychosocial model of pain and pain management. İçinde M. H. Ebert ve R. D. Kerns (Edl.), Behavioral and psychopharmacologic pain management (ss. 16-43). Cambridge University Press.
70. Vincenot, M., Poisbeau, P., Morel-Ferland, N., Dumas, G. ve Léonard, G. (2025). A 5000-year overview of the history of pain through ancient civilizations to modern pain theories. Pain Reports, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001241
71. Vlaeyen, J. W., Haslbeck, J. M., Sjouwerman, R. ve Peters, M. L. (2022). Towards a dynamic account of chronic pain. Pain, 163(9). https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002706
72. Vlaeyen, J. W. S. ve Linton, S. J. (2000). Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art. Pain, 85(3), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00242-0
73. Vowles, K. E., Wetherell, J. L. ve Sorrell, J. T. (2009). Targeting acceptance, mindfulness, and valuesbased action in chronic pain: Findings of two preliminary trials of an outpatient group-based intervention. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.08.001
74. Weatherly, S., McKenna, T., Wahba, S., Friedman, A., Goltry, W., Wahid, T., Abourahma, H., Lee, K., Rehman, A., Odeh, A. ve Costin, J. (2024). Effectiveness of Digital Health Interventions (DHI) in chronic pain management: A scoping review of current evidence and emerging trends. Cureus, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.72562
75. Wortman, M. S. H., van der Wouden, J. C., Twisk, J. W. R., Visser, B., Assendelft, W. J. J., van der Horst, H. E. ve Olde Hartman, T. C. (2023). Effectiveness of psychosomatic therapy for patients with persistent somatic symptoms: Results from the CORPUS randomised controlled trial in primary care. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111178
76. Yang, J., Lo, W. L. A., Zheng, F., Cheng, X., Yu, Q. ve Wang, C. (2022). Evaluation of cognitive behavioral therapy on improving pain, fear avoidance, and self-efficacy in patients with chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Research & Management, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4276175
77. Yıldız, Y., Konca, Ş., Koç, G. E., Sir, E., Çelenlioğlu, A. E. ve Özler, M. (2025). Effect of short-term online mindfulness meditation in patients with fibromyalgia during the Covid-19 pandemic: A pilot study. Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 14(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.14744/JCBPR.2024.52742