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What do Visual Illusions Teach Us about Neurotypical and Pathological Perception?

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 376 - 395, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1346948

Abstract

Visual illusions are popularly referred to as the phenomena where the eye sees something that is not there The aim of this review is to show that illusions are not the occasional misinterpretations of the physical world. Illusions are critical to our understanding of perceptual processes. The cause of illusions can vary depending on the reflection or refraction of light, how the brain processes the information reaching the retina, or how the visual system works when perceiving depth. Illusions, which have inspired both artists and scientists, have been instrumental in our understanding of human perception and the functioning of the brain in general. At the beginning of this article, the classes that emerge from a scientific perspective will be defined in parallel with the hierarchical visual perception. Examples of illusions that inform us about the physiological (corresponding to the early stages of visual perception) processes and cognitive (corresponding to higher level stages of visual perception) strategies will be given, and the factors that may cause them will be examined. In the light of theoretical approaches and perceptual grouping concepts, I will discuss how these interpretations help us to understand the brain and human nature. Next, I will give examples of findings and applications in clinical populations to touch on the role of illusions in our understanding of visual perception in e.g. schizophrenia patients.

References

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  • Brugger, P. ve Brugger, S. (1993). The Easter Bunny in October: Is it Disguised as a Duck? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76 (2), 577–578. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.577
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  • Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin.
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  • Gregory, R. L. (1997). Knowledge in perception and illusion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 352(1358), 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0095
  • Happé, F. G. (1996). Studying weak central coherence at low levels: children with autism do not succumb to visual illusions. A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37, 873–877. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1469-7610.1996.tb01483.x
  • Hermann, L. (1870). "Eine Erscheinung simultanen Contrastes". Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie, 3, 13–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01855743
  • Hershenson, M. (Ed.). (1989). Moon illusion as anomaly. İçinde The moon illusion (ss. 123-146). Erlbaum.
  • Ikeda, H. ve Obonai, T. (1955). Figural after-effect, retroactive-effect and simultanious illusion. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 26 (4), 235–246.
  • Jack, C. E. ve Thurlow, W. R. (1973). Effects of degree of visual association and angle of displacement on the “ventriloquism” effect. Perceptual and motor skills, 37(3), 967-979. https://doi.org/10.1177/003151257303700360
  • Jastrow, J. (1899). The mind’s eye. Popular Science Monthly, 54, 301–312. https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.2137#0147
  • Kanizsa, G. (1976). Subjective contours. Scientific American, 234(4), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0476-48
  • King, D. J., Hodgekins, J., Chouinard, P. A., Chouinard, V. ve Sperandio, I. (2017). A review of abnormalities in the perception of visual illusions in schizophrenia. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 24 (3), 734–751. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1168-5
  • Kohn, A., Movshon, J. A. (2003). Neuronal adaptation to visual motion in area MT of the macaque. Neuron, 39(4), 681-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00438-0
  • Krantz, D. H. ve Tversky, A. (1971). Conjoint-measurement analysis of composition rules in psychology. Psychological Review, 78(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030637
  • Larsen, A., Madsen, K. H., Lund, T. E. ve Bundesen, C. (2006). Images of illusory motion in primary visual cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(7), 1174–1180. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.7.1174
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  • Luce, R. D. ve Tukey, J. W. (1964). Simultaneous conjoint measurement: A new type of fundamental measurement. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(64)90015-X
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  • Penrose, L. S. ve Penrose, R. (1958). Impossible objects: a special type of visual illusion. British Journal of Psychology, 49(1), 31–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1958.tb00634.x
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Görsel İllüzyonların Nörotipik ve Patolojik Algı Hakkında Öğrettikleri

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 376 - 395, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1346948

Abstract

Görsel illüzyonlar, daha yaygın isimleriyle göz yanılsamaları/aldanmaları, popüler anlamlarıyla gözün kanıp gerçekten olmayan bir şeyi görmesi olarak bilinirler. Bu incelemenin amacı, illüzyonların arada bir beynin gerçekleri yanlış yorumladığı durumlar olmadığını göstermektir. Bu illüzyonların sebebi ışığın yansıması veya kırılmasına, beynin retinaya gelen bilgiyi nasıl işlediğine veya görsel sistemin derinlik algılarken nasıl çalıştığına göre değişebilir ve illüzyonlar algısal süreçleri anlamamızda kritiktir. Sanatçıların ve bilim insanlarının ilgi odağı olan illüzyonlar, hem ilham veren sanat akımları yaratmış hem de insan algısını ve beynin işleyişini anlamamızda çığır açıcı olmuştur. Bu yazının başlangıcında, illüzyonlara bilimsel açıdan bakıldığında görsel algı hiyerarşisine paralel olarak çıkan sınıflar tanımlanacaktır. Sırasıyla fizyolojik (görsel algının erken aşamalarına denk gelen) işleyiş ve bilişsel (görsel algının daha ileri aşamalarına denk gelen) stratejiler hakkında bilgi veren illüzyonlara örnekler verilecek ve bunlara neden olabilecek etkenler incelenecektir. Bu anlamlandırmaların bize beyni hatta insanın doğasını anlamaya çalışırken nasıl yardımcı olduğuna dair teorik yaklaşımlara ve algısal gruplama kavramlarına değinilecektir. Daha sonra klinik çalışmalardaki bulgu ve uygulamalara örnekler verilerek illüzyonların, örneğin şizofrenide, görsel algıyı ve beyni anlamamızdaki rolü tartışılacaktır.

References

  • Anderson, L. B. (2003). Perceptual organization and White’s Illusion. Perception, 32(3), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1068/p3216
  • Ayhan, İ. ve Ünal, G. (2020). Görsel Yanılsamalar Bağlamında Görsel Algının Esasları. Nesne Dergisi, 8(18), 522-547. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-18-11
  • Bach, M. ve Hoffmann, M. B. (2000) Visual motion detection in man is governed by non-retinal mechanisms. Vision Res, 40(18), 2379–2385. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00106-1
  • Blaser, E. ve Sperling, G. (2008). When is motion “motion? Perception, 37(4), 624–627. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5812
  • Blass, R. B. (2006), A psychoanalytic understanding of the desire for knowledge as reflected in Freud's Leonardo da Vinci and a memory of his childhood. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 87(5), 1259-1276. https://doi.org/10.1516/AV50-5C24-YLHN-HBX5
  • Boring, E. G. (1942). Sensation and perception in the history of experimental psychology. Appleton-Century.
  • Bressan, P. ve Kramer, P. (2013). The relation between cognitive-perceptual schizotypal traits and the Ebbinghaus size illusion is mediated by judgment time. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 343. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00343
  • Brugger, P. ve Brugger, S. (1993). The Easter Bunny in October: Is it Disguised as a Duck? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76 (2), 577–578. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.577
  • Butler, P. D., Silverstein, S. M. ve Dakin, S. C. (2008). Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia. Biological psychiatry, 64(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.023
  • Cavanagh, P. (2011). Visual cognition. Visual Research, 51(13), 1538–1551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2011.01.015
  • Cmglee, H. (2017, March 23). Hollow Face Illusion. Wikimedia Commons sitesinden alınmıştır: https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hollow_face_illusion.gif
  • Dima, D., Roiser, J. P., Dietrich, D. E., Bonnemann, C., Lanfermann, H., Emrich, H. M. ve Dillo, W. (2009). Understanding why patients with schizophrenia do not perceive the hollow-mask illusion using dynamic causal modeling. NeuroImage, 46(4), 1180–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.033
  • Driver, J. ve Spence, C. (2000). Multisensory perception: beyond modularity and convergence. Current Biology, 10(20), R731-R735. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00740-5
  • Ebbinghaus, H. (1902). Grundzüge der Psychologie volumes I and II. Verlag von Viet & Co.
  • Edwards, J., Jackson, H. J. ve Pattison, P. E. (2002). Emotion recognition via facial expression and affective prosody in schizophrenia: a methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(6), 789-832. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00130-7
  • Freud, S. (1910). Leonardo Da Vinci: A Memory of His Childhood, SE 11, ss.59-137.
  • Gibson, J. J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Gibson, J. J. (1962). Observations on active touch. Psychological Review, 69(6), 477–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046962
  • Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Girgus, J. S., Coren, S. ve Agdern, M. (1972). The interrelationship between the Ebbinghaus and Delboeuf illusions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 95(2), 453–455.
  • Girgus, J. S. ve Coren, S. (1982). Assimilation and contrast illusions: Differences in plasticity. Perception & Psychophysics, 32(6), 555-561. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033606
  • Goldstein, E. B. ve Cacciamani, L. (2021). Sensation and perception(11. Basım) Cengage Learning.
  • Grossberg, S. (2014). The visual world as illusion: the ones we know and the ones we don’t. İçinde Arthur G. Shapiro, and Dejan Todorovic (Edl.), The Oxford Compendium of Visual Illusions (ss. 90-108). Oxford Academic.
  • Göçer, K. (2018). Projektif yöntem olarak Rorschach Testi ile psikozun incelenmesi. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(3), 21-32. https://do.org/10.31682/ayna.422666
  • Gregory, R. L. (1970). The intelligent eye. McGraw-Hill.
  • Gregory, R. L. (1991). Putting illusions in their place. Perception, 20(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1068/p200001
  • Gregory, R. L. (1997). Knowledge in perception and illusion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 352(1358), 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0095
  • Happé, F. G. (1996). Studying weak central coherence at low levels: children with autism do not succumb to visual illusions. A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37, 873–877. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1469-7610.1996.tb01483.x
  • Hermann, L. (1870). "Eine Erscheinung simultanen Contrastes". Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie, 3, 13–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01855743
  • Hershenson, M. (Ed.). (1989). Moon illusion as anomaly. İçinde The moon illusion (ss. 123-146). Erlbaum.
  • Ikeda, H. ve Obonai, T. (1955). Figural after-effect, retroactive-effect and simultanious illusion. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 26 (4), 235–246.
  • Jack, C. E. ve Thurlow, W. R. (1973). Effects of degree of visual association and angle of displacement on the “ventriloquism” effect. Perceptual and motor skills, 37(3), 967-979. https://doi.org/10.1177/003151257303700360
  • Jastrow, J. (1899). The mind’s eye. Popular Science Monthly, 54, 301–312. https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.2137#0147
  • Kanizsa, G. (1976). Subjective contours. Scientific American, 234(4), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0476-48
  • King, D. J., Hodgekins, J., Chouinard, P. A., Chouinard, V. ve Sperandio, I. (2017). A review of abnormalities in the perception of visual illusions in schizophrenia. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 24 (3), 734–751. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1168-5
  • Kohn, A., Movshon, J. A. (2003). Neuronal adaptation to visual motion in area MT of the macaque. Neuron, 39(4), 681-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00438-0
  • Krantz, D. H. ve Tversky, A. (1971). Conjoint-measurement analysis of composition rules in psychology. Psychological Review, 78(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030637
  • Larsen, A., Madsen, K. H., Lund, T. E. ve Bundesen, C. (2006). Images of illusory motion in primary visual cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(7), 1174–1180. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.7.1174
  • Locher, J. L. (Ed.). (1981). M. C. Escher: His life and complete graphic work. Harry N. Abrams.
  • Luce, R. D. ve Tukey, J. W. (1964). Simultaneous conjoint measurement: A new type of fundamental measurement. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(64)90015-X
  • Mather, G., Verstraten, F. ve Anstis, S. (1998). The motion aftereffect: a modern perspective. MIT Press.
  • Wachowski, L. ve Wachowski, L. (Yönetmen). (1999). Matrix [Film]. United States: Warner Bros, VillRoadshow Picture, Groucho II Film Partnership, Silver Pictures.
  • Milner, A. D. ve Goodale, M. A. (2006). The visual brain in action (2. Baskı). Oxford University Press.
  • Mruczek, R. E. B., Blair, C. D., Strother, L., Caplovitz, G. P. (2017) Size Contrast and Assimilation in the Delboeuf and Ebbinghaus Illusions içinde A. G. Shapiro ve D. Todorovic (Edl.), The Oxford Compendium of Visual Illusions (ss. 262-268). Oxford University Press.
  • Nicolas, S. (1995). Joseph Delboeuf on visual illusions: A historical sketch. American Journal of Psychology, 108(4), 563–574. https://doi.org/10.2307/1423073
  • Notredame, C. E., Pins, D., Deneve, S. ve Jardri, R. (2014). What visual illusions teach us about schizophrenia. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 8, 63. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fnint.2014.00063
  • Pellicano, E. ve Burr, D. (2012). When the world becomes “too real”: a Bayesian explanation of autistic perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(10), 504–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.08.009
  • Penrose, L. S. ve Penrose, R. (1958). Impossible objects: a special type of visual illusion. British Journal of Psychology, 49(1), 31–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1958.tb00634.x
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There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Neuropsychology
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Dicle Dövencioğlu 0000-0003-4981-4462

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Submission Date August 24, 2023
Acceptance Date September 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Dövencioğlu, D. (2023). Görsel İllüzyonların Nörotipik ve Patolojik Algı Hakkında Öğrettikleri. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(3), 376-395. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1346948