Effect of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Leaf and Seed Extracts Prepared Using Different Solvents on Root-Knot Nematode

Year 2024, , 111 - 118, 05.07.2024

Fatma Gül Göze Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.1461164

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Objective: The nematicidal effect of milk thistle leaves and seeds prepared with different solvents on Meloidogyne incognita was investigated.
Materials and Methods: Acetone, ethanol and distilled water were used. The in vitro was carried out in 6 cm petri dishes. The extractions were studied with 500 and 1000 μg/ml (ppm). The in vitro and pot experiments designed random plots with 5 replications for each extraction, solvent and concentration. Four hundred second stage juvenile larvae (J2) were used as inoculum and dead individuals were counted after 48 hours. Five days after transplantation, nematode inoculation was carried out with 500 J2 per pot. After 24 hours, 30 ml of the solution was applied to the soil at 1000 ppm concentration. The experiment was terminated for 50 days. Then, gall and egg mass counts were made.
Results: In vitro, the mortality rate at 1000 ppm was found to be similar in acetone (78.0%) and ethanol (80.8%) solvents in leaf extraction, while the highest was detected in ethanol (94.0%) in the seed extract. In distilled water solvent, 68.0% mortality was determined in the leaf extract and 62.2% mortality in the seed extract. There was no statistically significant difference between the leaf and seed extracts in number of galls and egg masses. No statistical difference could be determined between the solvents in the number of egg masses in seed extraction. While the number of galls in the leaf extract was found to be higher than in acetone (8.8 unit/root) and ethanol (8.0 unit/root) in distilled water (18.0 unit/root) and the difference between them was found to be significant, no statistically significant difference in the number of egg mass between the solvents.
Conclusion: It was observed that all solvents of the leaf and seed extract suppressed galls and egg masses by more than 80% compared to the control.

Keywords

Milk thistle, root knot nematode, herbal extract, Asteraceae, nematicidal effect

Project Number

X

Farklı Çözücüler Kullanılarak hazırlanan Silybum Marianum Yaprak ve Tohum Ekstraktlarının Kök ur Nematoduna Etkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Farklı çözücülerle hazırlanan deve dikeni yaprakları ve tohumlarının ekstraktlarının Meloidogyne incognita üzerindeki nematisit etkisi araştırılmıştır.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Aseton, etanol ve damıtılmış su kullanılmıştır. İn vitro çalışmalar 6 cm'lik petri kaplarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ekstraksiyonlar 500 ve 1000 μg/ml (ppm) ile çalışılmıştır. İn vitro ve saksı denemeleri, her ekstraksiyon, çözücü ve konsantrasyon için 5 tekrarlı rastgele parsellere göre tasarlanmıştır. İnokulum olarak 400 ikinci dönem larva (L2) kullanılmış ve 48 saat sonra ölü bireyler sayılmıştır. Dikimden beş gün sonra saksı başına 500 L2 ile nematod inokulasyonu yapılmıştır. 24 saat sonra 1000 ppm konsantrasyonda 30 ml çözelti toprağa uygulanmıştır. Deneme 50 gün sonra sonlandırılmıştır. Daha sonra gal ve yumurta paketi sayımları yapılmıştır.
Araştırma Bulguları: İn vitro da yaprak ekstraksiyonunda 1000 ppm'deki ölüm oranı aseton (%78.0) ve etanol (%80.8) çözücülerinde benzer bulunurken, en yüksek ölüm oranı tohum ekstraktında etanolde (%94.0) tespit edilmiştir. Distile su çözücüsünde yaprak ekstraktında %68.0, tohum ekstraktında ise %62.2 ölüm oranı belirlenmiştir. Yaprak ve tohum ekstraktları arasında gal sayısı ve yumurta paketi açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır. Tohum ekstraksiyonunda yumurta paketi sayısı açısından çözücüler arasında istatistiksel olarak bir fark tespit edilememiştir. Yaprak ekstraktındaki gal sayısının, distile suda (18.0 birim/kök) aseton (8.8 birim/kök) ve etanolden (8.0 birim/kök) daha yüksek olduğu ve aralarındaki farkın anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çözücüler arasında yumurta paketi sayısı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark yoktur.
Sonuç: Yaprak ve tohum ekstraktındaki tüm çözücülerin gal ve yumurta paketlerini kontrole göre %80'den fazla baskıladığı gözlenmiştir.

Keywords

Asteraceae, devedikeni, kök ur nematodu, bitkisel ekstrakt, nematisidal etki

Project Number

X

References

• Abenavoli, L., Capasso, R., Milic, N., & Capasso, F. (2010). Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future. Phytotherapy research, 24(10), 1423-1432.
• Adekunle, O. K., Acharya, R., & Singh, B. (2007). Toxicity of pure compounds isolated from Tagetes minuta oil to Meloidogyne incognita. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 2, 101-104.
• Ahmad, N., Perveen, R., Jamil, M., Naeem, R., Ilyas, M. (2015). Comparison of antimicrobial properties of Silybum marianum (L) collected from ten different localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan and diversity analysis through RAPDs pattern. International Journal of Plant Science Ecology., 1(6), 241-245.
• Aji, M. B. (2024). Use of Plant Material in the Management of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. In Nematodes-Ecology, Adaptation and Parasitism (E: Mukherje, S. and Ray, S., 136 p.). DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.1002742.
• Anthony, K., & Saleh, M. A. (2012). Chemical profiling and antioxidant activity of commercial milk thistle food supplements. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4 (10), 4440-4450.
• Arslan, A., & Elekçioğlu, İ.H. (2022). Biochemical and molecular identification of root-knot nematodes in green house vegetable areas of Eastern Mediterranean Region (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46(1), 115-127.
• Avato, P., Laquale, S., Argentieri, M. P., Lamiri, A., Radicci, V., & D’Addabbo, T. (2017). Nematicidal activity of essential oils from aromatic plants of Morocco. Journal of pest science, 90, 711-722.
• Aydınlı, G., 2018. Detection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne luci Carneiro et al., 2014. (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) in vegetable fields of Samsun Province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 42 (3): 229-237.
• Benchaachoua, A., Bessam, H. M., Saidi, I., & Bel-abbes, S. (2018). Effects of different extraction methods and solvents on the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Silybum marianum leaves extracts. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention, 5(3), 3641-3647.
• Bernard, G. C., Egnin, M., Bonsi, C. (2017). The impact of plant-parasitic nematodes on agriculture and methods of control. Nematology-concepts diagnosis control, 1, 121–151.
• Bettaieb Rebey, J. Sriti, B., Besbess, K., Mkaddmini Hammi, I. Hamrouni, S., Marzouk B., R. Ksouri, R. (2016). Effet de la provenance et du solvant d’extraction sur la teneur en composés phénoliques et les potentialités antioxydantes des graines de fenouil (Foeniculum vulgarae Mill.). Journal of new sciences, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 27(4): 1478-1487.
• Bonnaillie C., Salacs M., Vassiliova, E. & Saykova I. (2012). Etude de l’extraction de composés phénoliques à partir de pellicules d’arachide (Arachis hypogoaea L.). Revue de génie industrie, 7, 35-45.
• Bourgou, S., Tammar, S., Salem, N., Mkadmini, K., & Msaada, K. (2016). Phenolic composition, essential oil, and antioxidant activity in the aerial part of Artemisia herba-alba from several provenances: A comparative study. International Journal of Food Properties, 19(3), 549-563.
• Chitwood, D. J. (2002). Phytochemical based strategies for nematode control. Annual review of phytopathology, 40(1), 221-249.
• Çelik, A. S., & Kan, Y. (2013). The determination of seed yield, slymarine and components of essential oil of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) cultivated in Konya ecological conditions. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 27(1), 24-31.
• Çetintaş, R., & Çakmak, B. (2016). Meloidogyne species infesting tomatoes, cucumbers and eggplants grown in Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 40(4), 355-364.
• D’Addabbo, T., Carbonara, T., Argentieri, M. P., Radicci, V., Leonetti, P., Villanova, L., & Avato, P. (2013). Nematicidal potential of Artemisia annua and its main metabolites. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 137, 295-304.
• El-Abbasi, A., Kiai, H., & Hafidi, A. (2012). Phenolic profile and antioxidant activities of olive mill wastewater. Food chemistry, 132(1), 406-412.
• Emadi, S. A., Rahbardar, M. G., Mehri, S., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2022). A review of therapeutic potentials of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) and its main constituent, silymarin, on cancer, and their related patents. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 25(10), 1166.
• Ferreira, I. C., Silva, G. S., & Nascimento, F. S. (2013). Management of Meloidogyne incognita with soil incorporation of aerial part of species of Asteraceae. Nematologia Brasileira, 37 (1/2), 9-14.
• Finney, D. J. (1978). Statistical method in biological assay (No. Ed. 3, p. 508pp).
• Gillessen, A & Schmidt, H.H. (2020) Silymarin as supportive treatment in liver diseases: a narrative review. Advances in Therapy, 37,1279–1301.
• Göze Özdemir, F. G., Tosun, B., Şanlı, A., & Karadoğan, T. (2022). Bazı Apiaceae uçucu yağlarının Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae)'ya karşı nematoksik etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 59(3), 529-539.
• Greco, N., & Di Vito, M. (2009). Population Dynamics and Damage Levels. Root-knot nematodes, 2, 246. Gürkan, B., Çetintaş, R., & Gürkan, T. (2019). Gaziantep ve Osmaniye Sebze Alanlarında Bulunan Kök-ur Nematodu Türleri (Meloidogyne spp.)’nin Teşhisi ile Bazı Nematod Popülasyon Irklarının Belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 22(Ek Sayı 1), 113-124.
• Kabil, F. F., & Adam, M. (2020). Nematıcıdal Actıvıty of Garden Cress Bıo Actıve Ingredıents Agaınst Root Knot Nematode (Meloıdogyne incognita) Infected Tomato Transplants. Plant Archives, 20 (2), 9301-9310.
• Karssen, G., Wesemael, W., & Moens, M. (2013). Root-knot nematodes. In R. N. Perry & M. Moens (Eds.), Plant nematology (pp. 73–108). Cabi.
• Li, D., Li, B., Ma, Y., Sun, X., Lin, Y., & Meng, X. (2017). Polyphenols, anthocyanins, and flavonoids contents and the antioxidant capacity of various cultivars of highbush and half-high blueberries. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 62, 84-93.
• Maleita, C., Cardoso, J. M., Rusinque, L., Esteves, I., & Abrantes, I. (2021). Species-specific molecular detection of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne luci. Biology, 10(8), 775.
• Massuh, Y., Cruz-Estrada, A., González-Coloma, A., Ojeda, M. S., Zygadlo, J. A., & Andrés, M. F. (2017). Nematicidal activity of the essential oil of three varieties of Tagetes minuta from Argentina. Natural Product Communications, 12(5), 705-707.
• Mateille, T., Tavoillot, J., Goillon, C. (2020) Competitive interactions in plant-parasitic nematode communities affecting organic vegetable cropping systems. Crop Protection, 135:105206.
• Medical Economics Company, 2000. Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) in PDR for Herbal Medicines. Montvale, NJ, pp. 516–520.
• Mohammed, F. S., Pehlivan, M., & Sevindik, M. (2019). Antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of different extracts of Silybum marianum collected from Duhok (Iraq). International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 6(4), 317-322.
• Moltmann, E., (1988). Kairomone im Wurzelexsudat Von Getreide: Ihre Bedeutung für die Wirtsfindung der Infektionslarven des Getreidezystenaelchens Heterodera avenae Und Ihre Charakterisierung. Hohenheim Universität, Doktorarbeit, 148 pp.
• Oka, Y. (2020). From old-generation to next-generation nematicides. Agronomy, 10, 1387.
• Oka, Y. (2012). Nematicidal activity of Verbesina encelioides against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica and effects on plant growth. Plant and Soil, 355, 311-322.
• Oka, Y. (2010). Mechanisms of nematode suppression by organic soil amendments—A review. Applied Soil Ecology, 44(2), 101-115.
• Palomares-Rius, J.E., Escobar, C., Cabrera, J. (2017). Anatomical alterations in plant tissues induced by plant-parasitic nematodes. Frontiers Plant Science, 8, 1987.
• Pandey, R. (2011). Nematicidal activities of natural lignans and derivatives from milky thistle against Meloidogyne incognita. Indian Phytopathology, 64, 182-185.
• Polyak, S. J., Morishima, C., Lohmann, V., Pal, S., Lee, D. Y., Liu, Y.& Oberlies, N. H. (2010). Identification of hepatoprotective flavonolignans from silymarin. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 107(13), 5995-5999.
• Porwal, O., Ameen, M. S. M., Anwer, E. T., Uthirapathy, S., Ahamad, J., & Tahsin, A. (2019). Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle): Review on Its chemistry, morphology, ethno medical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 9(5), 199-206.
• Regmi, H., Desaeger, J. (2020). Integrated management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in Florida tomatoes combining host resistance and nematicides. Crop Protection, 134:105170
• Queiroz Ferreira, R., Greco, S. J., Delarmelina, M., & Weber, K. C. (2015). Electrochemical quantification of the structure/antioxidant activity relationship of flavonoids. Electrochimica Acta, 163, 161-166.
• Sainz, P., Andrés, M. F., Martínez-Díaz, R. A., Bailén, M., Navarro-Rocha, J., Díaz, C. E., & González-Coloma, A. (2019). Chemical composition and biological activities of Artemisia pedemontana subsp. assoana essential oils and hydrolate. Biomolecules, 9(10), 558.
• Sandoval-Yañez, C., Mascayano, C., & Martínez-Araya, J. I. (2018). A theoretical assessment of antioxidant capacity of flavonoids by means of local hyper–softness. Arabian journal of chemistry, 11(4), 554-563.
• Subedi, S., Thapa, B., & Shrestha, J. (2020). Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and its management: a review. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 3(2), 21-31.
• Sydney, M. (2016). Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) interaction with selected Asteraceae plants and their potential use for nematode management (Doctoral dissertation, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, JKUAT).
• Tajmohammadi, A., Razavi, B. M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2018). Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and its main constituent, silymarin, as a potential therapeutic plant in metabolic syndrome: A review. Phytotherapy research, 32(10), 1933-1949.
• Tsay, T. T., Wu, S. T., & Lin, Y. Y. (2004). Evaluation of Asteraceae plants for control of Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of nematology, 36(1), 36.
• Tran, T. P. N., & Quoc, L. P. T. (2024). Evaluation of the nematicidal efficacy of an aqueous extract of Eupatorium odoratum on Radopholus similis nematode infestation in banana (Musa acuminata “Cavendish”) in a micro plot experiment and under field trial conditions. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 64(1), 29-41.
• Vinodhini, S. M., Monisha, T., Arunachalam, P. P., Rajshree, S., Vignesh, P., Ebenezar, E. G., & Seenivasan, N. (2019). Effect of plant extracts on root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(6), 373-378.
• Yaldız, G. (2017). Effects of potassium sulfate [K2SO4] on the element contents, polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of milk thistle [Silybum marianum]. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13(49), 102.
• Zaouia, K., Segni, L., Noureddine, G., Redha, O. M. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of nine medicinal plants growing in the south of Algeria. Annals of Biological Research, 1(4), 145-147.