Kariyer İmgelemi Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Kariyer İmgeleme Ölçeği’nin Türk kültürel bağlamına uyarlanmasını ve üniversite öğrencileri üzerindeki psikometrik özelliklerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Günümüzün giderek belirsizleşen ve dönüşen iş yaşamında, bireylerin kariyerlerini yönlendirme süreçlerinde daha aktif rol üstlenmeleri beklenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bireylerin gelecekteki olası kariyerlerini zihinsel olarak kurgulayabilme becerisinin seçenekleri değerlendirme ve hedeflerini anlamlandırma bağlamında önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Araştırma, 442 üniversite öğrencisinden elde edilen verilerle yürütülmüştür. Ölçeğin dilsel ve kültürel uyumunu sağlamak amacıyla olabildiğince titiz bir uyarlama süreci izlenmiştir. Bulgular, ölçeğin özgün dört boyutlu yapısının (sıklık, duygusal değer, karmaşıklık ve yönelimlilik) Türk örnekleminde de korunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca yapılan analizler, ölçeğin yüksek düzeyde iç tutarlılığa sahip olduğunu ve zaman içinde kararlı ölçümler sunduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer taraftan, kariyer imgeleme ile kariyer uyumu ve kariyer karar verme öz yeterliği arasında pozitif ancak sınırlı düzeyde ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Bu durum, kariyer imgelemenin kariyer gelişimi içinde kendine özgü bir bilişsel boyutu temsil ettiğine işaret etmektedir. Sonuç olarak, çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, ölçeğin Türkçe formunun hem akademik araştırmalarda hem de kariyer danışmanlığı uygulamalarında güvenle kullanılabilecek nitelikte olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Kariyer imgeleme
• Kariyer Hayal Gücü
• Geçerlik ve güvenirlik
• Kariyer gelişimi
• Üniversite öğrencileri

Adaptation of the Career Imagination Scale to Turkish Culture: A Validity and Reliability Study

Abstract

This study aims to adapt the Career Imagination Scale to the Turkish cultural context and to examine its psychometric properties among university students. In today’s increasingly uncertain and rapidly evolving world of work, individuals are expected to take a more active role in shaping their career trajectories. Within this context, the ability to mentally construct possible future careers is considered important for evaluating alternatives and making sense of one’s goals. The study was conducted with data collected from 442 university students. A rigorous adaptation process was followed to ensure the linguistic and cultural appropriateness of the scale. The findings indicate that the original four-factor structure of the scale (frequency, emotional valence, complexity, and directedness) was preserved in the Turkish sample. In addition, the results demonstrate that the scale has a high level of internal consistency and provides stable measurements over time. Furthermore, career imagination was found to be positively, yet modestly, associated with career adaptability and career decision-making self-efficacy. This suggests that career imagination represents a distinct cognitive dimension within the broader framework of career development. Overall, the findings indicate that the Turkish version of the scale is a reliable and valid instrument that can be confidently used in both academic research and career counseling practice.

Keywords

• Career imagination
• Career imagery
• Validity and reliability
• Career development
• University students

References

1. Abraham, A. (2016). The imaginative mind. Human brain mapping, 37(11), 4197-4211. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23300
2. Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., and Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
3. Betz N. E., and Klein K. L. (1996). Relationships among measures of career self-efficacy, generalized self-efficacy, and global self-esteem. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279600400304
4. Blustein, D. L. (2006). The psychology of working: A new perspective for career development, counseling and public policy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
5. Blustein, D. L., Kozan, S., and Connors-Kellgren, A. (2013). Unemployment and underemployment: A narrative analysis about loss. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.02.005
6. Bozgeyikli, H., Görgülü, Z., and Boğazlıyan, E. E. (2024). “Not joblessness but a job I dislike scares me”: Exploring Employment Anxiety. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2024.127
7. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
8. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

9. Buyukgoze-Kavas, A. (2014). A psychometric evaluation of the career decision self-efficacy scale-short form with Turkish university students. Journal of Career Assessment, 22, 386-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713484561
10. Buyukgoze-Kavas, A. (2014). Validation of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale-Turkish Form and its relation to hope and optimism. Australian Journal of Career Development, 23, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416214531931
11. Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indices to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
12. Cheung, G. W., and Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
13. Cohen, L., and Duberley, J. (2021). Making sense of our working lives: The concept of the career imagination. Organization Theory, 2(2), 26317877211004600. https://doi.org/10.1177/26317877211004600
14. DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
15. Duffy, R. D., Blustein, D. L., Diemer, M. A., and Autin, K. L. (2016). The psychology of working theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(2), 127–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000140
16. Gottfredson, L. S. (1981). Circumscription and compromise: A developmental theory of occupational aspirations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(6), 545–579. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.6.545
17. Gottfredson, L. S. (2005). Applying Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise in career guidance and counseling. S. D. Brown and R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work içinde (pp.71–100). John Wiley & Sons.
18. Hall, E. O., Wilson, M. E., and Frankenfield, J. A. (2003). Translation and restandardization of an instrument: The early infant temperament questionnaire. Journal of advanced nursing, 42(2), 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02599.x
19. Hambleton, R. K. (2005). Issues, Designs, and Technical Guidelines for Adapting Tests into Multiple Languages and Cultures. In K. Hambleton, P. Merenda, and C. Spielberger (Eds.), Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment (pp. 3-38). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410611758
20. Hambleton, R. K., and Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1(1), 1–30.
21. Hu, L. T., and Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
22. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
23. Kuzgun, Y. (2003). Meslek rehberliği ve danışmanlığına giriş. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
24. Lapan, R. T. (2004). Career development across the K–16 years: Bridging the present to satisfying and successful futures. American Counseling Association.
25. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., and Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
26. Leong, F. T. (1991). Career development attributes and occupational values of Asian American and white American college students. Career Development Quarterly, 39, 221-230.
27. Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
28. Markus, H., and Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American psychologist, 41(9), 954. Marsella, A. J., and Leong, F. T. (1995). Cross-cultural issues in personality and career assessment. Journal of Career Assessment, 3, 202-218.
29. Nunnally, J. C., and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
30. Ouyang, W., Shu, X., and Fu, R. (2025). How career adaptability affects university students’ job search behavior and subjective well-being: The role of career choice optimistic bias. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 1290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03652-6
31. Parola, A., Zammitti, A., Pettignano, M., and Marcionetti, J. (2025). Development and Validation of the Career Imagination Scale (CIS). Journal of Career Development, 52(6), 799-817. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453251376288
32. Phillips, S. D., Christopher-Sisk, E. K., and Gravino, K. L. (2001). Making career decisions in a relational context. The Counseling Psychologist, 29(2), 193-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000001292002
33. Rojewski, J. W. (2005). Occupational aspirations: Constructs, meanings, and application. S. D. Brown and R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work In (pp.131–154). John Wiley & Sons.
34. Savickas, M. L. (2002). Career construction: A developmental theory of vocational behavior. D. Brown (Ed.), Career choice and development (4. baskı, ss. 149–205). Jossey-Bass.
35. Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. S. D. Brown and R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work In (pp.42–70). John Wiley & Sons.
36. Savickas, M. L. (2013). Career construction theory and practice. Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work, 2(1), 144-180.
37. Savickas, M. L., and Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career adapt-abilities scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011
38. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., and Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
39. Shepard, B., and Marshall, A. (1999). Possible selves mapping: Life-career exploration with young adolescents. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 33(1), 37–54.
40. Super, D. E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. D. Brown and L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development (2nd ed., pp.197–261). Jossey-Bass.
41. Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
42. Tang, M., Fouad, N. A., and Smith, P. L. (1999). Asian Americans’ career choices: A path model to examine factors influencing their career choices. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 142-157. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1651
43. Triandis, H. C. (2002). Motivation to work in cross-cultural perspective. In The psychology of work (pp.101-118). Psychology Press.
44. Vandenberg, R. J., and Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002
45. Zacher, H. (2014). Career adaptability predicts subjective career success above and beyond personality traits and core self-evaluations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.10.002