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Süpervizyon İlişkisinde Paralel Süreç: Kuramsal Bir Derleme

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 378 - 399, 28.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.51460/baebd.1034764

Abstract

Paralel süreç, psikolojik danışman ve süpervizyon ilişkilerinde bilinçdışı olarak ortaya çıkan bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Paralel süreç, psikoterapi yaklaşımının aktarım kavramına dayanmaktadır. Bu aktarım süreçleri ilk olarak aşağıdan yukarıya doğru tanımlanmış sonrasında yukarıdan aşağıya doğru tanımlanmıştır. Psikoterapi yaklaşımlarının yanında paralel süreç, Tracey ve diğerleri tarafından kişilerarası ilişki çemberine dayandırdıkları kişilerarası yaklaşım ile açıklanmıştır. Hawkins ve Shohet’in Yedi Gözlü Modeli de paralel süreci, psikolojik danışman, danışan ve süpervizyon matrisinden oluşan yedi yapı ile açıklamaktadır. Koltz ve diğerleri paralel süreci izomorfizm ile farklı olduğunu ortaya koymak için İso-Para/Para-İso (IPPI) modeli geliştirmiştir. Her bir modelin paralel süreci ele alma şekilleri değişmektedir. Paralel süreç ele alınırken didaktik öğretim dışında yöntemlerin kullanılması ve psikolojik danışmanın gelişim düzeyi önemli olmaktadır. Paralel süreci ele almak psikolojik danışman ve süpervizörün çalışma ittifakını gerektirmektedir. Bu ittifak hem psikolojik danışmanın hem de süpervizörün mesleki becerilerinin ve düşünme becerilerinin gelişmesi açısından yarar sağlamaktadır. Paralel süreci ele alan çalışmaların yurt dışı alanyazınında derleme ve vaka araştırmaları olduğu görülürken ülkemizde bir vaka çalışması dışında araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Araştırma, yapılacak süpervizyon çalışmalarında paralel sürecin anlaşılması ve alanyazına yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırması açısından önemlidir.

References

  • Referans1 Arlow, J. A. (1963). The Supervisory Situation. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 11(3), 576–594.
  • Referans2 Atik, Z. (2017). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması ve süpervizyonuna ilişkin değerlendirmeleri (yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Referans3 Beyer, G. E. (1995). Parallel process in psychotherapy supervision and its relationship to empathy (unpublished doctoral thesis). Kalamazoo, Michigan, Western Michigan University.
  • Referans4 Bernard, J. M., & Goodyear, R. K. (2019). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (6th ed.). NJ: Pearson Education.
  • Referans5 Borders, L. D., & Brown, L. L. (2005). The new handbook of counseling supervision (2nd ed.). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Association.
  • Referans6 Bordin, E. S. (1983). A Working Alliance Based Model of Supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(1), 35–42.
  • Referans7 Cabaniss, D. L. (2012). Teaching Psychodynamics in the Twenty-First Century. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 60(3), 483–492.
  • Referans8 Cajvert, L. (2011). A model for dealing with parallel processes in supervision. Journal of Social Intervention: Theory and Practice, 20(1), 41-56.
  • Referans9 Castellano, D. L. (2013). Trauma triangles and parallel processes: Geometry and the supervisor/trainee/patient triad. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 23(6), 720 –732.
  • Referans10 Clarke, P. B., & Giordano, A. L. (2013). The motivational supervisor: motivational interviewing as a clinical supervision approach. The Clinical Supervisor, 32(2), 244-259.
  • Referans11 Clarkson, P. (1991) Through the Looking Glass; Exploration in Transference and Countertransference. Transactional Analysis Journal 21 (2)99-107.
  • Referans 12 Crowe, T. P., Oades, L. G., Deane, F. P., Ciarrochi, J., & Willliams, V. C. (2011). Parallel processes in clinical supervision: Implications for coaching methal health practitioners. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 9(2), 56-66.
  • Referans13 Doehrman, M. (1971). Parallel processes in supervision and psychotherapy (unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
  • Referans14 Falender, C., & Shafranske, E. (2004). Clinical supervision: A competency-based approach. Washington, DC: APA.
  • Referans15 Frawley-O'Dea, M. G., & Sarnat, J. E. (2001). The supervisory relationship: A contemporary psychodynamic approach. Guilford Press.
  • Referans16 Friedlander, M. L., Siegel, S. M., & Brenock, K. (1989). Parallel processes in counseling and supervision: A case study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 149.
  • Referans17 Gimenez Hinkle, M. (2008). Psychodrama: A creative approach for addressing parallel process in group supervision. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 3(4), 401-415.
  • Referans18 Giordano, A., Clarke, P., & Borders, L. D. (2013). Using motivational interviewing techniques to address parallel process in supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 52(1), 15-29.
  • Referans19 Gök, A. C. (2012). Psikoterapi Süpervizyonunda Paralel Süreç: Bir Vaka Çalışması. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(2), 39-50.
  • Referans 20 Gray, L. A. (2005). Critical incidents in psychotherapy and supervision: A search for parallel processes. Lehigh University.
  • Referans21 Hawkins, P. and Smith, N. (2006). Coaching, Mentoring and Organizational Consultancy: Supervision and Development. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Referans22 Hawkins, P., & Shohet, R. (2012). Supervision in the helping professions. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
  • Referans23 Hay, J. (2007). Reflective practice and supervision for coaches. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
  • Referans24 Heuer, G. (2009). Parallel processes in Jungian analysis and supervision. Mathers, D. (Ed). Vision and Supervision. Hove: Routledge.
  • Referans25 Kadushin, A. and Harkness, A. (2002). Supervison in social work. (4nd ed.). NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Referans26 Kapten, W. S. (2020). Power, powerlessness, and the parallel process. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30(1), 147-154.
  • Referans 27 Kessel, L. van, & Haan, D. (1993). The intended way of learning in supervision seen as a model. The Clinical Supervisor, 11(1), 29–43.
  • Referans 28 Koçyiğit-Özyiğit, M. (2019). Bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması” dersinde grup süpervizyonu sürecinin incelenmesi: bir durum çalışması (yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Referans29 Koltz, R. L., Odegard, M. A., Feit, S. S., Provost, K., & Smith, T. (2012). Parallel process and isomorphism: A model for decision making in the supervisory triad. The Family Journal, 20(3), 233-238.
  • Referans30 Liddle, H. A., & Saba, G. W. (1983). On context replication: The isomorphic relationship of family therapy and family therapy training. Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies, 2(2), 3–11.
  • Referans31 Melnick, J., & Fall, M. (2008). A gestalt approach to group supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 48(1), 48-60.
  • Referans32 Meydan, B., & Koçyiğit-Özyiğit, M. (2016). Süpervizyon ilişkisi: Psikolojik danışma süpervizyonunda kritik bir öğe. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 17(1), 225-257.
  • Referans33 Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Referans34 Morrissey, J., & Tribe, R. (2001). Parallel process in supervision. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 14(2), 103-110.
  • Referans35 Page, S., & Wosket, V. (2001). Supervising the counsellor: A cyclical model. Psychology Press.
  • Referans36 Pollack, T. E. (1990). Parallel process: An empirical investigation (unpublished doctoral thesis). Old Dominion University.
  • Referans37 Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Resolving therapeutic alliance ruptures: Diversity and integration. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 233–243.
  • Referans 38 Sarnat, J. (2012). Supervising psychoanalytic psychotherapy: Present Knowledge, Pressing Needs. Future Possibilities. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 42(3), 151–160.
  • Referans39 Sarnat, J. E. (2019). What’s new in parallel process? The evolution of supervision’s signature phenomenon. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 79(3), 304-328.
  • Referans40 Silberman, E. K. (2015). Parallel process and the evolving view of the therapeutic situation. Psychiatry, 78(3), 239-241.
  • Referans41 Searles H. F. (1955) The Informational Value of the Supervisor’s Emotional Experiences. Psychiatry, 18:2, 135-146.
  • Referans42 Searles H. F. (2015) The Informational Value of the Supervisor’s Emotional Experiences. Psychiatry, 78:3, 199-211.
  • Referans43 Sumerel, M. B. (1994). Parallel Process in Supervision. ERIC Digest. Erişim adresi: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED372347.
  • Referans44 Taylor, J.H., Poole, S., Rodway, R. ve Tyson, R. (2006). Parallel Process in Supervision: A qualitative investigation. European Journal for Qualitative Research in Psychotherapy, 1, 10-20.
  • Referans 45 Tracey, T. J. G. (2005). Interpersonal rigidity and complementarity. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(6), 592–614.
  • Referans46 Tracey, T. J., Bludworth, J., & Glidden-Tracey, C. E. (2012). Are there parallel processes in psychotherapy supervision? An empirical examination. Psychotherapy, 49(3), 330-343.
  • Referans47 Ülker-Tümlü, G. (2019). Bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması süpervizyonunda ayrıştırıcı süpervizyon modeli’ne dayalı grup süpervizyonu sürecinin yapılandırılması (yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Referans48 Walker, J. A. (2004). Countertransference in therapy and supervision: Proximal parallel process. Lehigh University. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
  • Referans49 Watkins, C. E. (2012). Some thoughts about parallel process and psychotherapy supervision: When is a parallel just a parallel?.49 (3), 344-346.
  • Referans50 Watkins, C. E. (2017). Reconsidering parallel process in psychotherapy supervision: On parsimony, rival hypotheses, and alternate explanations. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34(4), 506-515.
  • Referans51 Williams, A. J. (1988). Action Methods in Supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 6(2), 13–28.
  • Referans52 Wilmot, J. & Shohet, R. (1985) Paralleling in the Supervision Process, Self & Society, 13:2, 86-91.
  • Referans 53 Vollmer Filho, G., & Pires, A. C. J. (2010). Benign and disruptive disturbances of the supervisory field. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 91(4), 895-913.
Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 378 - 399, 28.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.51460/baebd.1034764

Abstract

References

  • Referans1 Arlow, J. A. (1963). The Supervisory Situation. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 11(3), 576–594.
  • Referans2 Atik, Z. (2017). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması ve süpervizyonuna ilişkin değerlendirmeleri (yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Referans3 Beyer, G. E. (1995). Parallel process in psychotherapy supervision and its relationship to empathy (unpublished doctoral thesis). Kalamazoo, Michigan, Western Michigan University.
  • Referans4 Bernard, J. M., & Goodyear, R. K. (2019). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (6th ed.). NJ: Pearson Education.
  • Referans5 Borders, L. D., & Brown, L. L. (2005). The new handbook of counseling supervision (2nd ed.). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Association.
  • Referans6 Bordin, E. S. (1983). A Working Alliance Based Model of Supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(1), 35–42.
  • Referans7 Cabaniss, D. L. (2012). Teaching Psychodynamics in the Twenty-First Century. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 60(3), 483–492.
  • Referans8 Cajvert, L. (2011). A model for dealing with parallel processes in supervision. Journal of Social Intervention: Theory and Practice, 20(1), 41-56.
  • Referans9 Castellano, D. L. (2013). Trauma triangles and parallel processes: Geometry and the supervisor/trainee/patient triad. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 23(6), 720 –732.
  • Referans10 Clarke, P. B., & Giordano, A. L. (2013). The motivational supervisor: motivational interviewing as a clinical supervision approach. The Clinical Supervisor, 32(2), 244-259.
  • Referans11 Clarkson, P. (1991) Through the Looking Glass; Exploration in Transference and Countertransference. Transactional Analysis Journal 21 (2)99-107.
  • Referans 12 Crowe, T. P., Oades, L. G., Deane, F. P., Ciarrochi, J., & Willliams, V. C. (2011). Parallel processes in clinical supervision: Implications for coaching methal health practitioners. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 9(2), 56-66.
  • Referans13 Doehrman, M. (1971). Parallel processes in supervision and psychotherapy (unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
  • Referans14 Falender, C., & Shafranske, E. (2004). Clinical supervision: A competency-based approach. Washington, DC: APA.
  • Referans15 Frawley-O'Dea, M. G., & Sarnat, J. E. (2001). The supervisory relationship: A contemporary psychodynamic approach. Guilford Press.
  • Referans16 Friedlander, M. L., Siegel, S. M., & Brenock, K. (1989). Parallel processes in counseling and supervision: A case study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 149.
  • Referans17 Gimenez Hinkle, M. (2008). Psychodrama: A creative approach for addressing parallel process in group supervision. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 3(4), 401-415.
  • Referans18 Giordano, A., Clarke, P., & Borders, L. D. (2013). Using motivational interviewing techniques to address parallel process in supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 52(1), 15-29.
  • Referans19 Gök, A. C. (2012). Psikoterapi Süpervizyonunda Paralel Süreç: Bir Vaka Çalışması. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(2), 39-50.
  • Referans 20 Gray, L. A. (2005). Critical incidents in psychotherapy and supervision: A search for parallel processes. Lehigh University.
  • Referans21 Hawkins, P. and Smith, N. (2006). Coaching, Mentoring and Organizational Consultancy: Supervision and Development. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Referans22 Hawkins, P., & Shohet, R. (2012). Supervision in the helping professions. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
  • Referans23 Hay, J. (2007). Reflective practice and supervision for coaches. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
  • Referans24 Heuer, G. (2009). Parallel processes in Jungian analysis and supervision. Mathers, D. (Ed). Vision and Supervision. Hove: Routledge.
  • Referans25 Kadushin, A. and Harkness, A. (2002). Supervison in social work. (4nd ed.). NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Referans26 Kapten, W. S. (2020). Power, powerlessness, and the parallel process. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30(1), 147-154.
  • Referans 27 Kessel, L. van, & Haan, D. (1993). The intended way of learning in supervision seen as a model. The Clinical Supervisor, 11(1), 29–43.
  • Referans 28 Koçyiğit-Özyiğit, M. (2019). Bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması” dersinde grup süpervizyonu sürecinin incelenmesi: bir durum çalışması (yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Referans29 Koltz, R. L., Odegard, M. A., Feit, S. S., Provost, K., & Smith, T. (2012). Parallel process and isomorphism: A model for decision making in the supervisory triad. The Family Journal, 20(3), 233-238.
  • Referans30 Liddle, H. A., & Saba, G. W. (1983). On context replication: The isomorphic relationship of family therapy and family therapy training. Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies, 2(2), 3–11.
  • Referans31 Melnick, J., & Fall, M. (2008). A gestalt approach to group supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 48(1), 48-60.
  • Referans32 Meydan, B., & Koçyiğit-Özyiğit, M. (2016). Süpervizyon ilişkisi: Psikolojik danışma süpervizyonunda kritik bir öğe. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 17(1), 225-257.
  • Referans33 Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Referans34 Morrissey, J., & Tribe, R. (2001). Parallel process in supervision. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 14(2), 103-110.
  • Referans35 Page, S., & Wosket, V. (2001). Supervising the counsellor: A cyclical model. Psychology Press.
  • Referans36 Pollack, T. E. (1990). Parallel process: An empirical investigation (unpublished doctoral thesis). Old Dominion University.
  • Referans37 Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Resolving therapeutic alliance ruptures: Diversity and integration. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 233–243.
  • Referans 38 Sarnat, J. (2012). Supervising psychoanalytic psychotherapy: Present Knowledge, Pressing Needs. Future Possibilities. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 42(3), 151–160.
  • Referans39 Sarnat, J. E. (2019). What’s new in parallel process? The evolution of supervision’s signature phenomenon. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 79(3), 304-328.
  • Referans40 Silberman, E. K. (2015). Parallel process and the evolving view of the therapeutic situation. Psychiatry, 78(3), 239-241.
  • Referans41 Searles H. F. (1955) The Informational Value of the Supervisor’s Emotional Experiences. Psychiatry, 18:2, 135-146.
  • Referans42 Searles H. F. (2015) The Informational Value of the Supervisor’s Emotional Experiences. Psychiatry, 78:3, 199-211.
  • Referans43 Sumerel, M. B. (1994). Parallel Process in Supervision. ERIC Digest. Erişim adresi: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED372347.
  • Referans44 Taylor, J.H., Poole, S., Rodway, R. ve Tyson, R. (2006). Parallel Process in Supervision: A qualitative investigation. European Journal for Qualitative Research in Psychotherapy, 1, 10-20.
  • Referans 45 Tracey, T. J. G. (2005). Interpersonal rigidity and complementarity. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(6), 592–614.
  • Referans46 Tracey, T. J., Bludworth, J., & Glidden-Tracey, C. E. (2012). Are there parallel processes in psychotherapy supervision? An empirical examination. Psychotherapy, 49(3), 330-343.
  • Referans47 Ülker-Tümlü, G. (2019). Bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması süpervizyonunda ayrıştırıcı süpervizyon modeli’ne dayalı grup süpervizyonu sürecinin yapılandırılması (yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Referans48 Walker, J. A. (2004). Countertransference in therapy and supervision: Proximal parallel process. Lehigh University. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
  • Referans49 Watkins, C. E. (2012). Some thoughts about parallel process and psychotherapy supervision: When is a parallel just a parallel?.49 (3), 344-346.
  • Referans50 Watkins, C. E. (2017). Reconsidering parallel process in psychotherapy supervision: On parsimony, rival hypotheses, and alternate explanations. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34(4), 506-515.
  • Referans51 Williams, A. J. (1988). Action Methods in Supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 6(2), 13–28.
  • Referans52 Wilmot, J. & Shohet, R. (1985) Paralleling in the Supervision Process, Self & Society, 13:2, 86-91.
  • Referans 53 Vollmer Filho, G., & Pires, A. C. J. (2010). Benign and disruptive disturbances of the supervisory field. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 91(4), 895-913.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sema Civan Gökkaya 0000-0003-2633-137X

Publication Date June 28, 2022
Submission Date December 9, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Civan Gökkaya, S. (2022). Süpervizyon İlişkisinde Paralel Süreç: Kuramsal Bir Derleme. Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 378-399. https://doi.org/10.51460/baebd.1034764