Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

DEFENDING THE BALKAN FRONTIER: THE ORGANIZATION OF MILITARY COLONIES IN THE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN BOSNIA

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 401 - 436, 16.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.30903/baed.1839791

Abstract

During the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, frontier organizations played a crucial role in defending against external invasions and supporting further conquests. As the state’s expansion focused westward, the Balkan frontier became a key strategic area, with a border organization heavily reliant on the participation of non-Muslims. However, in response to the disruptive influences of the French Revolution and the interventions of Western powers, the Ottoman frontier policy -which had long been shaped by cooperation with local elements- began to evolve into new organizational models. Although numerous studies adress the pre-modern Balkan frontier and 19th-century military and administrative reforms, the innovative measures to secure these borders remain unexplored. This study seeks to fill this gap by examining the implementation of the military colony system in the Bosnian frontier during the 19th century, utilizing primary sources. Bosnia’s particular challenges in military recruitment further underscore the significance of this topic. The findings demonstrate that the colonial militia system, though applied within a limited scope and during a brief period, was a pivotal step in the evolution of regular Ottoman border forces, laying the groundwork for the establishment of organized and sustainable frontier defence.

References

  • A. Archival Sources
  • The Directorate of the State Archives (of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye)-Ottoman Archives (BOA)
  • Sadaret Âmedî Kalemi Defterleri: A. AMD, 13/30 (1849, November 15).
  • Sadaret, Mektubî Kalemi Mühimme Evrakı: A. MKT. MHM, 288/61 (1863, December 28); 311/75 (1864, July 31); 336/75 (1865, July 5); 341/98 (1865, September 19); 354/82 (1865, September 24); 349/67 (1866, February 23).
  • Sadaret, Mektubî Kalemi Meclis-i Vâlâ Evrakı: A. MKT. MVL, 22/9 (1849, December 3); 17/1 (1849, July 19).
  • Sadaret, Mektubî Kalemi Umum Vilayat Evrakı: A. MKT. UM, 792/59 (1864, July 31).
  • İrade, Dahiliye: İ. DH, 22/1045 (1840, September 29); 191/10735 (1849, April 3); 553/38505 (1866, September 8); 616/42899 (1870, August 30).
  • İrade, Hariciye: İ. HR, 61/2977 (1849, December 3).
  • İrade, Mesail-i Mühimme: İ. MSM, 67/1943 (1848, May 21); 82/2326 (1848, July 27).
  • İrade, Meclis-i Vâlâ: İ. MVL, 145/4063 (1849, July 6).
  • Meclis-i Vâlâ Evrakı: MVL, 1046/119 (1867, December 17).
  • Taşra Evrakı, Bosna Müfettişliği: TŞR. BNM, 12/101 (1864, January 25); 13/12 (1864, January 27); 17/52 (1864, April 7); 17/57 (1864, April 8); 17/120 (1864, April 8); 19/13 (1864, April 25); 25/73 (1864, July 16); 28/56 (1864, August 29); 28/175 (1864, September 24); 31/11 (1864, November 21).
  • The National Archives, Foreign Office (FO)
  • Foreign Office (FO), Commons of Parliamentary Papers, Correspondence Respecting The Affairs of Hungary 1847-49, 1850, Harrison and Sons, London 1850.
  • Foreign Office (FO), Abstract of Reports of the Trade, &c., of Various Contries and Places, For the Years 1859, 1860, Printed by Harrison and Sons, London 1862.
  • Foreing Office (FO), Commons Parliamentary Papers, Settlement of Circassian Emigrant in Turkey, Harrison and Sons, London 1864.
  • B. Newpapers
  • Citizen Soldier (1841, April 23), Vol. 1, No. 38.
  • The Daily News (1861, September 28), No. 4800.
  • The Evening Post (1824, May 7), No. 6815.
  • The Hampshire Advertiser (1831, September 10), No. 425.
  • The Morning Post (1826, January 24), No. 17191.
  • The North Australian (1856, June 31), No. 31.
  • The Times (1823, December 26), No. 12068.
  • The Times (1856, July 31), No. 22434.
  • The Times (1867, December 26), No. 26004.
  • The Times (1869, August 25), No. 26525.
  • The Star (1869, September 2), No. 30.
  • The Star of Freedom (1848, January 15), No. 534.
  • The Weekly National Intelligencer (1852, May 22)
  • C. Books and Articles
  • AGOSTON, Gabor, “Ottoman Conquest”, The Encyclopedia of War, (ed.) Gordon Martel, Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom 2012, pp. 1-16.
  • ________, “Empires and Warfare in East-Central Europe, 1550-1750: the Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry and Military Transformation”, European Warfare, 1350-1750, (ed.) Frank Tallett, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012, pp. 110-134.
  • AKSAN, Virginia, Ottoman Wars 1700-1870, An Empire Besieged, Routledge, London and New York 2013.
  • ANDERSON, Matthew, Doğu Sorunu, 1774-1923, (trans). İdil Eser, YKY, İstanbul 2001.
  • ARMAOĞLU, Fahir, 19. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi (1789-1914), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1997.
  • AYDIN, Mithat, “Bosna-Hersek Ayaklanması (1875)’nda Panslavizmin Etkisi ve Sırbistan ve Karadağ’ın Rolü”, Belleten, Vol. 69, No. 256, 2005, pp. 913-936.
  • BARKEY, Bandits and Bureaucrats, The Ottoman Route to State Centralization, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1994.
  • BATAKOVIĆ, Dušan T., “A Balkan-Style French Revolution? The 1804 Serbian Uprising in European Perspective”, Balcanica, Vol. XXXVI, 2005, pp. 113-128.
  • BERDAHL, Robert M., “The Stande and the Origins of Conservatism in Prussia”, Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1973, pp. 298-321.
  • BITIS Alexander and HARTLEY, Janet, “The Russian Military Colonies in 1826”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 78, No. 2, 2000, pp. 321-330.
  • BÖREKÇİ, Mehmet Çetin, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Sırp Meselesi, Kutup Yıldızı Yayınları, İstanbul 2001.
  • BRUMMETT, Palmira, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery, State University of New York Press, New York 1994.
  • BUXTON, Noel and LEESE, C. Leonard, Balkan Problems and European Peace, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York 1919.
  • BÜSCH, Otto, Militarsystem und Sozialleben im Alten Preussen 1713-1807, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1962.
  • CASTELLAN, Georges, History of the Balkans, From Mohammed the Conquerer to Stalin, (trans.) Nicholas Bradley, Columbia University Press, New York 1992.
  • CEVDET, Ahmet, Tezakir, 21-39, (pub. by) Cavid Baysun, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1986.
  • COLTON, J. H., 1855. Published from Colton’s 172 William Street Office in New York City. Issued as page no. 22 in volume 2 of the first edition of George Washington Colton’s 1855 Atlas of the World, http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/TurkeyEurope-colton-1855, (11.08.2024).
  • DAVIDOVA, Evguenia, Nation-States, Through the Eyes of Three Generations of Merchants (1780s-1890s), Brill, Leiden-Boston 2013.
  • ENGELHARDT, Edouard-Philippe, La Turquie et le Tanzimat ou Histoire des Réformes dans L’Empire Ottoman, Troisiéme Partie, A. Cotillon, Paris 1882.
  • EREN, Ahmet Cevat, Mahmud II. Zamanında Bosna Hersek, Nurgök Matbaası, İstanbul 1965, pp. 58-152.
  • ERYILMAZ, Bilal, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Gayrimüslim Tebaanın Yönetimi, Risale Yayınları, İstanbul 1990.
  • GÖLEN, Zafer, “1849-1851 Bosna Hersek İsyanı”, Belleten, Vol. 66, No. 247, 2002, pp. 905-930.
  • ________, “Osmanlı Yurdu Olan Bosna Hersek’te XIX. Yüzyıldaki Siyasi Olayları”, Belleten, Vol. 74, No. 270, 2010, pp. 421-476.
  • ________, “Şark Meselesi Işığında Balkan Milliyetçiliği ve Büyük Güçlerin Politikaları”, Türk Yurdu Dergisi, No. 284, April 2011, pp. 91-101.
  • GRADEVA, Rossitsa, “Between Hinterland and Frontier: Ottoman Vidin, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries”, Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 156, 2009, pp. 331-351.
  • GÜLSOY, Ufuk, Cizyeden Vatandaşlığa Osmanlı’nın Gayrimüslim Askerleri, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
  • GÜMÜŞÇÜ, Osman, “Siyasi Coğrafya Açısından Sınırlar ve Tarihi Süreç İçinde Türkiye’de Sınır Kavramı”, Bilig, Winter, No. 52, 2010, pp. 79-104.
  • HIPPLER, Thomas, Citizens, Soldiers and National Armies: Military service in France and Germany, 1789–1830, Routledge, New York 2008.
  • HÖGLUND, Lars-Eric, The Uniforms of the Swedish Army in the Great Northern War, Acedia Press, 1996.
  • İNALCIK, Halil, Tanzimat ve Bulgar Meselesi, Eren Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1992.
  • ________, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Toplum ve Ekonomi, Eren Yayınları, İstanbul 1996.
  • ________, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, Vol. 1, (ed.) Halil İnalcık and Donald Quatert, Eren Yayınları, İstanbul 2004.
  • ________, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Uc (Serhad)lar”, Doğu Batı, Makaleler II, (prep.) Taşkın Takış ve Sunay Aksoy, Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara 2008, pp. 45-60.
  • İZGÖER, Ahmet Zeki, “Ahmet Cevdet Paşa ve Bosna Islahatı”, Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi, Sayı 6, 1999, pp. 211-223.
  • JELAVICH, Barbara, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 1806-1914, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1991.
  • ________, Barbara, History of the Balkans, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, USA 1995.
  • JELAVICH, Charles and JELAVICH, Barbara, The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920, University of Washington Press, Seattle and London 2000.
  • KAISERFELD, Thomas, “From Mapping to Mixing: Political Recognition of Expertise from the Allotment System to the Public Promotion of Manufactories”, https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.108212.1550158196!/Menu/general/column-content/attachment/Kaiserfeld.pdf, (21.08.2024).
  • KARAL, Enver Ziya, Osmanlı Tarihi, Vol. V, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1994.
  • ________, Osmanlı Tarihi, Vol. VII, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 2003.
  • KARČİĆ, Fikret, The Bosniaks and the Challanges of Modernity, El-Kalem, Sarajevo 1999.
  • KARPAT, Kemal, “Balkanlar”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 5, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul 1992.
  • ________, Balkanlarda Osmanlı Mirası ve Ulusçuluk, (trans.) Recep Boztemur, İmge Yayınevi, Ankara 2004.
  • KILIÇ, Selda Kaya, “1864 Vilayet Nizamnamesi’nin Tuna Vilayeti’nde Uygulanması ve Mithat Paşa”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 24, No. 37, pp. 99-111.
  • KREUSE, Keith, Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992.
  • LAMPE John R., and JACKSON, Marvin R., Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1982.
  • LOCKHART, Paul Douglas, Sweden in the Seventeenth Century, Palgrave MacMillan, New York 2004.
  • LYALL, Robert, Essai Historique Sur Le Systéme De Colonisation Militarie De La Russia, Chez Les Libraires Du Palais-Royal, Paris 1825.
  • ________, Travels in Russia, The Krimea, The Caucaus, and Georgia, the Strand and W. Blackwood, London 1825.
  • ORTAYLI, İlber, Osmanlı Barışı, Da Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2003.
  • ________, İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2005.
  • PAKALIN, Mehmet Zeki, Osmanlı Tarih Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sözlüğü I, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1993.
  • PAMUK, Şevket, Osmanlı-Türkiye İktisadi Tarihi, 1500-1914, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2007.
  • PAVLOVIC, Darko, The Austrian Army 1836-1866 Infantry, Osprey Publishing, United Kingdom 1999.
  • PEACOCK, Andrew, The Forntiers of the Ottoman World, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009.
  • PIPES, Richard, “The Russian Military Colonies, 1810-1831”, The Journal of Modern History, 22 (3), 1950, pp. 205-219.
  • _________, Russia Observed, Collected Essays on Russian and Soviet History, Westview Press, San Francisco, & London 1989.
  • POLATKHANOVA, Elmira R., “Count Alexei Arakcheev and the Rise of Primary School System in the Russian Military Colonies (1815-1825)”, ЛОКУС: люди, общество, культуры, смыслы, 13 (1), 2022, pp. 23-38. http://j-locus.ru/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2022-1-23.pdf, (21.02.2025).
  • RADUSHEV, Evgeni, “Ottoman border periphery (serhad) in the Nikopol Vilayet, first half of the sixteenth century”, Études balkaniques, No. 3-4, 1995, pp. 141-160.
  • REDHOUSE, J. W., Redhouse’s Turkish Dictionary, Wyman and Sons, London 1880.
  • REINKOWSKI, Maurus, “Double Struggle, No Income: Ottoman Borderlands in Northern Albania”, International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol. 9, No. 12, 2003, pp. 239-254.
  • RICHES, Daniel “Early Modern Military Reform and the Connection Between Sweden and Brandenburg-Prussia”, Scandinavian Studies, Vol. 77, No. 3, 2005, pp. 347-364.
  • ROBERTS, Michael, The Swedish Imperial Experience, 1560-1718, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1984.
  • RODOPLU YILDIRIM, Fatma, “Bulgar Milli Uyanışı ve Bulgar Milliyetçiliğinin Özellikleri”, Milliyetçilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 2, No. 1, April 2020, pp. 85-104.
  • SAYDAM, Abdullah, Kırım ve Kafkas Göçleri (1856-1876), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1997.
  • ________, “Ömer Lütfi Paşa”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 34. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İstanbul 2007, pp. 74-76.
  • STEIN, Mark, Guarding the Frontier: Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe, London and New York I. B. Tauris, 2007.
  • ŞENEL, Şennur, “19. ve 20. Yüzyılların Denge Oyununda Balkanlar”, Balkanlar El Kitabı, Vol. I, (prep.) Osman Karatay ve Bilgehan A. Gökdağ, Karam Yayınları, Çorum/Ankara 2006.
  • ŞENTÜRK, M. Hüdai, “Tuna Vilâyeti’nin Teşkîline, Karadağ ve Hersek Vukuâtına (1861) Dâir Cevdet Paşa Tarafından Kaleme Alınan Lâyiha”, Belleten, Vol. 59, No. 226, 1995, pp. 715-738.
  • TODOROVA, Mariya, Imagining the Balkans, Oxford University Press, New York-Oxford 1996.
  • TURHAN, Fatma Sel, The Ottoman Empire and the Bosnian Uprising, Janissaries, Modernisation and Rebellion in the Nineteenth Century, I. B. Tauris, London-New York 2014.
  • URHAN, Vahit Cemil, “Kosova’ya Yapılan Çerkes Göçü ve İskanı (1864-1856), Belleten, Vol. 85, No. 304, December 2021, pp. 991-1024.
  • ÜNAL, Uğur, “Sultan Abdülaziz Döneminde Bosna Nizamiye Alayları (1861-1876)”, Belleten, Vol. 81, No. 290, 2017, pp. 227-242.
  • VEREMIS, Thanos, A Modern History of the Balkans, Nationalism and Identity in Southeast Europe, I. B. Tauris, London - New York 2017.
  • Von MOLTKE, Freiherrn, Der Russisch-Türkische Feldzug in der Europäischen Türkei 1828-1829, Verlag Reimer, Berlin 1845.
  • YİĞİT, Ali Ata, “Osmanlı-Sırp Sınır Çatışmaları ve Uluslararası İlişkilere Yansımaları (1878-1912)”, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, Vol. 124, No. 244, pp. 67-82.
  • ZÜRCHER, Erik Jan, “The Ottoman Conscription System, 1844-1914”, International Review of Social History, Vol. 43, No. 3, December 1998, pp. 437.

BALKAN SERHADDİNİ SAVUNMAK: 19. YÜZYIL OSMANLI BOSNASI’NDA ASKERİ KOLONİLERİN ORGANİZASYONU

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 401 - 436, 16.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.30903/baed.1839791

Abstract

Serhad teşkilatı, genişleme dönemi Osmanlı Devleti’nde düşman istilâlarını karşılamada ve yeni fetih hareketlerinde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Devletin genişlemesi Batı’ya doğru odaklandıkça, Balkan serhaddi, gayrimüslimlerin yoğun katılımını içeren sınır teşkilatı ile önemli bir stratejik alan haline gelmiştir. Ancak Fransız Devrimi’nin yıkıcı etkileri ve Batılı güçlerin müdahalelerine karşılık, uzun süredir yerel unsurların işbirliği ile şekillenenen serhad politikası, yeni örgütlenme modellerine doğru evrilmiştir. Modern Dönem öncesi Balkan serhaddini ve 19. yüzyılda bölgedeki idari ve askeri reformları konu alan çok sayıda çalışma olmasına rağmen, sınır boylarının muhafazasına yönelik yeni girişimler yeterince ele alınmamıştır. Bu çalışma, birincil kaynaklar yardımıyla 19. yüzyılda Bosna sınırında askeri koloni sisteminin uygulanmasını inceleyerek bu boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bosna’nın asker alımında zorluklar yaşanan bir bölge olması konunun önemini daha da vurgulamaktadır. Bulgular sınırlı kapsamda ve kısa bir süre için uygulanabilmesine rağmen koloni-militer yönteminin düzenli sınır birliklerinin teşkilinde önemli bir adım olduğunu ve örgütlü ve sürdürülebilir sınır savunmasının kurulmasına zemin hazırladığını göstermektedir.

References

  • A. Archival Sources
  • The Directorate of the State Archives (of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye)-Ottoman Archives (BOA)
  • Sadaret Âmedî Kalemi Defterleri: A. AMD, 13/30 (1849, November 15).
  • Sadaret, Mektubî Kalemi Mühimme Evrakı: A. MKT. MHM, 288/61 (1863, December 28); 311/75 (1864, July 31); 336/75 (1865, July 5); 341/98 (1865, September 19); 354/82 (1865, September 24); 349/67 (1866, February 23).
  • Sadaret, Mektubî Kalemi Meclis-i Vâlâ Evrakı: A. MKT. MVL, 22/9 (1849, December 3); 17/1 (1849, July 19).
  • Sadaret, Mektubî Kalemi Umum Vilayat Evrakı: A. MKT. UM, 792/59 (1864, July 31).
  • İrade, Dahiliye: İ. DH, 22/1045 (1840, September 29); 191/10735 (1849, April 3); 553/38505 (1866, September 8); 616/42899 (1870, August 30).
  • İrade, Hariciye: İ. HR, 61/2977 (1849, December 3).
  • İrade, Mesail-i Mühimme: İ. MSM, 67/1943 (1848, May 21); 82/2326 (1848, July 27).
  • İrade, Meclis-i Vâlâ: İ. MVL, 145/4063 (1849, July 6).
  • Meclis-i Vâlâ Evrakı: MVL, 1046/119 (1867, December 17).
  • Taşra Evrakı, Bosna Müfettişliği: TŞR. BNM, 12/101 (1864, January 25); 13/12 (1864, January 27); 17/52 (1864, April 7); 17/57 (1864, April 8); 17/120 (1864, April 8); 19/13 (1864, April 25); 25/73 (1864, July 16); 28/56 (1864, August 29); 28/175 (1864, September 24); 31/11 (1864, November 21).
  • The National Archives, Foreign Office (FO)
  • Foreign Office (FO), Commons of Parliamentary Papers, Correspondence Respecting The Affairs of Hungary 1847-49, 1850, Harrison and Sons, London 1850.
  • Foreign Office (FO), Abstract of Reports of the Trade, &c., of Various Contries and Places, For the Years 1859, 1860, Printed by Harrison and Sons, London 1862.
  • Foreing Office (FO), Commons Parliamentary Papers, Settlement of Circassian Emigrant in Turkey, Harrison and Sons, London 1864.
  • B. Newpapers
  • Citizen Soldier (1841, April 23), Vol. 1, No. 38.
  • The Daily News (1861, September 28), No. 4800.
  • The Evening Post (1824, May 7), No. 6815.
  • The Hampshire Advertiser (1831, September 10), No. 425.
  • The Morning Post (1826, January 24), No. 17191.
  • The North Australian (1856, June 31), No. 31.
  • The Times (1823, December 26), No. 12068.
  • The Times (1856, July 31), No. 22434.
  • The Times (1867, December 26), No. 26004.
  • The Times (1869, August 25), No. 26525.
  • The Star (1869, September 2), No. 30.
  • The Star of Freedom (1848, January 15), No. 534.
  • The Weekly National Intelligencer (1852, May 22)
  • C. Books and Articles
  • AGOSTON, Gabor, “Ottoman Conquest”, The Encyclopedia of War, (ed.) Gordon Martel, Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom 2012, pp. 1-16.
  • ________, “Empires and Warfare in East-Central Europe, 1550-1750: the Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry and Military Transformation”, European Warfare, 1350-1750, (ed.) Frank Tallett, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012, pp. 110-134.
  • AKSAN, Virginia, Ottoman Wars 1700-1870, An Empire Besieged, Routledge, London and New York 2013.
  • ANDERSON, Matthew, Doğu Sorunu, 1774-1923, (trans). İdil Eser, YKY, İstanbul 2001.
  • ARMAOĞLU, Fahir, 19. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi (1789-1914), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1997.
  • AYDIN, Mithat, “Bosna-Hersek Ayaklanması (1875)’nda Panslavizmin Etkisi ve Sırbistan ve Karadağ’ın Rolü”, Belleten, Vol. 69, No. 256, 2005, pp. 913-936.
  • BARKEY, Bandits and Bureaucrats, The Ottoman Route to State Centralization, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1994.
  • BATAKOVIĆ, Dušan T., “A Balkan-Style French Revolution? The 1804 Serbian Uprising in European Perspective”, Balcanica, Vol. XXXVI, 2005, pp. 113-128.
  • BERDAHL, Robert M., “The Stande and the Origins of Conservatism in Prussia”, Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1973, pp. 298-321.
  • BITIS Alexander and HARTLEY, Janet, “The Russian Military Colonies in 1826”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 78, No. 2, 2000, pp. 321-330.
  • BÖREKÇİ, Mehmet Çetin, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Sırp Meselesi, Kutup Yıldızı Yayınları, İstanbul 2001.
  • BRUMMETT, Palmira, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery, State University of New York Press, New York 1994.
  • BUXTON, Noel and LEESE, C. Leonard, Balkan Problems and European Peace, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York 1919.
  • BÜSCH, Otto, Militarsystem und Sozialleben im Alten Preussen 1713-1807, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1962.
  • CASTELLAN, Georges, History of the Balkans, From Mohammed the Conquerer to Stalin, (trans.) Nicholas Bradley, Columbia University Press, New York 1992.
  • CEVDET, Ahmet, Tezakir, 21-39, (pub. by) Cavid Baysun, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1986.
  • COLTON, J. H., 1855. Published from Colton’s 172 William Street Office in New York City. Issued as page no. 22 in volume 2 of the first edition of George Washington Colton’s 1855 Atlas of the World, http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/TurkeyEurope-colton-1855, (11.08.2024).
  • DAVIDOVA, Evguenia, Nation-States, Through the Eyes of Three Generations of Merchants (1780s-1890s), Brill, Leiden-Boston 2013.
  • ENGELHARDT, Edouard-Philippe, La Turquie et le Tanzimat ou Histoire des Réformes dans L’Empire Ottoman, Troisiéme Partie, A. Cotillon, Paris 1882.
  • EREN, Ahmet Cevat, Mahmud II. Zamanında Bosna Hersek, Nurgök Matbaası, İstanbul 1965, pp. 58-152.
  • ERYILMAZ, Bilal, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Gayrimüslim Tebaanın Yönetimi, Risale Yayınları, İstanbul 1990.
  • GÖLEN, Zafer, “1849-1851 Bosna Hersek İsyanı”, Belleten, Vol. 66, No. 247, 2002, pp. 905-930.
  • ________, “Osmanlı Yurdu Olan Bosna Hersek’te XIX. Yüzyıldaki Siyasi Olayları”, Belleten, Vol. 74, No. 270, 2010, pp. 421-476.
  • ________, “Şark Meselesi Işığında Balkan Milliyetçiliği ve Büyük Güçlerin Politikaları”, Türk Yurdu Dergisi, No. 284, April 2011, pp. 91-101.
  • GRADEVA, Rossitsa, “Between Hinterland and Frontier: Ottoman Vidin, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries”, Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 156, 2009, pp. 331-351.
  • GÜLSOY, Ufuk, Cizyeden Vatandaşlığa Osmanlı’nın Gayrimüslim Askerleri, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
  • GÜMÜŞÇÜ, Osman, “Siyasi Coğrafya Açısından Sınırlar ve Tarihi Süreç İçinde Türkiye’de Sınır Kavramı”, Bilig, Winter, No. 52, 2010, pp. 79-104.
  • HIPPLER, Thomas, Citizens, Soldiers and National Armies: Military service in France and Germany, 1789–1830, Routledge, New York 2008.
  • HÖGLUND, Lars-Eric, The Uniforms of the Swedish Army in the Great Northern War, Acedia Press, 1996.
  • İNALCIK, Halil, Tanzimat ve Bulgar Meselesi, Eren Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1992.
  • ________, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Toplum ve Ekonomi, Eren Yayınları, İstanbul 1996.
  • ________, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, Vol. 1, (ed.) Halil İnalcık and Donald Quatert, Eren Yayınları, İstanbul 2004.
  • ________, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Uc (Serhad)lar”, Doğu Batı, Makaleler II, (prep.) Taşkın Takış ve Sunay Aksoy, Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara 2008, pp. 45-60.
  • İZGÖER, Ahmet Zeki, “Ahmet Cevdet Paşa ve Bosna Islahatı”, Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi, Sayı 6, 1999, pp. 211-223.
  • JELAVICH, Barbara, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 1806-1914, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1991.
  • ________, Barbara, History of the Balkans, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, USA 1995.
  • JELAVICH, Charles and JELAVICH, Barbara, The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920, University of Washington Press, Seattle and London 2000.
  • KAISERFELD, Thomas, “From Mapping to Mixing: Political Recognition of Expertise from the Allotment System to the Public Promotion of Manufactories”, https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.108212.1550158196!/Menu/general/column-content/attachment/Kaiserfeld.pdf, (21.08.2024).
  • KARAL, Enver Ziya, Osmanlı Tarihi, Vol. V, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1994.
  • ________, Osmanlı Tarihi, Vol. VII, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 2003.
  • KARČİĆ, Fikret, The Bosniaks and the Challanges of Modernity, El-Kalem, Sarajevo 1999.
  • KARPAT, Kemal, “Balkanlar”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 5, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul 1992.
  • ________, Balkanlarda Osmanlı Mirası ve Ulusçuluk, (trans.) Recep Boztemur, İmge Yayınevi, Ankara 2004.
  • KILIÇ, Selda Kaya, “1864 Vilayet Nizamnamesi’nin Tuna Vilayeti’nde Uygulanması ve Mithat Paşa”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 24, No. 37, pp. 99-111.
  • KREUSE, Keith, Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992.
  • LAMPE John R., and JACKSON, Marvin R., Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1982.
  • LOCKHART, Paul Douglas, Sweden in the Seventeenth Century, Palgrave MacMillan, New York 2004.
  • LYALL, Robert, Essai Historique Sur Le Systéme De Colonisation Militarie De La Russia, Chez Les Libraires Du Palais-Royal, Paris 1825.
  • ________, Travels in Russia, The Krimea, The Caucaus, and Georgia, the Strand and W. Blackwood, London 1825.
  • ORTAYLI, İlber, Osmanlı Barışı, Da Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2003.
  • ________, İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2005.
  • PAKALIN, Mehmet Zeki, Osmanlı Tarih Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sözlüğü I, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1993.
  • PAMUK, Şevket, Osmanlı-Türkiye İktisadi Tarihi, 1500-1914, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2007.
  • PAVLOVIC, Darko, The Austrian Army 1836-1866 Infantry, Osprey Publishing, United Kingdom 1999.
  • PEACOCK, Andrew, The Forntiers of the Ottoman World, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009.
  • PIPES, Richard, “The Russian Military Colonies, 1810-1831”, The Journal of Modern History, 22 (3), 1950, pp. 205-219.
  • _________, Russia Observed, Collected Essays on Russian and Soviet History, Westview Press, San Francisco, & London 1989.
  • POLATKHANOVA, Elmira R., “Count Alexei Arakcheev and the Rise of Primary School System in the Russian Military Colonies (1815-1825)”, ЛОКУС: люди, общество, культуры, смыслы, 13 (1), 2022, pp. 23-38. http://j-locus.ru/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2022-1-23.pdf, (21.02.2025).
  • RADUSHEV, Evgeni, “Ottoman border periphery (serhad) in the Nikopol Vilayet, first half of the sixteenth century”, Études balkaniques, No. 3-4, 1995, pp. 141-160.
  • REDHOUSE, J. W., Redhouse’s Turkish Dictionary, Wyman and Sons, London 1880.
  • REINKOWSKI, Maurus, “Double Struggle, No Income: Ottoman Borderlands in Northern Albania”, International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol. 9, No. 12, 2003, pp. 239-254.
  • RICHES, Daniel “Early Modern Military Reform and the Connection Between Sweden and Brandenburg-Prussia”, Scandinavian Studies, Vol. 77, No. 3, 2005, pp. 347-364.
  • ROBERTS, Michael, The Swedish Imperial Experience, 1560-1718, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1984.
  • RODOPLU YILDIRIM, Fatma, “Bulgar Milli Uyanışı ve Bulgar Milliyetçiliğinin Özellikleri”, Milliyetçilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 2, No. 1, April 2020, pp. 85-104.
  • SAYDAM, Abdullah, Kırım ve Kafkas Göçleri (1856-1876), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1997.
  • ________, “Ömer Lütfi Paşa”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 34. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İstanbul 2007, pp. 74-76.
  • STEIN, Mark, Guarding the Frontier: Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe, London and New York I. B. Tauris, 2007.
  • ŞENEL, Şennur, “19. ve 20. Yüzyılların Denge Oyununda Balkanlar”, Balkanlar El Kitabı, Vol. I, (prep.) Osman Karatay ve Bilgehan A. Gökdağ, Karam Yayınları, Çorum/Ankara 2006.
  • ŞENTÜRK, M. Hüdai, “Tuna Vilâyeti’nin Teşkîline, Karadağ ve Hersek Vukuâtına (1861) Dâir Cevdet Paşa Tarafından Kaleme Alınan Lâyiha”, Belleten, Vol. 59, No. 226, 1995, pp. 715-738.
  • TODOROVA, Mariya, Imagining the Balkans, Oxford University Press, New York-Oxford 1996.
  • TURHAN, Fatma Sel, The Ottoman Empire and the Bosnian Uprising, Janissaries, Modernisation and Rebellion in the Nineteenth Century, I. B. Tauris, London-New York 2014.
  • URHAN, Vahit Cemil, “Kosova’ya Yapılan Çerkes Göçü ve İskanı (1864-1856), Belleten, Vol. 85, No. 304, December 2021, pp. 991-1024.
  • ÜNAL, Uğur, “Sultan Abdülaziz Döneminde Bosna Nizamiye Alayları (1861-1876)”, Belleten, Vol. 81, No. 290, 2017, pp. 227-242.
  • VEREMIS, Thanos, A Modern History of the Balkans, Nationalism and Identity in Southeast Europe, I. B. Tauris, London - New York 2017.
  • Von MOLTKE, Freiherrn, Der Russisch-Türkische Feldzug in der Europäischen Türkei 1828-1829, Verlag Reimer, Berlin 1845.
  • YİĞİT, Ali Ata, “Osmanlı-Sırp Sınır Çatışmaları ve Uluslararası İlişkilere Yansımaları (1878-1912)”, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, Vol. 124, No. 244, pp. 67-82.
  • ZÜRCHER, Erik Jan, “The Ottoman Conscription System, 1844-1914”, International Review of Social History, Vol. 43, No. 3, December 1998, pp. 437.
There are 108 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science (Other), Historical Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Çetin 0000-0002-6954-0908

Submission Date December 24, 2024
Acceptance Date March 7, 2025
Publication Date December 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çetin, M. (2025). DEFENDING THE BALKAN FRONTIER: THE ORGANIZATION OF MILITARY COLONIES IN THE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN BOSNIA. Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(2), 401-436. https://doi.org/10.30903/baed.1839791

For submission of articles to the JBRI:  baedergisi@gmail.com  

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Creative Commons License