BİR HEZİMETİN ANATOMİSİ: HADRIANOPOLIS SAVAŞI, I. THEODOSIUS VE MODUS VIVENDI POLİTİKASI

Abstract

Geç Roma İmparatorluk Tarihi’nin dönüm noktalarından biri olarak kabul edilen Hadrianopolis Savaşı’nın (MS 378) ardından ortaya çıkan krizi bertaraf etmesi için Gratianus tarafından imparatorluğun Doğu yarısına augustus olarak görevlendirilen I. Theodosius’un saltanat dönemi, genellikle kendisinin inançlı bir Katolik oluşu ve Hristiyanlığı imparatorluğun resmî dini hâline getirecek uygulamaları bakımından ele alınmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, I. Theodosius’un göreve getirilme amacını gerçekleştirme biçimi ve Balkanlarda uyguladığı dış politikanın ortaya çıkarmış olduğu sonuçların incelenmesinin arka planda kaldığı görülmektedir. Oysa Hadrianopolis Savaşı’nın büyük bir hezimet ve bir dönüm noktası olarak addedilmesinin en önemli sebeplerinden birisi de uzun vadeli sonuçları; I. Theodosius ve oğulları Honorius ile Arcadius dönemlerinde ortaya çıkan ve imparatorluğun klasik yöntemleriyle baş edilemeyen Got krizidir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada Hadrianopolis Savaşı öncesi Roma İmparatorluğu ile Gotlar arasındaki ilişkinin doğası açıklandıktan sonra, I. Theodosius’un imparatorluğun Balkanlarda karşı karşıya kaldığı Got problemine yönelik izlediği modus vivendi arayışına dayalı dış politikanın sebep ve sonuçları incelenecektir.

Keywords

• Hadrianopolis Savaşı
• Balkanlar
• I. Theodosius
• Gotlar
• Gratianus.

ANATOMY OF A DISASTER: HADRIANOPOLIS, THEODOSIUS I AND THE POLICY OF MODUS VIVENDI

Abstract

The reign of Theodosius I, appointed as augustus to the eastern half of the Roman Empire by Gratian to address the crisis that emerged after the Battle of Hadrianopolis (378 AD), has typically been scrutinized in terms of his devout Catholicism and his initiatives aimed at establishing Christianity as the empire’s official religion. In the meantime, the manner in which Theodosius fulfilled the purpose of his appointment and his Balkan foreign policy, along with the consequences for the administration and relations between both halves of the empire after his death, have been somewhat overshadowed. In fact the reason that the Battle of Hadrianopolis is considered a major defeat and turning point lies primarily in its longterm consequences – namely, the Gothic crisis that unfolded during the reigns of Theodosius I and his sons Honorius and Arcadius, posing challenges beyond the conventional methods of imperial governance. Therefore, in this study, after explaining the nature of the relationship between the Roman Empire and the Goths before the Battle of Hadrianopolis, the causes and consequences of the foreign policy based on the quest for modus vivendi pursued by Theodosius I towards the Goth problem that the empire faced in the Balkans will be examined.

Keywords

• Battle of Hadrianopolis
• Balkans
• Theodosius I
• Goths
• Gratian

References

1. A. Antik Kaynaklar:
2. AMBROSIUS, De Excessu Fratris Sui Satyri Libri Duo, (İng. çev.) H. de Romestin, E. de Romestin ve H. T. F. Duckworth, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 10, Christian Literature Publishing Co., Buffalo, NY 1896.
3. ________, Epistulae, (İng. çev.) H. de Romestin, E. de Romestin ve H.T.F. Duckworth, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 10, Christian Literature Publishing Co., Buffalo, NY, 1896.
4. AURELIUS VICTOR, De Caesaribus, (İng. çev.) Harold W. Bird, Liber de Caesaribus of Sextus Aurelius Victor, University of Liverpool Press, Liverpool 1994.
5. CODEX THEODOSIANUS, (İng. çev.) Clyde Pharr, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1952.
6. EUNAPIUS, Fragmenta, The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire, Ed. Roger C. Blockley, Vol. I-II, Francis Cairns, Liverpool 1981-1983.
7. EUSEBIUS, Vita Constantini, (İng. çev.) Averil Cameron ve Stuart G. Hall, Life of Constantine, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1999.
8. HERODIANUS, De Imperatorum Romanorum, (İng. çev.) Edward C. Echols, Herodian of Antioch’s History of the Roman Empire, University of California Press, Berkeley 1961.

9. IORDANES, Getica, (İng. çev.), Charles C. Mierow, The Gothic History of Jordanes, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1915.
10. LACTANTIUS, De Mortibus Persecutorum, (İng. çev., ed.), J. L. Creed, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1984.
11. LIBANIUS, Orationes, (İng. çev.) Scott Bradbury, Selected Letters of Libanius: From the Age of Constantius and Julian, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 2004.
12. MARCELLINUS, Ammianus, Res Gestae, (İng. çev.) John C. Rolfe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2000.
13. MARCELLINUS COMES, Chronica, (İng. çev.) Brian Croke, The Chronicle of Marcellinus, Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, Sydney 1995.
14. Notitia Dignitatum Orientis, ed. Otto Seeck, Weidmann, Berlin 1876.
15. ORIGO, (çev.) Turhan Kaçar, Anonymus Valesianus, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul 2008.
16. OROSIUS, Paulus, Historia Adversos Paganos (İng. çev.) Andrew T. Fear, Seven Books of History Against Pagans, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 2010.
17. PACATUS, Panegricii Latini, (İng. çev.) C. E. V. Nixon ve Barbara S. Rodgers, In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini, Berkeley 1994.
18. PROCOPIUS, De Aedificiis, (İng. çev.) Henry B. Dewing ve Glanville Downey, On Buildings, Harvard University Press, Cambridge; MA 1940.
19. ________, De Bellis, (İng. çev.) Henry B. Dewing, History of the Wars, vol. I-V, William Heinemann Ltd, Cambridge; MA 1914-1928.
20. SOCRATES, Historia Ecclesiastica, (İng. çev.), A. C. Zenos, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2, Christian Literature Publishing Co, Buffalo, NY 1890.
21. SOZOMENUS, Historia Ecclesiastica, (İng. çev.) Chester D. Hartranft, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series 2, Christian Literature Publishing Co, Buffalo, NY 1890.
22. PROCOPIUS, De Aedificiis, (İng. çev.) Henry B. Dewing ve Glanville Downey, On Buildings, Harvard University Press, Cambridge; MA 1940.
23. ________, De Bellis, (İng. çev.) Henry B. Dewing, History of the Wars, vol. I-V, William Heinemann Ltd, Cambridge; MA 1914-1928.
24. SOCRATES, Historia Ecclesiastica, (İng. çev.), A. C. Zenos, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2, Christian Literature Publishing Co, Buffalo, NY 1890.
25. SOZOMENUS, Historia Ecclesiastica, (İng. çev.) Chester D. Hartranft, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series 2, Christian Literature Publishing Co, Buffalo, NY 1890.
26. SYNESIUS, De Regno, (İng. çev.) Augustine Fitzgerald, The Essays and Hymns of Synesius of Cyrene: Including the Adress to the Emperor and the Political Speeches, Oxford Uniersity Press, London 1930.
27. THEMISTIUS, Themistii Orationes quae supersunt, ed. Glanville Downey ve A. F. Norman, Teubner, Leipzig 1965-1974.
28. THEODORET, Historia Ecclesiastica, (İng. çev.) Blomfield Jackson, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3, Christian Literature Publishing Co., Buffalo, NY 1892.
29. ZOSIMUS, Historia Nova, (İng. çev.) Ronald Ridley, New History, Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, Sydney 1982.
30. B. Araştirma ve İnceleme Eserler:
31. AUSBÜTTEL, Frank M., “Die Dedition der Westgotten von 382 und ihre historische Bedeutung”, Athenaeum, Cilt 66, 1988, ss. 604-613.
32. BARNES, Timothy D., “The Imperial Campaigns A.D. 285-311”, Phoenix, Cilt 30, Sayı 2, 1976, ss. 174-193.
33. ________, Constantine and Eusebius, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1981.
34. ________, The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1982.
35. BLOCKLEY, Roger C., East Roman Foreign Policy: Formation and Conduct from Diocletian to Anastasius, Francis Cairns, Leeds 1992.
36. BURNS, Thomas S., “The Settlement of 418”, Fifth-century Gaul: a crisis of identity?, (ed.) John F. Drinkwater ve Hugh Elton, Cambridge University Press, New York 1992, ss. 53-63.
37. ________, Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians ca. 375-425 AD, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1994.
38. CARRIÈ, Jean Michelle ve Rousselle, Aline, L’Empire romain en mutation Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), Points, Paris 1999.
39. DAHLHEIM, Werner, Deditio und Societas: Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der römischen Aussenpolitik in der Blütezeit der Republik, Rudolf Habelt Verlag, Bonn 1965.
40. DEMOUGEOT, Émilienne, La Formation de I’Europe et les invasions barbares, Tome 2: De l’avenement de Diocletien (284) a l’occupation germanique de l’Empire romain d’Occident (debut du VIe siecle), Aubier, Paris 1979.
41. DRINKWATER, John, “Maximus to Diocletian and the ‘crisis”, The Cambridge Ancient History, Cilt XII, ed. Alan K. Bowman ve Peter Garnsey, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, ss. 28-66. ELTON, Hugh, Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350-425, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996.
42. ERRINGTON, R. Malcolm, “Christian Accounts of the Religious Legislation of Theodosius I”, Klio, Cilt 79, Sayı 2, 1997, ss. 398-443.
43. ________, “The Accession of Theodosius I”, Klio, Cilt 78, Sayı 2, 1996, ss. 438-453.
44. ________, Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 2006.
45. FERRIL, Arther, The Fall of the Roman Empire. The Military Explanation, Thames and Hudson, New York 1986.
46. FLURL, Wolfgang, Deditio in Fidem: Untersuchungen zu Livius und Polybios, Dissertationsdruck Blasaditsch, Münih 1969.
47. GRACANIN, Hrvoje, “The Huns and South Pannonia”, Byzantinoslavica, Cilt 64, 2006.
48. HEATHER, Peter ve MONCUR, David, Politics, Philosophy and Empire in the Fourth Century: Select Orations of Themistius, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 2001.
49. HEATHER, Peter, Goths and Romans, 332-489, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1991.
50. ________, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and Barbarians, Oxford University Press, Londra 2005.
51. ________, The Goths, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 1996.
52. HEBBLEWHITE, Mark, Theodosius and the Limits of the Empire, Routledge, New York 2020.
53. HEFELE, Charles J., A History of the Christian Councils from the Original Documents, vol. 2, (İng. çev.) Henry N. Oxenham, T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh 1876.
54. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, (ILS), Hermann Dessau (ed.), Weidmann, Berlin 1892-1916.
55. JONES, Arnold Hugh Martin, The Later Roman Empire 284-602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1964.
56. KAÇAR, Turhan, “Eskiçağ Tarih Yazıcılığında Barbarların Görünüşü: Ammianus Marcellinus’da Hunlar”, XIV. Türk Tarih Kongresi Bildirileri, Cilt 1, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 2006, ss. 83-95.
57. ________, Geç Antikçağ’da Hıristiyanlık, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 2009.
58. KULIKOWSKI, Michael, “Constantinus and Northern Barbarians”, The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, (ed.) Noel Lenski, Cambridge University Press, New York 2006.
59. ________, Rome’s Gothic Wars from the Third Century to Alaric, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
60. LENSKI, Noel, “Initium Mali Romano Imperio: Contemporary Reactions to the Battle of Adrianople”, TAPA, Cilt 127, 1997, ss. 129-168.
61. ________, Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in Fourth Century AD, University of California Press, Berkeley 2002.
62. MACGEORGE, Penny, Late Roman Warlords, Oxford University Press, New York 2002.
63. MAENCHEN-HELFEN, Otto, The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, University of California Press, Berkeley 1973.
64. MATTHEWS, John, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court AD 364-475, Clarendon Press, New York 1975.
65. MCLYNN, Neil B., “‘Genere Hispanus’: Theodosius, Spain and Nicene Orthodoxy”, Hispania in Late Antiquity, ed. Kim Bowes ve Michael Kulikowski, Brill, Leiden 2005.
66. ________, Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital, University of California Press, Berkeley 1994.
67. MITCHELL, Stephen, Geç Roma İmparatorluk Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 2016.
68. PİLEVNELİ-ÇUBUK, Ceren, “Geç Roma İmparatorluğu ve Erken Ortaçağ Avrupa’sında Ariusçuluk”, Ortaçağ Kıta Avrupası’nda Dinsel Sapkınlıklar: Ariusçuluktan Husçuluğa, (ed.) Fatih Durgun, Paradigma Akademi Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2023, ss. 25-64.
69. POTTER, David, The Roman Empire at Bay 180-395, Routledge, Londra 2004.
70. STANFILL, Jonathan P. ve SCHNEIDER, Adam W., “Gothia Submerged: The Impacts of Severe Flooding on Valens’s First Gothic War”, Journal of Late Antiquity, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, 2017, ss. 351-371.
71. TANNER, Norman P. (ed.), Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils Volume I: Nicaea I to Lateran V, Shecd & Ward and Georgetown University Press, Washington 1990.
72. THOMPSON, Edward, The Visigoths in the Time of Ulfila, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1966.
73. TODD, Malcolm, The Early Germans, Blackwell Publishing, Malden MA 2004.
74. WOLFRAM, Herwig, History of the Goths, University of California Press, Berkeley 1988.