Predictive Effect of Phubbing and Life Satisfaction on Depression Symptoms in Adults

Abstract

Objective: Phubbing, defined as being busy on the phone by ignoring people, and life satisfaction, which appears as a person's attitude to life, also manifest themselves as variables that affect our mental health. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive effect of phubbing and life satisfaction on the depression symptoms level of the individual. Method: The study group of the research consists of 756 adults (51.7% Female, 48.3% Male) living in Central Anatolia. The data of the study were collected using the Phubbing Scale, Beck Depression Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale and personal information form. Results: A significant negative relationship between phubbing and life satisfaction, a significant negative relationship between life satisfaction and depression symptoms, and a significant positive relationship between phubbing and depression symptoms were found. According to the preliminary analysis, depression symptoms scores do not significantly differentiate according to gender; differentiates significantly according to marital status, educational level and perceived personality traits. According to the results of hierarchical regression analysis, life satisfaction and phubbing behavior were found to be medium-level predictors of depression symptoms. Conclusion: Phubbing has been identified as a new descriptor for depression symptoms. Phubbing and life satisfaction are important predictors for depression symptoms.

Keywords

• Depression symptoms
• life satisfaction
• phubbing

Yetişkinlerde Sosyotelizm (Phubbing) ve Yaşam Doyumunun Depresyon Belirtileri Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Etkisi

Abstract

Amaç: İnsanları görmezden gelerek telefonuyla meşgul olma olarak tanımlanan sosyotelizm (phubbing) ve bireyin yaşama karşı tutumu olarak beliren yaşam doyumu da ruh sağlığımızı etkileyen değişkenler olarak kendini göstermektedir. Bu araştırmada sosyotelizm ve yaşam doyumunun bireyin depresyon belirti düzeyi üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisini saptamak amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırmanın çalışma grubu Orta Anadolu’da yaşayan 756 (%51.7 Kadın, %48.3 Erkek] yetişkin bireyden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri Sosyotelizm Ölçeği, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ve kişisel bilgi formu kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Sosyotelizm ile yaşam doyumu arasında anlamlı negatif bir ilişki, yaşam doyumu ile depresyon belirtileri arasında anlamlı negatif bir ilişki ve sosyotelizm ile depresyon belirtileri arasında anlamlı pozitif bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Yapılan ön analize göre depresyon belirti puanları cinsiyete göre anlamlı farklılaştırmazken; medeni durum, eğitim düzeyi ve algılanan kişilik özelliklerine göre anlamlı farklılaştırmaktadır. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre yaşam doyumu ve sosyotelizm davranışının depresyon belirtilerinin orta düzeyde yordayıcıları olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Sosyotelizm depresyon belirtileri için yeni bir yordayıcı olarak belirlenmiştir. Sosyotelizm ve yaşam doyumu depresyon belirtileri için önemli yordayıcılardır.

Keywords

• Sosyotelizm
• phubbing
• depresyon belirtileri
• yaşam doyumu

References

1. Aagaard J. Mobile devices, interaction, and distraction: a qualitative exploration of absent presence. AI & Socıety 2016; 31:223–231. doi: 10.1007/s00146-015-0638-z
2. Aagaard J. Digital akrasia: a qualitative study of phubbing. AI & Socıety 2020; 35:237-244. doi: 10.1007/s00146-019-00876-0
3. Afdal A, Alizamar A, Ifdil I, Ardi Z, Sukmawati I, Zikra Z, Hariyani H. An analysis of phubbing behaviour: preliminary research from counseling perspective. In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 2019; Paris, Atlantis Press. doi: 10.2991/icetep-18.2019.65
4. Al-Saggaf Y, MacCulloch R, Wiener K. Trait boredom ıs a predictor of phubbing frequency. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science 2019; 4:245-252. doi:10.1007/s41347-018-0080-4
5. Arslantaş H, Ergin F. 50–65 Yaş arasındaki bireylerde yalnızlık, depresyon, sosyal destek ve etki eden faktörler. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2011; 14:135-144.
6. Babayiğit A, Okray Z. Relationship between depressive symptoms and life satisfaction among university students. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi 2019; 1:5-13. doi:10.35365/ctjpp.19.1.01
7. Balta S, Emirtekin E, Kircaburun K, Griffiths MD. Neuroticism, trait fear of missing out, and phubbing: The mediating role of state fear of missing out and problematic instagram use. Int J Ment Health Addiction 2020; 18:628–639. doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9959-8
8. Barrios-Borjas DA, Bejar-Ramos VA, Cauchos-Mora VS. Excessive use of smartphones/cell phones: phubbing and nomofobia. Rev Chil Neuropsiquiatr 2017; 55:205-206. doi:10.4067/s0717-92272017000300205.

9. Beck AT, Alford BA. Depression: Causes and treatment. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press 2009.
10. Benet-Martínez V, John OP. Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of personality and social psychology 1998: 75:729-750.
11. Błachnio A, Przepiorka A. Be aware! If you start using Facebook problematically you will feel lonely: Phubbing, loneliness, self-esteem, and Facebook intrusion. A cross-sectional study. Social Science Computer Review 2019; 37:270-278. doi:10.1177/0894439318754490
12. Bulut SS. Beş faktör kişilik özellikleri, stresle başa çıkma ve depresyon arasındaki ilişkiler: Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi örneği. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi 2017; 6:1205-1221.
13. Büyüköztürk Ş, Çokluk Ö, Köklü N. Statistics for social sciences (6. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınevi, 2010.
14. Chotpitayasunondh V, Douglas KM. How “phubbing” becomes the norm: the antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone, Computers in Human Behavior 2016; 63:9-18. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018
15. Chotpitayasunondh V, Douglas KM. The effects of “phubbing” on social interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2018; 48:304–316. doi:10.1111/jasp.12506
16. Çakar FS, Karataş Z. Adolescents’ self-esteem, school anger and life satisfaction as predictors of their school attachment. Education and Science 2017; 42:121-136. doi: 10.15390/EB.2017.6573
17. Çayırlı E. Sosyal medya kullanım özelliklerinin kişilik yapılanmaları, yaşam doyumu ve depresyon açısından incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Işık Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2017.
18. Çikrikci Ö, Griffiths, MD, Erzen E. Testing the mediating role of phubbing in the relationship between the big five personality traits and satisfaction with life. Int J Ment Health Addiction 2019: Published Online. doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00115-z
19. Çivitçi A. Üniversite öğrencilerinde genel yaşam doyumu ve psikolojik ihtiyaçlar arasındaki ilişkiler. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2012; 21:321-336.
20. Çizmeci E. Disconnected, though satisfied: Phubbing behavior and relationship satisfaction. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication 2017; 7:364-375.
21. Dağlı A, Baysal N. Adaptation of the satisfaction with life scale into Turkish: the study of validity and reliability. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences 2016; 15:1250-1262. doi: 10.17755/esosder.75955
22. Davey S, Davey A, Raghav SK, Singh JV, Błachnio A, Przepiórka A. Predictors and consequences of “Phubbing” among adolescents and youth in India: an impact evaluation study. J Fam Community Med 2018; 25:35–42. doi:10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_71_17.
23. Demirel C. Yetişkinlerde bağlanma stillerinin mutluluk, yaşam doyumu ve depresyon ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Işık Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2018.
24. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment 1985; 49: 71-75.
25. Dolan P, Peasgood T, White M. Do we really know what make us happy? A review of the economic literatüre on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology 2008; 29:94-122. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001
26. Donnelly R, Renk K, Sims VK, McGuire J. The relationship between parents’ and children’s automatic thoughts in a college student sample. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 2011; 42:197–218. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0210-5
27. Ergün N, Göksu İ, Sakız H. Effects of phubbing: Relationships with psychodemographic Variables. Psychological Reports 2020; 123:1578-1613 doi:10.1177/0033294119889581
28. Fraenkel Jack R, Wallen Norman E. How to design and evaluate research in education (Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.
29. Gabilondo A, Farreras SJ, Vilagut G, Haro JM, Fernández A, Pinto-Meza A, et al. Epidemiology of major depressive episode in a southern european 84 country: Results from the ESEMeD-Spain Project. Journal of Affective Disorders 2010; 120:76–85. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.016
30. Garrido EC, Delgado SC. Phubbing. Conectados a la red y desconectados de la realidad. Un análisis en relación al bienestar psicológico. Pixel-Bit. Revista de Medios y Educación 2017; 50:173-185. doi:10.12795/pixelbit.2017.i50.12
31. González-Rivera J, Segura-Abreu L, Urbistondo-Rodríguez V. Phubbing in romantic relationships: Cell phone use, couple satisfaction, psychological well-being and mental health. Interacciones 2018; 4:81-91. doi: 10.24016/2018.v4n2.117.
32. Guazzini A, Duradoni M, Capelli A, Meringolo P. An explorative model to assess individuals’ phubbing risk. FutureInternet 2019; 11:21. doi:10.3390/fi11010021
33. Hales AH, Dvir M, Wesselmann ED, Kruger DJ, Finkenauer C. Cell phone induced ostracism threatens fundamental needs. The Journal of Social Psychology 2018; 158:460–473. doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1439877
34. Haley WE, LaMonde LA, Han B, Burton AM, Schonwetter R. Predictors of depression and life satisfaction among spousal caregivers in hospice: application of a stress process model. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2003; 6:215-224. doi:10.1089/109662103764978461
35. Heller D, Watson D, Ilies R. The dynamic process of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality 2006; 74:1421-1450. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00415.x
36. Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Ölçeği’nin bir Türk örnekleminde geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi 1988; 6:118-122.
37. Ivanova A, Gorbaniuk O, Błachnio A, Przepiórka A, Mraka N, Polishchuk V, Gorbaniuk J. Mobile phone addiction, phubbing, and depression among men and women: A moderated mediation analysis. Psychiatric Quarterly 2020; 1-14. Published Online First. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09723-8
38. İskender H, Dokumacıoğlu E, Kanbay Y, Kılıç N. Üniversite öğrencilerinde sağlıklı yaşam ve depresyon puan düzeyleri ile ilgili faktörlerin belirlenmesi. ACU Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2018; 9:414-423. doi:10.31067/0.2018.64
39. Karadağ E, Tosuntaş ŞB, Erzen E, Duru P, Bostan N, Mızrak-Şahin B, Babadağ B. Sanal dünyanın kronolojik bağımlılığı: Sosyotelizm (phubbing) Addicta. The Turkish Journal on Addiction 2016; 3:223-269. doi:10.15805/addicta.2016.3.0013.
40. Karadağ E, Tosuntaş ŞB, Erzen E, Duru P, Bostan N, Şahin BM, Babadağ B. Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: A structural equation model. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2015; 4:60-74. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.005
41. Kim K, Milne G, Bahl S. Smart phone addiction and mindfulness: An intergenerational comparison. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 2018; 12:25-43. doi:10.1108/IJPHM-08-2016-0044
42. Klein DN, Kotov R, Bufferd, SJ. Personality and depression: explanatory models and review of the evidence. Annual Review Of Clinical Psychology 2011; 7:269–295. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104540
43. Kubilay-Özel N. İş doyumu ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkinin demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi: Konaklama işletmelerinde bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Türk Hava Kurumu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2015.
44. Lee HS, Brennan PF, Daly BJ. Relationship of empathy to appraisal, depression, life satisfaction, and physical health in informal caregivers of older adults. Research in Nursing & Health 2001; 24:44-56.
45. Luk TT, Wang MP, Shen C, Wan A, Chau PH, Oliffe J, et al. Short version of the smartphone addiction scale in chinese adults: Psychometric properties, sociodemographic, and health behavioral correlates. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2018; 7:1157-1165. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.105
46. Macquarie Dictionary Erişim adresi: https://www.macmillandictionary.com/buzzword/entries/phubbing.html. Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2020.
47. Mahmoud JSR, Staten RT, Hall LA, Lennie TA. The relationship among young adult college students’ depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2012; 33:149-156. doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.632708.
48. McDaniel BT, Coyne SM. Technoference: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women's personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 2016; 5:85-98. doi:10.1037/ppm0000065.
49. Mieczakowski A, Goldhaber T, Clarkson P. Culture, Communication and Change: Summary of an Investigation of the Use and Impact of Modern Media and Technology in Our Lives; Technical Report. Cambridge Engineering Design Centre: Cambridge, UK, 2011.
50. Nazir T, Pişkin M. Phubbing: A technological invasion which connected the world but disconnected humans. Int J Indian Psychol 2016; 3:68-76.
51. Okwaraji FE, Aguwa EN, Shiweobi-Eze C. Life satisfaction, self esteem and depression in a sample of Nigerian Adolescents. International Neuropsychiatric disease journal 2016; 5:1-8. doi:10.9734/INDJ/2016/20805
52. Ören N, Gençdoğan B. The analysıs of the depressıon levels of the lycee students accordıng to some varıables. Kastamonu Education Journal 2007; 15:85–92.
53. Parmaksız İ. Phubbing (Sosyotelizm). A. İşcan (Ed.) Eğitim bilimlerinde örnek araştırmalar içinde. (s.601-617) Ankara: Nobel Yayınları, 2018.
54. Parmaksız İ. İletişimde ve ilişkilerde phubbing. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 2020; 24:359-372.
55. Pavot W, Diener E. The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2008; 3:137–152. doi:10.1080/17439760701756946
56. Proctor CL, Linley PA, Maltby J. Youth life satisfaction: A review of literature. Journal of Happiness Studies 2009; 10:583-630. doi:1080/s10902.008.9110-9
57. Ranie L, Zickuhr K. Americans' Views on Mobile Etiquette. Washington DC: Pew Research Center, 2015.
58. Roberts JA, David ME. My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior 2016; 54:34–41. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058.
59. Roberts JA, David ME. Put down your phone and listen to me: How boss phubbing undermines the psychological conditions necessary for employee engagement. Computers in Human Behavior 2017; 75:206-217. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.021
60. Sharf RS. Bilişsel terapi (çev. F. Gültekin). Nilüfer Voltan Acar (çev. ed.), Psikoterapi ve psikolojik danışma kuramları içinde (s.328-369). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık, 2014.
61. Simon RW. Revisiting the relationships among gender, marital status, and mental health. American Journal of Sociology 2002; 107:1065-1096. doi:10.1086/339225
62. Swami V, Chamorro-Premuzic T, Sinniah D, Maniam T, Kannan K, Stanistreet D, et al. General health mediates the relationship between loneliness, life satisfaction and depression. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 2007; 42:161-166. doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0140-5
63. Ugur NG, Koc T. Time for digital detox: Misuse of mobile technology and phubbing. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2015; 195:1022-1031. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.491
64. Ünalan D, Yıldırım O. Dijital yerlilerin sosyotelizm (phubbing) eğilimlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 2020; 8:276-297. doi:10.19145/e-gifder.644279
65. Vallespín M, Molinillo S, Muñoz-Leiva F. Segmentation and explanation of smartphone use for travel planning based on socio-demographic and behavioral variables, Industrial Management and Data Systems 2017; 117:605-619. doi:10.1108/IMDS-03-2016-0089
66. Vanden Abeele MMP, Antheunis ML, Schouten AP. The effect of mobile messaging during a conversation on impression formation and interaction quality. Computers in Human Behavior 2016; 62:562-569. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.005
67. Vanden Abeele MMP, Hendrickso, AT, Pollmann, MMH, Ling R. Phubbing behavior in conversations and its relation to perceived conversation intimacy and distraction: An exploratory observation study. Computers in Human Behavior 2019; 100:35–47. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.004
68. Wang X, Xie X, Wang Y, Wang P, Lei L. Partner phubbing and depression among married Chinese adults: The roles of relationship satisfaction and relationship length. Personality and Individual Differences 2017; 110:12–17. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.014.
69. Williams K. Has the future of marriage arrived? A contemporary examination of gender, marriage, and psychological well-being. Journal Of Health And Social Behavior 2003; 44:470-487.
70. Yalvaç HD, Dikilitaş Y, Coşkun A, Yedikardaşlar C, Emül M, Ünal S. Bir devlet hastanesine depresyon nedeniyle başvuran olgularda sosyodemografik özellikler. Güncel Psikiyatri ve Psikonörofarmakoloji 2011; 1:16-20.
71. Yam FC, İlhan T. Modern çağın bütünsel teknolojik bağımlılığı: Phubbing ve dinamikleri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 2020; 12:1-15. doi: 10.18863/pgy.551299
72. Yam FC, Kumcağız H. Adaptation of general phubbing scale to Turkish culture and investigation of phubbing levels of university students in terms of various variables. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions 2020; 7:48-60. doi:10.5152/addicta.2020.19061
73. Yavuzer Y, Karataş Z. Investigating the relationship between depression, negative automatic thoughts, life satisfaction and symptom ınterpretation in Turkish young adults. In Depression, (Ed. Dagmar Breznoscakova) (p.71-89), Croatia: Intech, 2017.
74. Yıldız M. Üniversite öğrencilerinde duygusal zekâ yaşam doyumu ve depresyonun cinsiyet ve sınıf seviyelerine göre etkileri. Opus Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi 2016; 6:451-474.