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New Medical Treatment for Smoking Cessation in Türkiye: Cytisine

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 274 - 276, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1603413

Abstract

Although it is difficult to stop smoking because of nicotine dependence, quitting smoking can reduce the risk of premature death by 90%. A combination of pharmacotherapy (varenicline, bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy [NRT]) and behavioural therapy is most effective. However, the cost of these treatments is high, especially for developing countries. New effective, safe and economical treatments are needed. Cytisine, a plant alkaloid, mimics the effects of nicotine but is not addictive. By binding to α4β2 nicotinic receptors, it reduces the effects of nicotine, reduces the desire to smoke and relieves withdrawal symptoms. The drug, which contains cytisine, is used in a 25-day treatment regimen. The dose is gradually reduced from the first few days. Cytisine has significant potential as an accessible smoking cessation treatment, particularly in low-income countries, due to its low cost and safe profile. Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy, tolerability and reduced side effects of cytisine. Cytisine is a promising option for smoking cessation treatment. The fact that it is natural, inexpensive and suitable for generic production is an important advantage, especially for countries with economic constraints. However, further clinical trials are needed to better understand the clinical efficacy and safety of cytisine.

References

  • World Health Organization. Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco. (Accessed 01.12.2024)
  • Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V, et al. 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. N Engl J Med 2013; 368(4): 341–350.
  • Tutka P, Zatoński W. Cytisine for the treatment of nicotine addiction: from a molecule to therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacol Rep 2006; 58(6): 777-798.
  • Etter JF, Stapleton JA. Nicotine replacement therapy for long-term smoking cessation: a meta-analysis. Tob Control 2006; 15(4): 280-285.
  • Walker N, Smith B, Barnes J, et al. Cytisine versus varenicline for smoking cessation in New Zealand indigenous Māori: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2021; 116(10): 2847-2858.
  • World Health Organization. WHO Clinical Treatment Guideline for Tobacco Cessation in Adults; 2024. Geneva; World Health Organization, 2024.
  • Coe JW, Vetelino MG, Bashore CG, et al. In pursuit of alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation: carbon analogs of (-)-cytisine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15(12): 2974-2979.
  • Sloan JW, Martin WR, Bostwick M, et al. The comparative binding characteristics of nicotinic ligands and their pharmacology. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988; 30(1): 255-267.
  • Torazzi A, Tedesco E, Ceccato S, et al. Safety and efficacy of Cytisine for smoking cessation in a hospital context (CITOSP): study protocol for a prospective observational study. Front Public Health 2024; 12: 1350176.
  • Reddy KP, Paltiel AD, Freedberg KA, et al. Public health ımpact of FDA's request for additional safety data on cytisine for tobacco cessation. JAMA Health Forum 2024; 5(8): e242647.
  • Prochaska JJ, Das S, Benowitz NL. Cytisine, the world's oldest smoking cessation aid. BMJ 2013; 347: f5198.
  • West R, Zatonski W, Cedzynska M, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of cytisine for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 2011; 365(13): 1193-1200.
  • Courtney RJ, McRobbie H, Tutka P, et al. Effect of cytisine vs varenicline on smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021; 326(1): 56-64.
  • Walker N, Howe C, Glover M, et al. Cytisine versus nicotine for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 2014; 371(25): 2353-2362.
  • Ofori S, Lu C, Olasupo OO, et al. Cytisine for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 251: 110936.
  • Etter JF, Lukas RJ, Benowitz NL, et al. Cytisine for smoking cessation: a research agenda. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 92(1-3): 3-8.

Türkiye’de Sigara Bırakmada Yeni Medikal Tedavi: Sitizin

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 274 - 276, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1603413

Abstract

Nikotin bağımlılığı nedeniyle sigarayı bırakmak zor olsa da, bırakma ile erken ölüm riski %90 oranında azaltılabilir. Mevcut tedaviler olan farmakoterapi (vareniklin, bupropion, nikotin replasman tedavisi [NRT]) ve davranışsal terapilerin kombinasyonu en etkili yöntemdir. Ancak bu tedavilerin maliyeti özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkeler için yüksektir. Bu nedenle, etkili, güvenli ve ekonomik yeni tedavi yöntemlerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bitki bazlı bir alkaloid olan sitizin, nikotinin etkilerini taklit eder ancak bağımlılık yapıcı değildir. α4β2 nikotinik reseptörlerine bağlanarak nikotin etkisini azaltır, içme isteğini düşürür ve yoksunluk semptomlarını hafifletir. Sitizin etken maddeli ilaç, 25 günlük bir tedavi rejimiyle kullanılır. Doz, ilk günlerden itibaren kademeli olarak azaltılır. Sitizin, düşük maliyeti ve güvenli profili nedeniyle özellikle düşük gelirli ülkelerde erişilebilir bir sigara bırakma tedavisi olarak önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir. Klinik çalışmalar, sitizinin etkinliğini, tolere edilebilirliğini ve yan etkilerinin daha az olduğunu göstermektedir. Sitizin, sigara bırakma tedavisinde umut verici bir seçenektir. Doğal kökenli, ucuz ve jenerik üretime uygun olması, özellikle ekonomik sınırlamaları olan ülkeler için önemli bir avantajdır. Ancak, sitizinin klinik etkinliğini ve güvenliğini daha iyi anlamak için ileri düzeyde klinik çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Ethical Statement

Etik onaya gerek bulunmamaktadır.

Supporting Institution

yoktur

References

  • World Health Organization. Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco. (Accessed 01.12.2024)
  • Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V, et al. 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. N Engl J Med 2013; 368(4): 341–350.
  • Tutka P, Zatoński W. Cytisine for the treatment of nicotine addiction: from a molecule to therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacol Rep 2006; 58(6): 777-798.
  • Etter JF, Stapleton JA. Nicotine replacement therapy for long-term smoking cessation: a meta-analysis. Tob Control 2006; 15(4): 280-285.
  • Walker N, Smith B, Barnes J, et al. Cytisine versus varenicline for smoking cessation in New Zealand indigenous Māori: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2021; 116(10): 2847-2858.
  • World Health Organization. WHO Clinical Treatment Guideline for Tobacco Cessation in Adults; 2024. Geneva; World Health Organization, 2024.
  • Coe JW, Vetelino MG, Bashore CG, et al. In pursuit of alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation: carbon analogs of (-)-cytisine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15(12): 2974-2979.
  • Sloan JW, Martin WR, Bostwick M, et al. The comparative binding characteristics of nicotinic ligands and their pharmacology. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988; 30(1): 255-267.
  • Torazzi A, Tedesco E, Ceccato S, et al. Safety and efficacy of Cytisine for smoking cessation in a hospital context (CITOSP): study protocol for a prospective observational study. Front Public Health 2024; 12: 1350176.
  • Reddy KP, Paltiel AD, Freedberg KA, et al. Public health ımpact of FDA's request for additional safety data on cytisine for tobacco cessation. JAMA Health Forum 2024; 5(8): e242647.
  • Prochaska JJ, Das S, Benowitz NL. Cytisine, the world's oldest smoking cessation aid. BMJ 2013; 347: f5198.
  • West R, Zatonski W, Cedzynska M, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of cytisine for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 2011; 365(13): 1193-1200.
  • Courtney RJ, McRobbie H, Tutka P, et al. Effect of cytisine vs varenicline on smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021; 326(1): 56-64.
  • Walker N, Howe C, Glover M, et al. Cytisine versus nicotine for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 2014; 371(25): 2353-2362.
  • Ofori S, Lu C, Olasupo OO, et al. Cytisine for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 251: 110936.
  • Etter JF, Lukas RJ, Benowitz NL, et al. Cytisine for smoking cessation: a research agenda. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 92(1-3): 3-8.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section Letter to the Editor
Authors

Özlem Kızıltaş 0009-0003-1687-2890

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date December 18, 2024
Acceptance Date January 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Kızıltaş Ö. Türkiye’de Sigara Bırakmada Yeni Medikal Tedavi: Sitizin. Bağımlılık Dergisi. June 2025;26(2):274-276. doi:10.51982/bagimli.1603413

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence